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電影中或舞台劇的

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演員應該

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都有熟讀劇本

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因為劇本會告訴演員

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劇中的台詞

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還有講台詞的時機

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一首曲子的樂譜

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類似劇本

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簡單來說

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樂譜告訴音樂家要彈奏什麼

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還有彈奏的時間點

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雖然每個音樂家的風格不同

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比如說，貝多芬

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和小賈斯汀

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但兩位音樂家

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都用了同樣的基本單位創造音樂:

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音符

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雖然最後的曲子

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聽起來很複雜

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但音符的基礎邏輯

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其實是簡單易懂的

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讓我們一起了解

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樂譜最基本的要素

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還有如何做曲

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曲子是寫在五條平行線上的

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五條線橫跨整個頁面

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也就是五線譜

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五線譜分兩個軸向

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上跟下

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左跟右

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上下軸告訴音樂家

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樂譜的音調

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或是音符

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左右軸告訴音樂家

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音樂的節奏韻律

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還有彈奏的時間點

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首先來看音調

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用鋼琴來做解釋吧

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不過鋼琴樂譜的原理

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也可以類推到別的樂器上

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傳統西方音樂裡的

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音調

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是用七個英文字母命名

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A

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B

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C

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D

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E

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F

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還有G

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同樣模式不斷重複

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A

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B

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C

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D

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E

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F

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G

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A

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B

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C

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D

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E

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F

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G

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以此類推

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但音調的名字是怎麼來的?

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舉例來說，如果你彈F

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再彈另一個F

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只是高低音不同

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其實聽起來差不多

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跟B相比就不同了

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再回到五線譜

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每條線，還有線與線間的空格

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都代表一個音調

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如果在線上畫上一個音符

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或在線與線之間譜上音符

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演奏者就知道要彈什麼音調

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五線譜上音符越高

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表示音調越高

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但音樂有數之不盡的音調

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不只限於九條線與間的音調

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以演奏式鋼琴為例

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可以彈奏８８個音調

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怎麼把８８個音調塞進五線譜呢?

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這就要用譜號來表示

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譜號是個怪異的圖形

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寫在五線譜的前端

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譜號標示某特定音調

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告訴你線與間的音符

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代表的是鍵盤上哪個音

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要彈奏五線譜上沒有的音符

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可以偷偷在譜上多加短線

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也就是加線

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然後再譜上音符

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但如果要畫很多加線

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樂譜會讓人眼花撩亂

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這時就要變換譜號

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演奏者要知道彈奏的時間點

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會看兩個地方

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拍子

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還有節奏

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一首曲子的拍子

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有點單調無聊

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聽起來像這樣

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並沒有什麼變化

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就這麼周而復始的下去

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可以放慢

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也可以加快

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隨便你怎麼變化

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拍子就像時鐘的秒針

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將一分鐘分為６０秒

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每一秒長度都一樣

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拍子將一首曲子

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分成很多個小段落

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每一段長度相同

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就是拍子

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拍子抓準後

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接下來是節奏

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音樂是從節奏開始的

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這是四分音符

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節奏最基本單位

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等於一拍

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二分音符是兩拍

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全音符是四拍

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這幾個小蝌蚪是八分音符

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每個音符是半拍

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太棒了！但他們代表什麼啊？

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你應該有注意到

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五線譜上有幾條小線

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將樂譜分成幾個小段落

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這是小節線

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每個段落是一個小節

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樂譜一開始

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在譜號後

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會有個拍號

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告訴演奏者一小節有幾拍

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這個拍號表示一小節有兩拍

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這是三拍

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四拍

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以此類推

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下面的數字告訴我們

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要用什麼音符當作一拍

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一是全音符

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二是二分音符

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四是四分音符

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八是八分音符

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以此類推

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樂譜上的拍號

150
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告訴演奏者一小節有四拍

151
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一

152
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二

153
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三

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四

155
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一

156
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二

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三

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四

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以此類推

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但就像之前說的

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如果只注意拍子

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會很無趣

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可以把幾個四分音符

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換成別的節奏

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注意，雖然音符的數目變了

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每個小節不一樣

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但總拍數維持不變

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這首曲子聽起來如何

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還可以，但有些單調

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加入另一個樂器呢

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配上不同音調與節奏

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聽起來更像音樂了

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讀譜是須要練習的

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才能一邊讀譜

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一邊彈奏音樂

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但只要花點時間跟耐心

177
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你有可能是下一個貝多芬

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或者

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小賈斯汀