[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.10,0:00:15.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we watch a film or a play,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.88,0:00:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we know that the actors
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.02,0:00:19.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,probably learned\Ntheir lines from a script,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.06,0:00:22.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which essentially tells them\Nwhat to say and when to say it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.08,0:00:26.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A piece of written music\Noperates on exactly the same principle.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.76,0:00:28.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a very basic sense,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.12,0:00:31.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it tells a performer what to play\Nand when to play it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.90,0:00:34.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aesthetically speaking,\Nthere's a world of difference
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.45,0:00:37.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between, say, Beethoven and Justin Bieber,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.40,0:00:38.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but both artists have used
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.67,0:00:41.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the same building blocks\Nto create their music:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.17,0:00:42.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,notes.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.25,0:00:44.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And although the end result\Ncan sound quite complicated,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.90,0:00:48.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the logic behind musical notes\Nis actually pretty straightforward.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.44,0:00:49.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's take a look
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.47,0:00:51.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the foundational\Nelements to music notation
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.69,0:00:54.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how they interact\Nto create a work of art.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.68,0:00:59.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Music is written on five parallel lines\Nthat go across the page.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.82,0:01:01.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These five lines are called a staff,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.92,0:01:04.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a staff operates on two axes:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.22,0:01:05.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up and down
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.52,0:01:06.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and left to right.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.26,0:01:09.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The up-and-down axis tells the performer
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.20,0:01:11.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the pitch of the note\Nor what note to play,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.94,0:01:13.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the left-to-right axis
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.46,0:01:15.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tells the performer the rhythm of the note
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.56,0:01:16.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or when to play it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.44,0:01:18.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's start with pitch.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.01,0:01:21.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To help us out,\Nwe're going to use a piano,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.06,0:01:24.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this system works for pretty much\Nany instrument you can think of.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.19,0:01:26.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the Western music tradition,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.83,0:01:30.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pitches are named after\Nthe first seven letters of the alphabet,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.25,0:01:31.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A, B, C,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.72,0:01:33.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,D, E, F, and G.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.45,0:01:36.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After that, the cycle repeats itself:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.62,0:01:38.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.66,0:01:39.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.02,0:01:41.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.56,0:01:43.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But how do these pitches get their names?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.20,0:01:46.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, for example, if you played an F
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.29,0:01:47.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then played another F
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.51,0:01:49.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,higher or lower on the piano,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.22,0:01:51.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'd notice that they sound\Npretty similar
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.29,0:01:53.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,compared to, say, a B.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.74,0:01:54.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Going back to the staff,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.98,0:01:57.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every line and every space\Nbetween two lines
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.67,0:01:59.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,represents a separate pitch.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.05,0:02:03.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we put a note on one of these lines\Nor one of these spaces,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.13,0:02:05.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're telling a performer\Nto play that pitch.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.68,0:02:08.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The higher up on the staff\Na note is placed,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.03,0:02:09.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the higher the pitch.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.44,0:02:11.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there are obviously\Nmany, many more pitches
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.94,0:02:14.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the nine that these\Nlines and spaces gives us.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.61,0:02:16.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A grand piano, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.16,0:02:17.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can play 88 separate notes.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.28,0:02:21.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how do we condense\N88 notes onto a single staff?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.77,0:02:23.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We use something called a clef,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.00,0:02:26.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a weird-looking figure\Nplaced at the beginning of the staff,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.100,0:02:28.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which acts like a reference point,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.70,0:02:30.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,telling you that a particular\Nline or space
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.83,0:02:33.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,corresponds to a specific note\Non your instrument.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.61,0:02:35.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we want to play notes\Nthat aren't on the staff,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.99,0:02:38.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we kind of cheat and draw\Nextra little lines
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.14,0:02:39.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called ledger lines
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.38,0:02:41.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and place the notes on them.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.10,0:02:44.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we have to draw so many ledger lines\Nthat it gets confusing,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.47,0:02:46.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then we need to change\Nto a different clef.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.87,0:02:50.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As for telling a performer\Nwhen to play the notes,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.23,0:02:52.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two main elements control this:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.12,0:02:54.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the beat and the rhythm.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.47,0:02:56.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The beat of a piece of music is,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.08,0:02:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by itself, kind of boring.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.02,0:02:59.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It sounds like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.35,0:03:01.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Ticking)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.17,0:03:03.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Notice that it doesn't change,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.67,0:03:05.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it just plugs along quite happily.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.98,0:03:07.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can go slow
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.55,0:03:09.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or fast
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.49,0:03:11.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or whatever you like, really.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.93,0:03:14.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The point is that just\Nlike the second hand on a clock
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.63,0:03:17.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,divides one minute into sixty seconds,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.20,0:03:20.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with each second just as long\Nas every other second,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.21,0:03:21.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the beat divides a piece of music
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.100,0:03:25.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into little fragments of time\Nthat are all the same length:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.12,0:03:26.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beats.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.83,0:03:28.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With a steady beat as a foundation,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.57,0:03:30.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can add rhythm to our pitches,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.21,0:03:32.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's when music\Nreally starts to happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.41,0:03:35.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a quarter note.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.06,0:03:36.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the most basic unit of rhythm,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.79,0:03:38.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's worth one beat.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.75,0:03:41.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a half note,\Nand it's worth two beats.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.32,0:03:43.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This whole note here is worth four beats,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.44,0:03:45.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these little guys are eighth notes,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.38,0:03:46.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,worth half a beat each.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.41,0:03:49.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Great," you say, "what does that mean?"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.85,0:03:52.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You might have noticed\Nthat across the length of a staff,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.55,0:03:55.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are little lines dividing it\Ninto small sections.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.24,0:03:56.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are bar lines
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.95,0:03:59.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we refer to each section as a bar.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.96,0:04:01.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the beginning of a piece of music,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.74,0:04:02.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just after the clef,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.87,0:04:04.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is something called the time signature,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.96,0:04:07.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which tells a performer\Nhow many beats are in each bar.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.01,0:04:10.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This says there are two beats in each bar,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.18,0:04:11.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this says there are three,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.52,0:04:13.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this one four, and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.60,0:04:15.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The bottom number tells\Nus what kind of note
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.88,0:04:18.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to be used as the basic\Nunit for the beat.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.80,0:04:20.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One corresponds to a whole note,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.51,0:04:21.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two to a half note,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.64,0:04:23.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,four to a quarter note,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.57,0:04:25.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and eight to an eighth note, and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.96,0:04:27.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this time signature here
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.33,0:04:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tells us that there are four\Nquarter notes in each bar,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.12,0:04:32.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one, two, three, four;
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.08,0:04:33.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one, two, three, four,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.64,0:04:34.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.17,0:04:36.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But like I said before,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.36,0:04:37.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we just stick to the beat,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.82,0:04:39.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it gets kind of boring,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.38,0:04:42.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we'll replace some quarter notes\Nwith different rhythms.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.91,0:04:44.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Notice that even though\Nthe number of notes
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.94,0:04:46.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in each bar has changed,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.43,0:04:48.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the total number of beats\Nin each bar hasn't.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.11,0:04:53.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what does our musical\Ncreation sound like?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.37,0:04:55.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.76,0:04:59.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eh, sounds okay, but maybe\Na bit thin, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.08,0:05:01.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's add another instrument\Nwith its own pitch and rhythm.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.44,0:05:04.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now it's sounding like music.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.79,0:05:08.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sure, it takes some practice\Nto get used to reading it quickly
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.79,0:05:10.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and playing what we see on our instrument,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.82,0:05:12.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but, with a bit of time and patience,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.61,0:05:14.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could be the next Beethoven
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.38,0:05:16.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or Justin Bieber.