[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.10,0:00:07.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we watch a film or a play,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.88,0:00:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we know that the actors
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.02,0:00:11.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,probably learned\Ntheir lines from a script,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.06,0:00:14.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which essentially tells them\Nwhat to say and when to say it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.08,0:00:18.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A piece of written music\Noperates on exactly the same principle.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.76,0:00:20.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a very basic sense,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.12,0:00:23.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it tells a performer what to play\Nand when to play it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.90,0:00:26.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aesthetically speaking,\Nthere's a world of difference
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.45,0:00:29.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between, say, Beethoven and Justin Bieber,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.40,0:00:30.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but both artists have used
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.67,0:00:33.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the same building blocks\Nto create their music:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.17,0:00:34.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,notes.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.25,0:00:36.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And although the end result\Ncan sound quite complicated,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.90,0:00:40.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the logic behind musical notes\Nis actually pretty straightforward.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.44,0:00:41.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's take a look
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.47,0:00:43.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the foundational\Nelements to music notation
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.69,0:00:46.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how they interact\Nto create a work of art.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.68,0:00:51.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Music is written on five parallel lines\Nthat go across the page.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.82,0:00:53.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These five lines are called a staff,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.92,0:00:56.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a staff operates on two axes:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.22,0:00:57.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up and down
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.52,0:00:58.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and left to right.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.26,0:01:01.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The up-and-down axis tells the performer
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.20,0:01:03.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the pitch of the note\Nor what note to play,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.94,0:01:05.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the left-to-right axis
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.46,0:01:07.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tells the performer the rhythm of the note
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.56,0:01:08.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or when to play it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.44,0:01:10.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's start with pitch.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.01,0:01:13.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To help us out,\Nwe're going to use a piano,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.06,0:01:16.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this system works for pretty much\Nany instrument you can think of.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.19,0:01:18.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the Western music tradition,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.83,0:01:22.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pitches are named after\Nthe first seven letters of the alphabet,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.25,0:01:23.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A, B, C,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.72,0:01:25.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,D, E, F, and G.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.45,0:01:28.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After that, the cycle repeats itself:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.62,0:01:30.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.66,0:01:31.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.02,0:01:33.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.56,0:01:35.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But how do these pitches get their names?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.20,0:01:38.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, for example, if you played an F
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.29,0:01:39.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then played another F
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.51,0:01:41.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,higher or lower on the piano,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.22,0:01:43.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'd notice that they sound\Npretty similar
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.29,0:01:45.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,compared to, say, a B.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.74,0:01:46.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Going back to the staff,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.98,0:01:49.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every line and every space\Nbetween two lines
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.67,0:01:51.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,represents a separate pitch.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.05,0:01:55.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we put a note on one of these lines\Nor one of these spaces,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.13,0:01:57.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're telling a performer\Nto play that pitch.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.68,0:02:00.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The higher up on the staff\Na note is placed,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.03,0:02:01.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the higher the pitch.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.44,0:02:03.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there are obviously\Nmany, many more pitches
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.94,0:02:06.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the nine that these\Nlines and spaces gives us.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.61,0:02:08.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A grand piano, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.16,0:02:09.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can play 88 separate notes.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.28,0:02:13.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how do we condense\N88 notes onto a single staff?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.77,0:02:15.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We use something called a clef,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.00,0:02:18.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a weird-looking figure\Nplaced at the beginning of the staff,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.100,0:02:20.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which acts like a reference point,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.70,0:02:22.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,telling you that a particular\Nline or space
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.83,0:02:25.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,corresponds to a specific note\Non your instrument.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.61,0:02:27.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we want to play notes\Nthat aren't on the staff,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.99,0:02:30.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we kind of cheat and draw\Nextra little lines
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.14,0:02:31.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called ledger lines
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.38,0:02:33.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and place the notes on them.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.10,0:02:36.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we have to draw so many ledger lines\Nthat it gets confusing,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.47,0:02:38.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then we need to change\Nto a different clef.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.87,0:02:42.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As for telling a performer\Nwhen to play the notes,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.23,0:02:44.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two main elements control this:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.12,0:02:46.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the beat and the rhythm.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.47,0:02:48.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The beat of a piece of music is,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.08,0:02:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by itself, kind of boring.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.02,0:02:51.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It sounds like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.35,0:02:53.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Ticking)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.17,0:02:55.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Notice that it doesn't change,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.67,0:02:57.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it just plugs along quite happily.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.98,0:02:59.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can go slow
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.55,0:03:01.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or fast
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.49,0:03:03.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or whatever you like, really.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.93,0:03:06.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The point is that just\Nlike the second hand on a clock
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.63,0:03:09.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,divides one minute into sixty seconds,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.20,0:03:12.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with each second just as long\Nas every other second,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.21,0:03:13.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the beat divides a piece of music
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.100,0:03:17.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into little fragments of time\Nthat are all the same length:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.12,0:03:18.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beats.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.83,0:03:20.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With a steady beat as a foundation,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.57,0:03:22.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can add rhythm to our pitches,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.21,0:03:24.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's when music\Nreally starts to happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.41,0:03:27.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a quarter note.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.06,0:03:28.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the most basic unit of rhythm,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.79,0:03:30.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's worth one beat.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.75,0:03:33.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a half note,\Nand it's worth two beats.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.32,0:03:35.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This whole note here is worth four beats,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.44,0:03:37.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these little guys are eighth notes,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.38,0:03:38.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,worth half a beat each.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.41,0:03:41.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Great," you say, "what does that mean?"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.85,0:03:44.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You might have noticed\Nthat across the length of a staff,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.55,0:03:47.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are little lines dividing it\Ninto small sections.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.24,0:03:48.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are bar lines
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.95,0:03:51.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we refer to each section as a bar.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.96,0:03:53.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the beginning of a piece of music,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.74,0:03:54.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just after the clef,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.87,0:03:56.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is something called the time signature,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.96,0:03:59.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which tells a performer\Nhow many beats are in each bar.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.01,0:04:02.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This says there are two beats in each bar,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.18,0:04:03.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this says there are three,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.52,0:04:05.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this one four, and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.60,0:04:07.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The bottom number tells\Nus what kind of note
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.88,0:04:10.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to be used as the basic\Nunit for the beat.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.80,0:04:12.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One corresponds to a whole note,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.51,0:04:13.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two to a half note,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.64,0:04:15.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,four to a quarter note,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.57,0:04:17.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and eight to an eighth note, and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.96,0:04:19.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this time signature here
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.33,0:04:22.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tells us that there are four\Nquarter notes in each bar,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.12,0:04:24.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one, two, three, four;
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.08,0:04:25.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one, two, three, four,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.64,0:04:26.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.17,0:04:28.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But like I said before,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.36,0:04:29.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we just stick to the beat,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.82,0:04:31.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it gets kind of boring,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.38,0:04:34.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we'll replace some quarter notes\Nwith different rhythms.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.91,0:04:36.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Notice that even though\Nthe number of notes
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.94,0:04:38.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in each bar has changed,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.43,0:04:40.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the total number of beats\Nin each bar hasn't.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.11,0:04:45.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what does our musical\Ncreation sound like?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.37,0:04:47.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.76,0:04:51.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eh, sounds okay, but maybe\Na bit thin, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.08,0:04:53.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's add another instrument\Nwith its own pitch and rhythm.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.44,0:04:56.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now it's sounding like music.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.79,0:05:00.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sure, it takes some practice\Nto get used to reading it quickly
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.79,0:05:02.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and playing what we see on our instrument,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.82,0:05:04.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but, with a bit of time and patience,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.61,0:05:06.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could be the next Beethoven
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.38,0:05:08.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or Justin Bieber.