[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.00,0:00:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we watch a film or a play,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.00,0:00:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we know that the actors
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.00,0:00:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,probably learned their lines from a script,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.00,0:00:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which essentially tells them
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.00,0:00:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what to say
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.00,0:00:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when to say it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.00,0:00:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A piece of written music
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.00,0:00:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,operates on exactly the principle.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.00,0:00:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a very basic sense,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.00,0:00:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it tells a performer what to play
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.00,0:00:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when to play it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.00,0:00:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aesthetically speaking, there's a world of difference
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.00,0:00:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between, say, Beethoven
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.00,0:00:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Justin Bieber,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.00,0:00:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but both artists have used
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.00,0:00:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the same building blocks to create their music:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.00,0:00:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,notes.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.00,0:00:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And although the end result
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.00,0:00:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can sound quite complicated,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.00,0:00:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the logic behind musical notes
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.00,0:00:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is actually pretty straightforward.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.00,0:00:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's take a look
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.00,0:00:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the foundational elements to music notation
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.00,0:00:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how they interact to create a work of art.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.00,0:00:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Music is written on five parallel lines
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.00,0:00:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that go across the page.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.00,0:00:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These five lines are called a staff,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.00,0:00:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a staff operates on two axes:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.00,0:00:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up and down
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.00,0:00:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and left to right.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.00,0:01:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The up-and-down axis tells the performer
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.00,0:01:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the pitch of the note
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.00,0:01:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or what note to play,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.00,0:01:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the left-to-right axis tells the performer
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.00,0:01:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the rhythm of the note
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.00,0:01:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or when to play it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.00,0:01:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's start with pitch.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.00,0:01:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To help us out, we're going to use a piano,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.00,0:01:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this system works for pretty much
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.00,0:01:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,any instrument you can think of.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.00,0:01:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the Western music tradition,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.00,0:01:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pitches are named after
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.00,0:01:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first seven letters of the alphabet,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.00,0:01:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.00,0:01:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,B,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.00,0:01:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,C,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.00,0:01:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,D,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.00,0:01:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,E,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.00,0:01:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,F,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.00,0:01:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and G.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.00,0:01:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After that, the cycle repeats itself:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.00,0:01:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.00,0:01:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,B,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.00,0:01:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,C,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.00,0:01:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,D,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.00,0:01:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,E,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.00,0:01:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,F,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.00,0:01:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,G,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.00,0:01:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.00,0:01:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,B,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.00,0:01:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,C,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.00,0:01:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,D,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.00,0:01:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,E,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.00,0:01:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,F,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.00,0:01:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,G,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.00,0:01:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.00,0:01:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But how do these pitches get their names?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.00,0:01:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, for example, if you played an F
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.00,0:01:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then played another F
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.00,0:01:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,higher or lower on the piano,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.00,0:01:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'd notice that they sound pretty similar
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.00,0:01:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,compared to, say, a B.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.00,0:01:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Going back to the staff,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.00,0:01:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every line and every space between two lines
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.00,0:01:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,represents a separate pitch.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.00,0:01:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we put a note on one of these lines
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.00,0:01:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or one of these spaces,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.00,0:01:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're telling a performer to play that pitch.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.00,0:01:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The higher up on the staff a note is placed,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.00,0:02:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the higher the pitch.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.00,0:02:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there are obviously many, many more pitches
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.00,0:02:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the nine that these lines and spaces gives us.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.00,0:02:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A grand piano, for example, can play
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.00,0:02:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,88 separate notes.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.00,0:02:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how do we condense 88 notes onto a single staff?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.00,0:02:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We use something called a clef.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.00,0:02:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A clef is a weird looking figure
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.00,0:02:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,placed at the beginning of the staff
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.00,0:02:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it acts like a reference point,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.00,0:02:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,telling you that a particular line or space
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.00,0:02:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,corresponds to a specific note on your instrument.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.00,0:02:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you want to play notes that aren't on the staff,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.00,0:02:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we kind of cheat and draw extra little lines
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.00,0:02:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called ledger lines
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.00,0:02:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and place the notes on them.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.00,0:02:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we have to draw so many ledger lines
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.00,0:02:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it gets confusing,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.00,0:02:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then we need to change to a different clef.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.00,0:02:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As for telling a performer when to play the notes,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.00,0:02:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two main elements control this:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.00,0:02:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the beat
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.00,0:02:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the rhythm.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.00,0:02:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The beat of a piece of music is,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.00,0:02:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by itself, kind of boring.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.00,0:02:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It sounds like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.00,0:02:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Notice that it doesn't change,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.00,0:02:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it just plugs along quite happily.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.00,0:03:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can go slow
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.00,0:03:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or fast
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.00,0:03:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or whatever you like, really.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.00,0:03:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The point is that just like the second hand on a clock
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.00,0:03:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,divides one minute into sixty seconds,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.00,0:03:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with each second just as long as every other second,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.00,0:03:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the beat divides a piece of music
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.00,0:03:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into little fragments of time
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.00,0:03:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are all the same length,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.00,0:03:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beats.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.00,0:03:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With a steady beat as a foundation,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.00,0:03:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can start adding rhythm to our pitches,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.00,0:03:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's when music really starts to happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.00,0:03:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a quarter note.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.00,0:03:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the most basic unit of rhythm
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.00,0:03:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's worth one beat.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.00,0:03:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a half note and it's worth two beats.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.00,0:03:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This whole note here is worth four beats,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.00,0:03:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these little guys are eighth notes,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.00,0:03:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,worth half a beat each.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.00,0:03:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Great," you say, "what does that mean?"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.00,0:03:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You might have noticed
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.00,0:03:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that across the length of a staff,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.00,0:03:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are little lines dividing it into small sections.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.00,0:03:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are bar lines
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.00,0:03:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we refer to each section as a bar.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.00,0:03:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the beginning of a piece of music,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.00,0:03:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just after the clef,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.00,0:03:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is something called the time signature,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.00,0:04:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which tells a performer how many beats are in each bar.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.00,0:04:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This says there are two beats in each bar,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.00,0:04:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this says there are three,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.00,0:04:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this one four,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.00,0:04:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.00,0:04:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The bottom number tells us what kind of note
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.00,0:04:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to be used as the basic unit for the beat.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.00,0:04:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One corresponds to a whole note,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.00,0:04:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two to a half note,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.00,0:04:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,four to a quarter note,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.00,0:04:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and eight to an eighth note,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.00,0:04:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.00,0:04:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this time signature here
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.00,0:04:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tells us that there are four quarter notes in each bar,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.00,0:04:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.00,0:04:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.00,0:04:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,three,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.00,0:04:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,four;
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.00,0:04:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.00,0:04:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.00,0:04:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,three,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.00,0:04:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,four,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.00,0:04:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.00,0:04:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But like I said before,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.00,0:04:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if just stick to the beat,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.00,0:04:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it gets kind of boring,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.00,0:04:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we'll replace some quarter notes
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.00,0:04:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with different rhythms.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.00,0:04:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Notice that even though the number of notes
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.00,0:04:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in each bar has changed,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.00,0:04:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the total number of beats in each bar hasn't.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.00,0:04:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what does our musical creation sound like?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.00,0:04:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eh, sounds okay, but maybe a bit thin, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.00,0:04:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's add another instrument
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.00,0:04:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with its own pitch and rhythm.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.00,0:04:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now it's sounding like music.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.00,0:04:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sure, it takes some practice
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.00,0:05:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get used to reading it quickly
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.00,0:05:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and playing what we see on our instrument,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.00,0:05:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but, with a bit of time and patience,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.00,0:05:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could be the next Beethoven
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.00,0:05:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.00,0:05:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Justin Bieber.