WEBVTT

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Hi there,
my name’s John Green,

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this is Crash Course World History

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and today we’re gonna talk
about Africa.

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Mr. Green Mr. Green!

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We’ve already been talking
about Africa.

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Egypt is in Africa,

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and you haven’t shut up
about it the entire course—

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Yeah that’s true,
Me from the Past.

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But Africa’s big—
it’s like, super big—

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much bigger than it appears
on most maps, actually.

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I mean,

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you can fit India and China,
and the United States if you fold in Maine.

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All of that fits in Africa.

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Like any huge place,
Africa is incredibly diverse,

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and its a mistake to focus
just on Egypt.

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So today let’s go here,
south of the Sahara desert.

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[music intro]

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[music intro]

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[music intro]

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[music intro]

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[music intro]

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[music intro]

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First, let’s turn to written record.

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Oh, right.
We don’t have very many.

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At least not written by
Sub-Saharan Africans.

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Much of African history was preserved
via oral rather than written tradition.

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These days,

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we tend to think of writing as the most accurate
and reliable form of description,

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but then again

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we do live in a print-based culture.

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And we’ve already said that writing is one
of the markers of civilization,

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implying that people who don’t
use writing aren’t civilized,

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a prejudice that has been applied
over and over again to Africa.

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But 1.
if you need any evidence that it’s possible

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to produce amazing literary artifacts without
the benefits of writing,

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let me direct your attention to the Iliad
and the Odyssey,

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which were composed and memorized by poets
for centuries before anyone ever wrote them

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down.

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And 2.
No less an authority than Plato said that

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writing destroys human memory by alleviating
the need to remember anything.

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And 3.
You think the oral tradition is uncivilized

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but

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HERE YOU ARE LISTENING
TO ME TALK.

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But we do have a lot of interesting
records for some African histories,

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including the legendary tale

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of Mansa Musa.

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By legendary I mean some
of it probably isn’t true,

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but it sure is important.

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Let’s go to the Thought Bubble.

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So there was this king Mansa Musa,

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who ruled the west African empire of Mali,

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and in 1324ish he left his home and

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made the hajj,
the pilgrimage to Mecca.

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He brought with him an entourage of over 1000

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(some sources say 60,000)

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and, most importantly,
100 camel loads of gold.

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I wish it had been donkeys
so I could say he had

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100 assloads of gold,
but no. Camels.

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Right, so along the way

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Mansa Musa spent freely and
gave away lots of his riches.

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Most famously,
when he reached Alexandria,

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at the time one of the most cultured cities
in the world,

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he spent so much gold that he caused runaway
inflation throughout the city

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that took years to recover from.

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He built houses in Cairo and in Mecca to house
his attendants,

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and as he traveled through
the world, a lot of people—

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notably the merchants of Venice—

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no, Thought Bubble,

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like actual merchants of Venice—

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right.

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They saw him in Alexandria and returned to
Italy with tales of Mansa Musa’s ridiculous

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wealth,

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which helped create the myth in the minds
of Europeans that

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West Africa was a land of gold,
an El Dorado.

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The kind of place you’d like to visit.

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And maybe, you know,
in five centuries or so,

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begin to pillage.

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Thanks Thought Bubble.

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So what’s so important about
the story of Mansa Musa?

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Well, first,

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it tells us there were African kingdoms,

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ruled by fabulously wealthy African kings.

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Which undermines one of the many stereotypes
about Africa,

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that its people were poor

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and lived in tribes ruled by chiefs

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and witch doctors.

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Also,

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since Mansa Musa was making the hajj,
we know that he was

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A. Muslim and

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B. relatively devout.

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And this tells us that Africa,
at least western Africa,

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was much more connected to the parts of the
world we’ve been talking about than we generally

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are led to believe.

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Mansa Musa knew all about the places he was
going before he got there,

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and after his visits,

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the rest of the Mediterranean world was sure
interested in finding out more about his homeland.

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Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage also brings up a
lot of questions about west Africa,

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namely, what did his kingdom look like and
how did he come to convert to Islam?

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The first question is a little easier,

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so we’ll start with that one.

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The empire of Mali,

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which Mansa Musa ruled until
the extremely elite year of 1337,

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was a large swath of West Africa,

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running from the coast hundreds of miles into
the interior and including many significant

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cities,

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the largest and best-known
of which was Timbuktu.

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The story of the Islamization
of the Empire, however,

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is a bit more complicated.

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Okay,

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so pastoral North Africans called Berbers
had long traded with West Africans,

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with the Berbers offering
salt in exchange for

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West African gold.

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That may seem like a bad deal
until you consider that

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without salt,
we die,

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whereas without gold,

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we only have to face the universe’s depraved
indifference to us without

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the benefit of metallic adornment.

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That went to an ominous place quickly.

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Right, so anyway the Berbers were early converts
to Islam, and Islam spread along those pre-existing

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trade routes

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between North and West Africa.

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Right,

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so the first converts in Mali were traders,

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who benefited from having a religious as well
as commercial connection to their trading

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partners in the North and the rest of the
Mediterranean.

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And then the kings followed the traders,

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maybe because sharing the religion of more
established kingdoms in the north and east

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would give them prestige,

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not to mention access to scholars and administrators
who could help them cement their power.

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So Islam became the religion of the elites
in West Africa,

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which meant that the Muslim kings were trying
to extend their power over largely non-Muslim

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populations that

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worshipped traditional
African gods and spirits.

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In order not to seem too foreign,

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these African Muslim kings would often blend
traditional religion with Islam.

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For instance, giving women more equality than
was seen in Islam’s birthplace.

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Anyway,

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the first kings we have a record of adopting
Islam were from Ghana,

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which was the first “empire”
in western Africa.

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It really took off in the 11th century.

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As with all empires,
and also everything else,

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Ghana rose and then fell,

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and it was replaced by Mali.

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The kings of Mali,
especially Mansa Musa

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but also Mansa Sulayman
his successor,

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tried to increase the knowledge
and practice of Islam

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in their territory.

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So for example,

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when Mansa Musa returned from his hajj,

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he brought back scholars and
architects to build mosques.

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And the reason we know a lot about Mali is
because it was visited by Ibn Battuta,

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the Moroccan cleric and scholar

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who kinda had the best life ever.

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He was particularly fascinated by gender roles
in the Malian empire—

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and by Malian women—
writing:

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“They are extremely beautiful, and
more important than the men.”

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Oh. It must be time
for the open letter.

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[rolls with wild, reckless abandon to the
caged inferno]

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An Open Letter
to Ibn Battuta:

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I wonder what’s in the
Secret Compartment today.

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Oh. I appears to be
some kind of fake beard...

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[a hirsute wish is made]

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Movie magic!
[John = L4D Bill]

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Stan,
why did you do this to me?

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Dear Ibn Battuta,

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Bro, I love twitter and

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my x-box and
Hawaiian pizza,

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but if I had to go into the
past and live anyone’s life,

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it would be yours!

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Because you were this outlandishly learned
scholar who managed to parlay your knowledge

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of Islam into the

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greatest road trip in history.

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You went from Mali to Constantinople to India
to Russia to Indonesia;

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you were probably the most widely traveled
person before the

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invention of the steam engine.

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And everywhere you went,

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you were treated like a king and then you
went home and wrote a really famous book

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called the Rihla,

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which people still read today

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and also you could grow a real beard and

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I'M JEALOUS!

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Best wishes,
John Green

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That was a great open letter.

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Not to brag er anything,

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but you know,
it was.

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One more thing about Mansa Musa:

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There are lots of stories that Mansa Musa
attempted to engage in maritime trade across

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the Atlantic Ocean,

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and some historians even believe that Malians
reached the Americas.

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DNA investigation may one day
prove it, but until then,

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we’ll only have oral tradition.

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The Malian Empire eventually fell to the Songhay,
which was eventually overthrown for being

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insufficiently Islamic, meaning that centuries
after his death

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Mansa Musa had succeeded at bringing Islamic
piety to his people.

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All of which is to say that—

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like China or India or Europe—

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West Africa had its own empires that relied
upon religion and war and incredibly boring

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dynastic politics.

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Man,
I hate dynastic politics.

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If I wanted to live in an ostensibly independent
country that can’t let go of Monarchy,

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I’d be like Thought Bubble
and move to Canada.

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Oh, come on,
Thought Bubble-

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that’s not fair.

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Shut up and take back Celine Dion!

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Alright, now let’s move to the other side
of Africa where there was an alternative model

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of “civilizational” development.

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The eastern coast of Africa saw the rise of
what historians called the Swahili civilization,

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which was not an empire or a kingdom but a
collection of city states—

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like Zanzibar and
Mombasa and Mogadishu--

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— All of which formed
a network of trade ports.

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There was no central authority –

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each of these cities was autonomous ruled,

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usually, but not always,

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by a king.

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But there were three things that linked these
city states such that we can consider them

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a common culture:

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language, trade and religion.

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The Swahili language is part of a language
group called Bantu,

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and its original speakers
were from West Africa.

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Their migration to East Africa not only changed
the linguistic traditions of Africa but everything

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else, because they brought with them iron
work and agriculture.

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Until then, most of the people living in the
East had been hunter gatherers or herders,

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but once introduced,

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agriculture took hold as it almost always
does.

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Unless,

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wait for it--

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--you’re the Mongols.
[Mongol-tage horns sound]

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Modern day Swahili,
by the way,

00:07:46.087 --> 00:07:48.139
is still a Bantu based language,

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although it’s been heavily influenced by
Arabic.

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On that topic:

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For a long time historians believed that the
East African cities were all started by Arab

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or Persian traders,

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which was basically just racist:

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they didn’t believe that Africans were sophisticated
enough to found these great cities,

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like Mogadishu and Mombasa.

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Now scholars recognize that all the major
Swahili cities were founded well before Islam

00:08:06.033 --> 00:08:10.015
arrived in the region and then in fact trade
had been going on since the first century

00:08:10.015 --> 00:08:10.074
CE.

00:08:10.074 --> 00:08:14.033
But Swahili civilization didn’t begin its
rapid development until the 8th century when

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Arab traders arrived seeking goods that they
could trade in the vast Indian Ocean network,

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the Silk Road of the sea.

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And of course those merchants brought Islam
with them, which,

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just like in West Africa was adopted by the
elites who wanted religious as well as commercial

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connections to the rest of

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the Mediterranean world.

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In many of the Swahili states these Muslim
communities started out quite small,

00:08:32.055 --> 00:08:35.569
but at their height between
the 13th and 16th century

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most of the cities boasted large mosques.

00:08:37.349 --> 00:08:41.369
The one in Kilwa even impressed Ibn Battuta,
who of course visited the city,

00:08:41.369 --> 00:08:43.449
because he was having
the best life ever.

00:08:43.449 --> 00:08:45.079
Most of the goods exported
were raw materials,

00:08:45.079 --> 00:08:46.889
like ivory, animal hides and timber—

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it’s worth noting, by the way,

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that when you’re moving trees around, you
have a level of sophistication to your trade

00:08:51.819 --> 00:08:53.829
that goes way beyond the Silk Road.

00:08:53.829 --> 00:08:55.279
I mean, if you’ll recall they weren’t
just

00:08:55.279 --> 00:08:57.029
trading tortoise shells and stuff---
[Pouf-dodges with cat-like agility]

00:08:57.029 --> 00:08:57.869
Not again!

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Africans also exported
slaves along the east coast,

00:08:59.869 --> 00:09:01.199
although not in HUGE numbers,

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and they exported gold,

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and they imported finished luxury goods like
porcelain and books.

00:09:05.061 --> 00:09:06.249
In fact,

00:09:06.249 --> 00:09:10.629
archaeological digs in Kilwa have revealed
that houses often featured a kind of built-in

00:09:10.629 --> 00:09:12.559
bookshelf.

00:09:12.559 --> 00:09:14.959
Learning of books through architecture nicely
captures

00:09:14.959 --> 00:09:17.129
the magic of studying history.

00:09:17.129 --> 00:09:18.759
Archaeology, writing,
and oral tradition

00:09:18.759 --> 00:09:21.379
all intermingle to give
us glimpses of the past.

00:09:21.379 --> 00:09:23.047
And each of those lenses may show us the past
as

00:09:23.047 --> 00:09:25.009
if through some funhouse mirror,

00:09:25.009 --> 00:09:26.389
but if we’re conscious about it,

00:09:26.389 --> 00:09:28.839
we can at least recognize
the distortions.

00:09:28.839 --> 00:09:31.429
Studying Africa reminds us that we need to
look at lots of sources,

00:09:31.429 --> 00:09:32.829
and lots of kinds of sources

00:09:32.829 --> 00:09:35.029
if we want to get a fuller
picture of the past.

00:09:35.029 --> 00:09:36.086
If we relied on only
written sources,

00:09:36.086 --> 00:09:41.239
it would be far too easy to fall into the
old trap of seeing Africa as backwards and

00:09:41.239 --> 00:09:42.179
uncivilized.

00:09:42.179 --> 00:09:43.769
Through approaching it
with multiple lenses,

00:09:43.769 --> 00:09:46.022
we discover a complicated,
diverse place that was

00:09:46.022 --> 00:09:48.639
sometimes rich and sometimes not—

00:09:48.639 --> 00:09:50.017
and when you think of it that way,

00:09:50.017 --> 00:09:51.008
it becomes not
separate from,

00:09:51.008 --> 00:09:54.399
but part of,
our history.

00:09:54.399 --> 00:09:56.459
Thanks for watching.
We’ll see you next week.

00:09:56.459 --> 00:09:56.959
CrashCourse is

00:09:56.959 --> 00:09:58.129
produced and directed by Stan Muller,

00:09:58.129 --> 00:09:59.679
Our script supervisor
is Danica Johnson,

00:09:59.679 --> 00:10:01.759
The show is written by my
high school history teacher

00:10:01.759 --> 00:10:03.189
Raoul Meyer and myself

00:10:03.189 --> 00:10:04.249
And our Graphics Team is

00:10:04.249 --> 00:10:04.989
ThoughtBubble
[Perhaps hanging at the Hoser Hut?]

00:10:04.989 --> 00:10:06.329
Last week's
Phrase Of The Week was

00:10:06.329 --> 00:10:06.759
Animal Crackers

00:10:06.759 --> 00:10:08.054
If you want to suggest future
phrases of the week

00:10:08.054 --> 00:10:10.769
or guess at this one,
you can do so in comments

00:10:10.769 --> 00:10:12.048
Also, if you have questions
about today's video

00:10:12.048 --> 00:10:14.689
Ask them, and our team
of historians will endeavor

00:10:14.689 --> 00:10:15.036
to answer them.

00:10:15.036 --> 00:10:16.779
Thanks for watching and
supporting CrashCourse

00:10:16.779 --> 00:10:17.749
And as we say in my hometown,

00:10:17.749 --> 99:59:59.999
Don't forget there's always
money in the Banana Stand.