[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.04,0:00:03.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of my most wonderful memories of childhood
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.66,0:00:06.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are of spending time with my grandmother, Mamar [???],
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.97,0:00:10.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in our four-family home in Brooklyn, New York.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.77,0:00:13.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Her apartment was an oasis.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.72,0:00:16.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a place where I could sneak a cup of coffee,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.29,0:00:19.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was really warm milk \Nwith just a touch of caffeine.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.60,0:00:21.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She loved life.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.89,0:00:24.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And although she worked in a factory,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.80,0:00:27.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she saved her pennies and she traveled to Europe.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.97,0:00:31.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I remember poring over those pictures with her
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.61,0:00:34.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then dancing with her to her favorite music.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.94,0:00:39.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, when I was eight and she was sixty,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.86,0:00:42.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something changed.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.02,0:00:44.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She no longer worked or traveled.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.44,0:00:46.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She no longer danced.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.41,0:00:48.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were no more coffee times.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.99,0:00:51.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My mother missed work and took her to doctors
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.41,0:00:53.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who couldn't make a diagnosis.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.58,0:00:58.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And my father, who worked at night, \Nwould spend every afternoon with her --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.98,0:01:02.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just to make sure she ate.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.01,0:01:06.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Her care became all-consuming for our family.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.58,0:01:08.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And by the time a diagnosis was made,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.84,0:01:10.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she was in a deep spiral.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.93,0:01:14.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now many of you will recognize her symptoms.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.49,0:01:17.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My grandmother had depression.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.35,0:01:20.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A deep, life-altering depression,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.69,0:01:23.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from which she never recovered.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.46,0:01:27.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And back then, so little was known about depression.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.59,0:01:30.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But even today, 50 years later,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.14,0:01:33.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's still so much more to learn.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.66,0:01:38.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, we know women are 70 percent more likely
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.84,0:01:42.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to experience depression over their lifetimes
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.22,0:01:44.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,compared with men.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.11,0:01:47.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And even with this high prevalence,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.17,0:01:53.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,women are misdiagnosed between \N30 and 50 percent of the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.02,0:01:56.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we know that women are more likely
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.48,0:02:01.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to experience the symptoms \Nof fatigue, sleep disturbance,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.06,0:02:04.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pain and anxiety compared with men.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.74,0:02:07.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these symptoms are often overlooked
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.11,0:02:10.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as symptoms of depression.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.11,0:02:14.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it isn't only depression in which \Nthese sex differences occur,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.03,0:02:18.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they occur across so many diseases.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.09,0:02:20.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's my grandmother's struggles
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.51,0:02:23.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have really led me on a lifelong quest.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.94,0:02:27.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And today, I lead a center in which the mission
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.40,0:02:31.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to discover why these sex differences occur
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.13,0:02:33.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to use that knowledge
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.11,0:02:36.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to improve the health of women.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.11,0:02:40.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, we know that every cell has a sex.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.17,0:02:44.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, that's a term coined by the Institute of Medicine.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.14,0:02:47.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what it means is that \Nmen and women are different
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.73,0:02:52.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,down to the cellular and molecular levels.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.22,0:02:57.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It means that we're different \Nacross all of our organs.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.26,0:03:01.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From our brains to our hearts, our lungs, our joints.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.73,0:03:07.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, it was only 20 years ago that we
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.18,0:03:10.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hardly had any data on women's health
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.42,0:03:13.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beyond our reproductive functions.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.38,0:03:15.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then in 1993,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.99,0:03:20.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the NIH Revitalization Act was signed into law.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.71,0:03:23.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what this law did was it mandated
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.38,0:03:27.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that women and minorities be included in clinical trials
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.96,0:03:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were funded by the National Institutes of Health.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.00,0:03:34.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in many ways, the law has worked.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.90,0:03:38.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Women are now routinely included in clinical studies,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.42,0:03:40.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we've learned that there are major differences
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.86,0:03:42.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the ways that women and men
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.84,0:03:45.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,experience disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.16,0:03:47.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But remarkably,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.11,0:03:52.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we have learned about these \Ndifferences is often overlooked.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.02,0:03:56.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we have to ask ourselves the question:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.62,0:04:00.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why leave women's health to chance?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.93,0:04:03.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we're leaving it to chance in two ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.79,0:04:07.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first is that there is so much more to learn
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.41,0:04:09.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're not making the investment
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.82,0:04:14.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in fully understanding the extent \Nof these sex differences.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.11,0:04:18.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the second is that we aren't \Ntaking what we have learned,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.74,0:04:22.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and routinely applying it in clinical care.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.26,0:04:26.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are just not doing enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.17,0:04:28.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I'm going to share with you three examples
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.49,0:04:32.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of where sex differences have \Nimpacted the health of women,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.26,0:04:34.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and where we need to do more.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.57,0:04:37.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's start with heart disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.01,0:04:41.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the number one killer of women \Nin the United States today.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.96,0:04:45.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the face of heart disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.34,0:04:47.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Linda is a middle-aged woman,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.56,0:04:49.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who had a stent placed in one of the arteries
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.98,0:04:52.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going to her heart.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.09,0:04:55.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When she had recurring symptoms \Nshe went back to her doctor.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.33,0:04:57.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Her doctor did the gold-standard test --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.17,0:05:00.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a cardiac catheterization.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.42,0:05:02.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It showed no blockages.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.69,0:05:04.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Linda's symptoms continued.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.94,0:05:07.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She had to stop working.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.25,0:05:10.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's when she found us.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.08,0:05:14.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When Lynda came to us, we did \Nanother cardiac catheterization
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.24,0:05:17.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this time, we found clues.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.49,0:05:20.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we needed another test
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.08,0:05:22.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make the diagnosis.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.50,0:05:27.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we did a test called an intracoronary ultrasound,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.14,0:05:29.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you use soundwaves to look at the artery
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.90,0:05:32.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the inside out.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.48,0:05:34.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what we found
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.48,0:05:36.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was that Linda's disease didn't look like
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.78,0:05:39.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the typical male disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.43,0:05:43.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The typical male disease looks like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.02,0:05:46.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a discrete blockage or stenosis.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.37,0:05:50.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Linda's disease, like the disease of so many women,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.58,0:05:52.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looks like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.90,0:05:55.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The plaque is laid down more evenly, more diffusely
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.88,0:05:59.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,along the artery, and it's harder to see.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.78,0:06:03.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for Linda, and for so many women,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.10,0:06:06.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the gold-standard test wasn't gold.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.90,0:06:09.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, Lynda received the right treatment.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.95,0:06:11.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She went back to her life and fortunately, today
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.79,0:06:14.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she is doing well.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.10,0:06:15.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Lynda was lucky.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.50,0:06:18.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She found us, we found her disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.18,0:06:21.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But for too many women, that's not the case.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.18,0:06:23.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have the tools.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.45,0:06:26.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have the technology to make the diagnosis.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.96,0:06:30.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's all too often that these sex diffferences
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.25,0:06:31.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are overlooked.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.82,0:06:34.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what about treatment?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.73,0:06:37.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A landmark study that was published two years ago
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.54,0:06:40.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,asked the very important question:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.12,0:06:45.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What are the most effective treatments \Nfor heart disease in women?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.06,0:06:48.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The authors looked at papers \Nwritten over a 10-year period,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.66,0:06:51.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and hundreds had to be thrown out.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.31,0:06:55.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what they found out was that \Nof those that were tossed out,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.58,0:06:59.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,65 percent were excluded
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.43,0:07:04.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because even though women \Nwere included in the studies,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.07,0:07:10.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the analysis didn't differentiate \Nbetween women and men.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.34,0:07:13.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What a lost opportunity.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.28,0:07:15.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The money had been spent
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.66,0:07:17.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we didn't learn how women fared --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.90,0:07:20.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these studies could not contribute one iota
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.66,0:07:23.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the very, very important question:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.22,0:07:25.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What are the most effective treatments
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.44,0:07:28.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for heart disease in women?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.61,0:07:33.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to introduce you to \NHortense [???], my godmother,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.41,0:07:37.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hung Way [???], a relative of a colleague,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.31,0:07:39.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and somebody you may recognize --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.49,0:07:43.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dana, Christopher Reeve's wife.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.12,0:07:47.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All three women have something \Nvery important in common.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.48,0:07:51.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All three were diagnosed with lung cancer,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.22,0:07:53.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the number one cancer killer of women
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.98,0:07:56.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the United States today.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.81,0:08:00.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All three were non-smokers.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.55,0:08:05.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sadly, Dana and Hung Way [???] died of their disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.05,0:08:11.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, what we know is that women who are\Nnon-smokers are three times more likely
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.25,0:08:14.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be diagnosed with lung cancer than are men
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.66,0:08:16.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are non-smokers.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.87,0:08:20.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now interestingly, when women are \Ndiagnosed with lung cancer,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.28,0:08:23.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their survival tends to be better than that of men.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.52,0:08:25.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now here are some clues.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.27,0:08:27.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our investigators have found that there are
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.66,0:08:32.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,certain genes in the lung tumor \Ncells of both women and men.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.13,0:08:34.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these genes are activated
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.50,0:08:36.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mainly by estrogen.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.87,0:08:39.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when these genes are over-expressed,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.52,0:08:42.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's associated with improved survival
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.34,0:08:44.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only in young women.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.90,0:08:46.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this is a very early finding
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.81,0:08:50.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we don't yet know whether it has relevance
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.08,0:08:52.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to clinical care.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.60,0:08:56.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's findings like this that may provide hope
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.10,0:08:59.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and may provide an opportunity to save lives
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.24,0:09:01.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of both women and men.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.53,0:09:03.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now let me share with you an example
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.57,0:09:07.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of when we do consider sex differences,\Nit can drive the science.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.02,0:09:09.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Several years ago a new lung cancer drug
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.55,0:09:11.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was being evaluated,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.12,0:09:15.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when the authors looked at whose tumors shrank,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.40,0:09:18.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they found that 82 percent were women.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.86,0:09:21.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This led them to ask the question: Well, why?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.90,0:09:23.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what they found
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.34,0:09:26.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was that the genetic mutations that the drug targeted
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.85,0:09:29.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were far more common in women.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.51,0:09:31.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what this has led to
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.27,0:09:33.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a more personalized approach
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.58,0:09:37.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the treatment of lung cancer \Nthat also includes sex.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.44,0:09:39.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what we can accomplish
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.70,0:09:43.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we don't leave women's health to chance.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.67,0:09:46.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know that when you invest in research,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.78,0:09:48.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you get results.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.26,0:09:52.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take a look at the death rate from breast cancer over time.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.65,0:09:55.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now take a look at the death rates
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.22,0:09:57.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from lung cancer in women over time.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.98,0:10:01.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now let's look at the dollars invested in breast cancer --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.82,0:10:04.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these are the dollars invested per death --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.19,0:10:08.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the dollars invested in lung cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.54,0:10:13.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now it's clear that our investment in breast cancer
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.76,0:10:15.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has produced results.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.65,0:10:17.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They may not be fast enough,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.91,0:10:20.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it has produced results.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.18,0:10:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can do the same
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.00,0:10:26.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for lung cancer and for every other disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.68,0:10:30.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's go back to depression.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.04,0:10:32.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Depression is the number-one cause
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.47,0:10:37.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of disability in women in the world today.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.19,0:10:39.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our investigators have found
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.31,0:10:41.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there are differences in the brains
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.34,0:10:42.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of women and men
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.71,0:10:45.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the areas that are connected with mood.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.81,0:10:47.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when you put men and women
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.72,0:10:49.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a functional MRI scanner --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.67,0:10:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's the kind of scanner that shows how the brain is functioning when it's activated --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.00,0:10:58.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you put them in the scanner \Nand you expose them to stress.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.17,0:11:02.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can actually see the difference.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.01,0:11:04.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's findings like this
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.78,0:11:08.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we believe holds some of the clues
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.15,0:11:11.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for why we see these very significant sex differences
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.55,0:11:13.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in depression.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.22,0:11:15.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But even though we know
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.22,0:11:17.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that these differences occur,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.60,0:11:20.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,66 percent
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.56,0:11:24.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the brain research that begins in animals
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.83,0:11:27.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is done in either male animals
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.11,0:11:31.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or animals in whom the sex is not identified.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.35,0:11:35.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I think we have to ask again the question:
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.02,0:11:39.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why leave women's health to chance?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.56,0:11:42.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is a question that haunts those of us
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.58,0:11:44.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in science and medicine
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.52,0:11:50.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who believe that we are on the verge \Nof being able to dramatically improve
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.43,0:11:52.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the health of women.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.58,0:11:55.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know that every cell has a sex.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.05,0:11:57.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know that these differences are often overlooked.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.92,0:12:02.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And therefore we know that women \Nare not getting the full benefit
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.09,0:12:05.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of modern science and medicine today.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.83,0:12:07.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have the tools
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.71,0:12:11.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we lack the collective will and momentum.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.65,0:12:14.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Women's health is an equal rights issue
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.38,0:12:17.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as important as equal pay.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.78,0:12:20.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's an issue of the quality
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.12,0:12:23.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the integrity of science and medicine.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.29,0:12:29.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.23,0:12:35.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So imagine the momentum we could achieve
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.40,0:12:37.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in advancing the health of women
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.49,0:12:40.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we considered whether these \Nsex differences were present
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.24,0:12:43.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the very beginning of designing research.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.90,0:12:47.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or if we analyzed our data by sex.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.81,0:12:49.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, people often ask me:
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.88,0:12:51.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What can I do?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.59,0:12:53.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here's what I suggest:
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.85,0:12:57.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, I suggest that you think about women's health
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.92,0:12:59.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the same way
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.60,0:13:05.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you think and care about other \Ncauses that are important to you.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.38,0:13:08.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And second, and equally as important,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.52,0:13:10.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that as a woman,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.84,0:13:13.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have to ask your doctor
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.91,0:13:18.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the doctors who are caring \Nfor those who you love:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.20,0:13:22.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is this disease or treatment different in women?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.97,0:13:26.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this is a profound question \Nbecause the answer is likely yes --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.66,0:13:30.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but your doctor may not know \Nthe answer, at least not yet.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.51,0:13:34.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you ask the question, \Nyour doctor will very likely
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.52,0:13:37.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,go looking for the answer.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.04,0:13:39.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is so important --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.41,0:13:41.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not only for ourselves,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.62,0:13:44.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but for all of those whom we love.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.23,0:13:47.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whether it be a mother, a daughter, a sister,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.79,0:13:51.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a friend or a grandmother.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.78,0:13:54.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was my grandmother's suffering
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.48,0:13:56.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that inspired my work
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.52,0:13:59.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to improve the health of women.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.36,0:14:01.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's her legacy.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.82,0:14:06.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our legacy can be to improve the health of women
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.23,0:14:08.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for this generation
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.44,0:14:11.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and for generations to come.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.42,0:14:12.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.89,0:14:16.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)