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Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.30,0:00:05.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As the pandemic continues - variants\Nhave become the latest concern
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.13,0:00:07.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with notable examples detected \Nin South Africa,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.82,0:00:10.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Brazil and the UK.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.32,0:00:12.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But variants are complicated.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.94,0:00:15.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each one is made up \Nof a collection of mutations,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.74,0:00:22.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of which have the potential to change \Nthe SARS-CoV-2 virus in unexpected ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.38,0:00:26.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what do scientists mean when they talk\Nabout variants
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.03,0:00:29.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what might this mean \Nfor the future of the pandemic?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.85,0:00:34.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Viruses multiply by copying their genomes\Nover and over.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.83,0:00:38.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But like an old photocopier, \Nthese copies aren’t always perfect.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.95,0:00:42.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each of these imperfect copies \Nis a variant.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.12,0:00:47.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Normally the imperfections or mutations don’t\Nchange how the virus behaves
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.38,0:00:51.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,e podem torná-los menos eficazes \Ndo que a cepa original.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.78,0:00:56.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mas, raramente, as mutações podem alterar \No vírus de algumas formas importantes.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.43,0:01:03.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ele pode se tornar mais infeccioso,\Nou mais capaz de evitar o sistema imune.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.20,0:01:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Quanto mais um vírus consegue \Nse replicar sem controle,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.00,0:01:10.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mais chances ele tem de acumular \Nessas raras mutações benéficas.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.68,0:01:15.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Isso pode ocorrer quando o vírus consegue \Nse espalhar rápido em uma população
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.87,0:01:18.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ou se encontram um hospedeiro \Nmenos capaz de combatê-lo,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.55,0:01:24.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,como alguém com sistema imune comprometido\Npor tratamentos ou portadores de HIV+.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.42,0:01:28.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Se um conjunto de mutações torna\Numa variante mais bem sucedida,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.65,0:01:33.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ela pode ficar mais proeminente, \Ne é aí que ela é notada.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.76,0:01:37.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Epidemiologistas podem até rotulá-la \Ncomo uma 'variante preocupante',
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.80,0:01:42.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,como as encontradas no Brasil, \NÁfrica do Sul e Reino Unido.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.33,0:01:48.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Há meses, cientistas tentam descobrir \No que alterou essas variantes
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.06,0:01:50.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,e o que essas alterações significam.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.06,0:01:56.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Uma variante se propagando não quer dizer \Nque ela tenha uma mutação vantajosa.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.18,0:02:01.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Por exemplo, um pequeno grupo de pessoas \Npode mover a variante de uma região
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.32,0:02:06.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,para outra, como turistas de férias,\Nvoltando de lugares populares.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.31,0:02:09.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Isso pode fazer com que a variante \Nse propague em um novo local,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.59,0:02:13.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,apesar de não haver alterações \Nsignificantes na biologia do vírus.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.79,0:02:17.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Isso se chama 'Efeito Fundador'.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.20,0:02:21.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Entender por que uma variante surgiu \Nrequer uma combinação de estudos.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.83,0:02:25.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A epidemiologia ajuda a detectar \Ne rastrear novas variantes
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.38,0:02:28.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,e sinalizar padrões de infecção \Nnovos ou preocupantes .
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.94,0:02:31.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Enquanto isso, exames laboratoriais \Npodem identificar
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.61,0:02:35.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,como as mutações estão alterando \Nas propriedades do vírus.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.67,0:02:39.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Estes estudos estão começando \Na identificar as mutações
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.06,0:02:42.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,que controlam o vírus.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.04,0:02:46.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Algumas variantes se propagam mais rápido,\Ne há indícios de que algumas mutações
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.94,0:02:52.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,podem enfraquecer ou até ignorar \Na imunidade natural ou derivada da vacina.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.51,0:02:58.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Por exemplo, a mutação D614G, conhecida \Npor virologistas como Doug, se propagou
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.47,0:03:02.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no início da pandemia e é presente\Nem quase todas as variantes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.29,0:03:08.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It affects the spike protein that coronavirus\Nparticles use to penetrate cells. A mutation
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.44,0:03:11.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the genome changes one amino acid for another,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.25,0:03:17.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and makes the new variant more infectious than the original virus.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.41,0:03:25.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,N501Y also known as Nelly, is another spike protein mutation \Nwhich appears to be associated with increased transmissibility.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.66,0:03:34.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This mutation has been detected in the B.1.1.7, \NB.1.351 and P.1 strains - all variants of concern.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.60,0:03:43.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The worry of so-called ‘immune escape’ has also been hinted at with another spike protein mutation, E484K or Eek.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.61,0:03:51.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eek has been spotted in B.1.351 and P.1, the\Nvariants detected in South Africa and Brazil.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.27,0:03:57.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lab studies in early in 2021 showed that the\Nvariant could evade some virus-blocking antibodies,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.96,0:04:04.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while trials in South Africa suggested that\Nthe variant reduced the efficacy of several vaccines.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.59,0:04:09.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Despite these worries, the coronavirus is\Nactually mutating very slowly compared to
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.82,0:04:16.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something like influenza and it seems like\Nthe vaccines developed so far will remain at least partly effective.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.70,0:04:21.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But scientists are still taking the threat\Nposed by variants seriously.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.77,0:04:25.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are several things that \Ncan be done to help tackle it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.64,0:04:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Firstly, to do anything researchers need data
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.00,0:04:37.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- it’s very important to monitor and trace the emergence of \Nvariants and that isn’t always simple to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.17,0:04:41.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Organisations like the COVID-19 Genomics UK\Nconsortium, or COG-UK,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.67,0:04:47.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have stepped up their efforts to combine \Nfast sequencing with efficient data sharing.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.53,0:04:53.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,COG-UK has already sequenced over 400,000 SARS-CoV-2 genomes.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.33,0:04:58.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Next, researchers need to look forward to\Nhow these mutated viruses could affect global
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.91,0:05:06.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vaccination efforts. Existing vaccines can be redesigned and\Ncombinations of vaccines are also being tested
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.62,0:05:14.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it could be difficult to perform reliable \Nclinical trials amid the ongoing vaccination programmes.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.29,0:05:18.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right now though, work needs to continue at\Na national level.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.50,0:05:23.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Public health policies such as track and trace, social distancing and vaccine roll-outs
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.65,0:05:30.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are powerful tools to interrupt transmission and keep tabs on new variants.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.85,0:05:34.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After all, every time the virus is prevented\Nfrom spreading,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.44,0:05:36.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's also prevented from mutating,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.99,0:05:41.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nipping new variants in the bud\Nbefore they even have a chance to develop.