[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.42,0:00:06.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, there's a lot of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.53,0:00:08.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is seaweed.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.79,0:00:15.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's pretty humble stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.98,0:00:18.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it does have\Nsome remarkable qualities.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.33,0:00:21.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For one, it grows really fast.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.53,0:00:26.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the carbon that is part\Nof that seaweed,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.47,0:00:27.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just a few weeks ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.02,0:00:31.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was floating in the atmosphere\Nas atmospheric CO2,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.60,0:00:35.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,driving all the adverse consequences\Nof climate change.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.24,0:00:39.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the moment, it's locked\Nsafely away in the seaweed,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.88,0:00:41.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but when that seaweed rots --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.33,0:00:44.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and by the smell of it,\Nit's not far away --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.46,0:00:48.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it rots, that CO2 will be released\Nback to the atmosphere.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.48,0:00:53.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wouldn't it be fantastic\Nif we could find a way
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.42,0:00:57.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of keeping that CO2 locked up long-term,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.34,0:01:02.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and thereby significantly contributing\Nto solving the climate problem?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.68,0:01:06.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I'm talking about here is drawdown.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.80,0:01:10.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's now become the other half\Nof the climate challenge.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.16,0:01:14.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's because\Nwe have delayed so long,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.13,0:01:16.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of addressing climate change,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.03,0:01:20.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we now have to do two very big\Nand very difficult things at once.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.06,0:01:24.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have to cut our emissions\Nand clean our energy supply
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.50,0:01:27.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the same time that we draw\Nsignificant volumes
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.88,0:01:30.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.65,0:01:35.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we don't do that, about 25 percent\Nof the CO2 we put in the air
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.36,0:01:38.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will remain there,\Nby human standards, forever.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.92,0:01:40.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we have to act.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.42,0:01:45.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is really a new phase\Nin addressing the climate crisis
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.93,0:01:47.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it demands new thinking.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.22,0:01:52.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, ideas like carbon offsets\Nreally don't make sense
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.48,0:01:53.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the modern era.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.66,0:01:55.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, when you offset something,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.46,0:01:59.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you say, "I'll permit myself to put\Nsome greenhouse gas into the atmosphere,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.19,0:02:01.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but then I'll offset it\Nby drawing it down."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.49,0:02:03.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you've got to both cut your emissions
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.79,0:02:05.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and draw down CO2,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.44,0:02:07.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that thinking doesn't make sense anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.98,0:02:09.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when we're talking about drawdown,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.89,0:02:14.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're talking about putting large volumes\Nof greenhouses gases, particularly CO2,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.80,0:02:16.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out of circulation.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.61,0:02:19.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to do that, we need a carbon price.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.26,0:02:22.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need a significant price\Nthat we'll pay for that service
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.97,0:02:24.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we'll all benefit from.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.27,0:02:28.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've made almost no progress so far
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.51,0:02:30.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the second half\Nof the climate challenge.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.72,0:02:32.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not on most people's radar.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.72,0:02:38.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, you know, I must say,\Nat times, I hear people saying,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.08,0:02:41.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I've lost hope that we can do anything\Nabout the climate crisis."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.86,0:02:44.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And look, I've had my sleepless\Nnights too, I can tell you.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.16,0:02:49.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I'm here today as an ambassador\Nfor this humble weed, seaweed.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.97,0:02:54.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it has the potential
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.60,0:02:59.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be a big part of addressing\Nthe challenge of climate change
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.67,0:03:01.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a big part of our future.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.26,0:03:06.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, what the scientists are telling us\Nwe need to do over the next 80-odd years
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.51,0:03:08.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the end of this century,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.06,0:03:10.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to cut our greenhouse gas emissions
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.72,0:03:13.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by three percent every year,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.86,0:03:18.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and draw three gigatons of CO2\Nout of the atmosphere every year.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.37,0:03:21.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those numbers are so large\Nthat they baffle us.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.96,0:03:24.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that's what the scientists\Ntell us we need to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.16,0:03:27.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I really hate showing this graph,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.19,0:03:29.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I'm sorry, I have to do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.36,0:03:32.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is very eloquent\Nin terms of telling the story
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.34,0:03:34.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of my personal failure
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.16,0:03:37.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of all the advocacy I've done\Nin climate change work
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.40,0:03:40.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in fact, our collective failure\Nto address climate change.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.96,0:03:43.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see our trajectory there
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.28,0:03:46.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of warming\Nand greenhouse gas concentrations.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.31,0:03:50.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see all of the great\Nscientific announcements that we've made,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.04,0:03:52.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,saying how much danger\Nwe face with climate change.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.76,0:03:54.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see the political meetings.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.96,0:03:57.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,None of it has changed the trajectory.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.34,0:04:00.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is why we need new thinking,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.95,0:04:03.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need a new approach.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.64,0:04:09.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how might we go about drawing down\Ngreenhouse gases at a large scale?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.12,0:04:13.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's really only two ways of doing it,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.15,0:04:16.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I've done a very deep dive\Ninto drawdown.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.84,0:04:19.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'll preempt my --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.93,0:04:25.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I would say this stuff comes up\Nsmelling like roses at the end of the day.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.16,0:04:26.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It does, it's one of the best options,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.01,0:04:29.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there are many, many possibilities.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.44,0:04:33.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are chemical pathways\Nand biological pathways.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.65,0:04:36.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So two ways, really,\Nof getting the job done.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.58,0:04:38.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The biological pathways are fantastic
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.77,0:04:42.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the energy source\Nthat's needed to drive them, the sun,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.54,0:04:43.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is effectively free.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.98,0:04:47.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We use the sun to drive\Nphotosynthesis in plants,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.05,0:04:49.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,break apart that CO2\Nand capture the carbon.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.62,0:04:51.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are also chemical pathways.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.47,0:04:54.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They sound ominous, but actually,\Nthey're not bad at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.26,0:04:57.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The difficulty they face is\Nthat we have to actually pay
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.70,0:04:59.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the energy\Nthat's required to do the job
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.90,0:05:01.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or pay to facilitate that energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.34,0:05:05.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Direct air capture is a great example\Nof a chemical pathway,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.48,0:05:08.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and people are using that right now\Nto take CO2 out of the atmosphere
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.93,0:05:11.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and manufacture biofuels\Nor manufacture plastics.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.50,0:05:14.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Great progress is being made,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.21,0:05:16.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it will be many decades
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.05,0:05:21.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before those chemical pathways\Nare drawing down a gigaton of CO2 a year.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.49,0:05:24.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The biological pathways offer us\Na lot more hope, I think,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.41,0:05:25.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the short term.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.06,0:05:30.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've probably heard\Nabout reforestation, planting trees,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.07,0:05:32.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a solution to the climate problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.51,0:05:34.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, it's a fair question:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.08,0:05:37.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can we plant our way out\Nof this problem by using trees?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.68,0:05:40.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm skeptical about that\Nfor a number of reasons.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.63,0:05:43.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One is just the scale of the problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.03,0:05:46.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All trees start as seeds,\Nlittle tiny things,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.08,0:05:48.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's many decades\Nbefore they've reached
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.22,0:05:50.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their full carbon-capture potential.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.97,0:05:52.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And secondly,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.14,0:05:56.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you look at the land surface,\Nyou see that it's so heavily utilized.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.04,0:05:59.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We get our food from it,\Nwe get our forestry products from it,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.78,0:06:02.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,biodiversity protection\Nand water and everything else.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.78,0:06:05.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To expect that we'll find enough space\Nto deal with this problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.89,0:06:08.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think is going to be quite problematic.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.26,0:06:11.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if we look offshore,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.34,0:06:14.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wee see a solution where there's already\Nan existing industry,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.71,0:06:16.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and where there's a clearer way forward.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.98,0:06:20.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The oceans cover\Nabout 70 percent of our planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.38,0:06:23.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They play a really big role\Nin regulating our climate,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.88,0:06:26.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if we can enhance\Nthe growth of seaweed in them,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.73,0:06:30.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can use them, I think,\Nto develop a climate-altering crop.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.35,0:06:33.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are so many\Ndifferent kinds of seaweed,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.48,0:06:36.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's unbelievable\Ngenetic diversity in seaweed,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.15,0:06:37.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're very ancient;
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.42,0:06:41.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were some of the first\Nmulticellular organisms ever to evolve.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.30,0:06:43.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People are using special\Nkinds of seaweed now
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.02,0:06:45.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for particular purposes,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.24,0:06:48.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like developing very high-quality\Npharmaceutical products.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.02,0:06:52.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you can also use seaweed\Nto take a seaweed bath,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.11,0:06:53.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's supposed to be good for your skin;
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.01,0:06:56.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can't testify to that,\Nbut you can do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.82,0:06:59.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The scalability is the big thing\Nabout seaweed farming.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.87,0:07:03.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, if we could cover\Nnine percent of the world's ocean
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.94,0:07:05.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in seaweed farms,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.48,0:07:08.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we could draw down the equivalent\Nof all of the greenhouse gases
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.61,0:07:10.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we put up in any one year,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.13,0:07:11.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more than 50 gigatons.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.21,0:07:14.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I thought that was fantastic\Nwhen I first read it,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.83,0:07:18.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I thought I'd better calculate how big\Nnine percent of the world's oceans is.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.71,0:07:21.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It turns out, it's about\Nfour and a half Australias,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.19,0:07:22.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the place I live in.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.46,0:07:24.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And how close are we\Nto that at the moment?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.60,0:07:28.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How many ocean-going seaweed farms\Ndo we actually have out there?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.64,0:07:29.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Zero.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.82,0:07:33.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we do have some prototypes,\Nand therein lies some hope.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.47,0:07:38.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This little drawing here of a seaweed farm\Nthat's currently under construction
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.37,0:07:40.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tells you some very interesting\Nthings about seaweed.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.92,0:07:43.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see the seaweed\Ngrowing on that rack,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.05,0:07:45.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,25 meters down in the ocean there.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.14,0:07:48.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's really different\Nfrom anything you see on land.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.93,0:07:52.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the reason being that, you know,\Nseaweed is not like trees,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.69,0:07:55.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it doesn't have nonproductive parts
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.64,0:07:58.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like roots and trunks\Nand branches and bark.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.97,0:08:02.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The whole of the plant\Nis pretty much photosynthetic,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.13,0:08:03.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it grows fast.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.48,0:08:06.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Seaweed can grow a meter a day.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.55,0:08:09.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And how do we sequester the carbon?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.37,0:08:11.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, it's very different from on land.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.30,0:08:14.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All you need to do\Nis cut that seaweed off --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.10,0:08:15.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,drifts into the ocean abyss,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.71,0:08:17.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once it's down a kilometer,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.33,0:08:21.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the carbon in that seaweed is effectively\Nout of the atmospheric system
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.65,0:08:23.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for centuries or millennia.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.85,0:08:25.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whereas if you plant a forest,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.34,0:08:28.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you've got to worry\Nabout forest fires, bugs, etc.,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.16,0:08:30.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,releasing that carbon.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.93,0:08:32.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The key to this farm, though,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.46,0:08:36.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that little pipe\Ngoing down into the depths.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.03,0:08:40.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, the mid-ocean is basically\Na vast biological desert.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.34,0:08:42.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's no nutrients there\Nthat were used up long ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.01,0:08:45.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But just 500 meters down,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.10,0:08:47.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is cool, very nutrient-rich water.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.17,0:08:51.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And with just a little bit\Nof clean, renewable energy,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.08,0:08:52.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can pump that water up
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.82,0:08:57.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and use the nutrients in it\Nto irrigate your seaweed crop.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.53,0:09:02.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I think this really has\Nso many benefits.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.79,0:09:06.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's changing a biological desert,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.68,0:09:07.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the mid-ocean,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.85,0:09:11.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into a productive, maybe even\Nplanet-saving solution.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.25,0:09:14.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what could go wrong?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.64,0:09:18.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, anything we're talking\Nabout at this scale
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.14,0:09:20.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,involves a planetary-scale intervention.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.69,0:09:22.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we have to be very careful.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.51,0:09:24.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think that piles of stinking seaweed
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.58,0:09:26.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are probably going to be\Nthe least of our problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.01,0:09:29.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's other unforeseen things\Nthat will happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.33,0:09:32.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the things that really worries me,\Nwhen I talk about this,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.43,0:09:35.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the fate of biodiversity\Nin the deep ocean.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.35,0:09:38.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we are putting gigatons of seaweed\Ninto the deep ocean,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.16,0:09:39.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're affecting life down there.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.83,0:09:41.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The good news is that we know
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.56,0:09:44.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a lot of seaweed\Nalready reaches the deep ocean,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.73,0:09:47.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after storms or through submarine canyons.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.77,0:09:50.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're not talking\Nabout a novel process here;
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.31,0:09:53.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are talking about\Nenhancing a natural process.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.55,0:09:57.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we'll learn as we go.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.27,0:10:01.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, it may be that these ocean-going\Nseaweed farms will need to be mobile,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.31,0:10:04.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to distribute the seaweed\Nacross vast areas of the ocean,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.14,0:10:07.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than creating\Na big stinking pile in one place.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.82,0:10:11.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It may be that we'll need\Nto char the seaweed --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.33,0:10:14.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so create a sort of an inert,\Nmineral biochar
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.76,0:10:16.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before we dispatch it into the deep.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.86,0:10:19.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We won't know until we start the process,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.23,0:10:22.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we will learn effectively by doing.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.83,0:10:26.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I just want to take you\Nto contemporary seaweed farming.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.19,0:10:27.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a big business --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.36,0:10:29.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a six-billion-dollar-a-year business.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.73,0:10:31.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These seaweed farms off South Korea --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.63,0:10:34.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can see them from space,\Nthey are huge.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.10,0:10:36.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they're increasingly\Nnot just seaweed farms.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.95,0:10:41.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What people are doing in places like this\Nis something called ocean permaculture.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.19,0:10:43.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in ocean permaculture,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.06,0:10:46.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you grow fish, shellfish\Nand seaweed all together.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.58,0:10:48.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the reason it works so well
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.53,0:10:52.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the seaweed\Nmakes the seawater less acid.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.35,0:10:56.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It provides an ideal environment\Nfor growing marine protein.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.44,0:10:58.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we covered nine percent\Nof the world's oceans
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.72,0:11:00.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in ocean permaculture,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.26,0:11:04.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we would be producing enough protein\Nin the form of fish and shellfish
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.58,0:11:08.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to give every person\Nin a population of 10 billion
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.10,0:11:12.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,200 kilograms of high-quality\Nprotein per year.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.85,0:11:14.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we've got a multipotent solution here.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.92,0:11:17.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can address climate change,\Nwe can feed the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.47,0:11:19.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can deacidify the oceans.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.34,0:11:22.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The economics of all of this\Nis going to be challenging.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.01,0:11:26.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll be investing many,\Nmany billions of dollars
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.30,0:11:27.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into these solutions,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.59,0:11:30.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they will take decades\Nto get to the gigaton scale.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.95,0:11:34.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reason that I'm convinced\Nthat this is going to happen
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.17,0:11:36.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that unless we get the gas\Nout of the air,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.01,0:11:39.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is going to keep driving\Nadverse consequences.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.88,0:11:41.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It will flood our cities,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.72,0:11:43.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it will deprive us of food,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.24,0:11:46.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it will cause all sorts of civil unrest.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.57,0:11:49.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So anyone who's got a solution\Nto dealing with this problem
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.82,0:11:51.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has a valuable asset.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.59,0:11:54.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And already, as I've explained,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.40,0:11:59.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ocean permaculture is well on the road\Nto being economically sustainable.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.12,0:12:02.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, in the next 30 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.96,0:12:07.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have to go from being\Na carbon-emitting economy
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.26,0:12:09.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a carbon-absorbing economy.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.86,0:12:12.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that doesn't seem like very long.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.77,0:12:16.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But half of the greenhouse gases\Nthat we've put into the atmosphere,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.55,0:12:19.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've put there in the last 30 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.63,0:12:20.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My argument is,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.83,0:12:23.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we can put the gas in in 30 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.64,0:12:26.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can pull it out in 30 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.46,0:12:29.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you doubt how much\Ncan be done over 30 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.14,0:12:32.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just cast your mind back\Na century, to 1919,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.73,0:12:34.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,compare it with 1950.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.64,0:12:37.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, in 1919, here in Edinburgh,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.20,0:12:40.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you might have seen\Na canvas and wood biplane.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.22,0:12:42.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thirty years later,\Nyou'd be seeing jet aircraft.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.11,0:12:46.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Transport in the street\Nwere horses in 1919.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.09,0:12:48.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By 1950, they're motor vehicles.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.09,0:12:51.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1919, we had gun powder;
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.30,0:12:53.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1950, we had nuclear power.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.04,0:12:56.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can do a lot in a short period of time.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.98,0:13:00.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it all depends upon us believing\Nthat we can find a solution.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.58,0:13:04.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now what I would love to do\Nis bring together all of the people
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.100,0:13:07.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with knowledge in this space.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.25,0:13:10.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The engineers who know\Nhow to build structures offshore,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.23,0:13:12.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the seaweed farmers, the financiers,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.43,0:13:13.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the government regulators,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.86,0:13:16.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the people who understand\Nhow things are done.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.16,0:13:18.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And chart a way forward,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.80,0:13:22.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,say: How do we go from the existing\Nsix-billion-dollar-a-year,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.63,0:13:24.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inshore seaweed industry,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.66,0:13:28.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to this new form of industry,\Nwhich has got so much potential,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.54,0:13:31.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but will require large\Namounts of investment?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.08,0:13:35.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not a betting man, you know.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.28,0:13:36.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if I were,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.57,0:13:38.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll tell you, my money\Nwould be on that stuff,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.88,0:13:40.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would be on seaweed.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.26,0:13:41.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's my hero.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.72,0:13:42.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.90,0:13:46.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)