[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.52,0:00:27.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Did you know that 15 minutes of stress\Nare enough to change the sex
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.04,0:00:29.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of some regions of the brain?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.36,0:00:36.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From the male form to the female form\Nor from the female form to the male form?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.91,0:00:40.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I didn't know that either,\Nbut when I discovered this fact
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.47,0:00:46.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it transformed the way I was thinking\Nabout sex and brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.61,0:00:48.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It all started about four years ago
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.70,0:00:52.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I decided to give a course\Non the psychology of gender.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.24,0:00:56.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I stayed home for almost a year\Nand read books and scientific papers
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.58,0:01:01.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the development of men and women\Nfrom the moment of conception.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.25,0:01:04.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a neuroscientist I was,\Nof course, interested
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.07,0:01:06.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the relation between sex and brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.98,0:01:11.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I soon found out that many scientists,\Njust like most of us,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.49,0:01:14.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,believe that there are\Nmale brains and female brains,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.81,0:01:18.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that this is the reason\Nfor the fundamental differences
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.16,0:01:20.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between men and women.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.64,0:01:23.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,According to a very popular version\Nof this story,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.52,0:01:26.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the female brain\Nhas a large emotion center
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.34,0:01:31.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a large communications center;\Nit is hard-wired for empathy.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.51,0:01:34.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The male brain, on the other hand,\Nhas a large aggression center,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.98,0:01:41.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a large sex center;\Nit is hard-wired for building systems.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.78,0:01:47.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe you thought of something else\Nbut this is a scientific theory after all.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.56,0:01:49.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.89,0:01:53.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a very popular theory or\Nvery popular story, because it gives us
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.98,0:01:57.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a very simple explanation\Nto the world we live in.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.49,0:02:01.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It explains why women are\Nmore sensitive and emotional
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.51,0:02:04.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and men more aggressive and sexual.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.10,0:02:09.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why most teachers are women\Nand most engineers men.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.52,0:02:15.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Already in the womb, the story continues,\Nthe huge surge of testosterone
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.03,0:02:18.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,transformed the brain of the male fetus
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.40,0:02:21.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the default female form\Nto the male form.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.97,0:02:29.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So boys are born with a male brain\Nand girls are born with a female brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.22,0:02:32.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whereas the notion of\Na male brain and a female brain
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.66,0:02:36.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fits well the popular view of\Nmen from Mars, women from Venus,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.98,0:02:41.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it does not fit scientific data,\Nwhich tell us that men and women
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.75,0:02:44.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are remarkably similar.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.90,0:02:50.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the past 50 years or so,\Nover 50,000 papers have been published
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.93,0:02:54.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on sex differences in psychology.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.23,0:02:56.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I haven't read them all,\Neven a year is not enough,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.99,0:03:02.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but others have and their conclusion\Nbased on this enormous number of studies
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.62,0:03:05.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that men and women are highly similar
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.56,0:03:08.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in almost everything\Npsychologists can measure.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.89,0:03:11.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Intellectual abilities,\Ncognitive abilities,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.76,0:03:15.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,emotional abilities,\Npersonality characteristics,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.12,0:03:17.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,interest and attitudes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.62,0:03:23.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are only a few domains in which\Nconsistent sex differences are found.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.28,0:03:24.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.86,0:03:28.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,men are on average, not all of them,\Nbut on average, more aggressive
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.79,0:03:33.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than women.\NSo we call aggression a masculine trait.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.08,0:03:36.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Women are on average\Nmore compassionate than men,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.46,0:03:39.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we call this the feminine trait.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.30,0:03:46.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But also in these domains\Nmen and women are highly similar,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.06,0:03:49.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the differences are very small.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.73,0:03:56.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even more important, we now know\Nthat each of us is a unique mosaic
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.36,0:03:59.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of both masculine and\Nfeminine characteristics;
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.92,0:04:05.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are not all masculine\Nand are not all feminine.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.58,0:04:09.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I guess you already knew that,\Nnot about me, but about yourself,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.31,0:04:13.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you have a feminine side\Nand a masculine side.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.94,0:04:17.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will come back to this image\Nof ourself as a unique mosaic
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.30,0:04:20.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of masculine and feminine characteristics\Na little later.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.44,0:04:23.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now let's go back to the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.43,0:04:26.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Already at the end of the 19th century
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.12,0:04:29.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scientists discovered a difference\Nbetween the brains of men
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.28,0:04:31.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the brains of women.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.28,0:04:34.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They discovered that the brains of men\Nwere on average larger
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.98,0:04:37.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the brains of women.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.11,0:04:41.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some scientists took this as evidence\Nto support and explain
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.44,0:04:46.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the then widely held belief\Nthat men are smarter than women.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.15,0:04:51.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One scientist even went as far as stating\Nthat women, because of the small brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.85,0:04:57.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do not have the intellectual and academic\Nskills necessary for academic studies.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.75,0:05:01.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If this logic sounds familiar,\Nthis is not an accident.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.01,0:05:03.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the same belief we started with,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.75,0:05:06.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that men and women\Nare fundamentally different
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.50,0:05:11.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because men have male brains\Nand women have female brains.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.26,0:05:16.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However this is an old version\Nof the myth, so it sounds absurd.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.53,0:05:19.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, when women\Nnot only go to universities,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.87,0:05:23.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but outnumber men\Nat all level of academic studies,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.54,0:05:26.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it sounds ridiculous\Nthat scientists could have believed
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.91,0:05:30.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that women could not go to universities\Nbecause their brains
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.23,0:05:34.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were on average\Nsmaller than the brains of men.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.09,0:05:36.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now don't get me wrong, women’s brains
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.14,0:05:38.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are still on average smaller\Nthan men brains.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.94,0:05:41.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What has changed is not\Nthe size of the brain;
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.70,0:05:46.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what has changed is social norms\Nand laws that prohibited
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.52,0:05:50.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and disencouraged women from study.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.10,0:05:54.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the more than 100 years\Nthat have passed
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.16,0:05:56.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scientists continue\Nto discover differences
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.85,0:06:01.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the brains of males and females\Nin both humans and animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.70,0:06:08.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, compared to men,\Nwomen have a thicker cortex,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.88,0:06:15.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a higher proportion of grey matter,\Nand a lower proportion of white matter.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.93,0:06:19.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Compared to women,\Nmen have larger ventricles.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.88,0:06:22.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These big holes you see in the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.58,0:06:28.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.64,0:06:31.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I see that some of you\Nthat were very happy to discover
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.32,0:06:34.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the fact\Nthat men have bigger brains than women
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.26,0:06:38.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are not really happy with this discovery.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.86,0:06:41.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I can understand this\Nbecause if you believe,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.47,0:06:43.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the scientists\Nfrom the 19th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.64,0:06:46.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the size of the brain matters,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.26,0:06:50.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then indeed you will be embarrassed\Nto discover that your bigger brains
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.08,0:06:56.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,come together with the bigger --\Nwhat shall we call them? Empty spaces?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.98,0:07:01.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I want to convey the message\Nthat this is all nonsense;
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.78,0:07:05.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,men do just fine\Nwith their larger ventricles.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.81,0:07:10.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.20,0:07:15.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just as women do just fine\Nwith their smaller brains.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.90,0:07:22.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We now know of hundreds of differences\Nbetween the brains of men and women.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.11,0:07:24.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not just differences in the size\Nas I've just shown you,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.86,0:07:27.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also differences\Nin the microanatomy of the brain
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.31,0:07:29.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'll show you an example shortly.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.88,0:07:32.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as more and more differences\Nhave been discovered,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.74,0:07:35.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the belief that there is a male brain\Nand a female brain
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.96,0:07:38.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has become stronger and stronger
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.58,0:07:43.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because everyone was taking for granted\Nthe assumption that these differences
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.24,0:07:48.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were adding one to the other\Nas I've depicted in this figure.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.54,0:07:52.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At first this sounded\Ncompletely logical to me;
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.80,0:07:56.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are many differences between\Nthe brains of males and females,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.41,0:08:00.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so there must be a male brain\Nand a female brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.73,0:08:04.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then I read the paper\NI told you about in the beginning,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.10,0:08:07.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the one that found that stress\Ncan change the sex of the brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.34,0:08:11.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I realized that this logic was flawed.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.45,0:08:14.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's look at this study together.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.43,0:08:18.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this study the researchers\Nwere interested in the effects of stress
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.56,0:08:21.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a brain region called the hippocampus.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.36,0:08:24.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They measured\Nthe density of dendritic spines.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.32,0:08:28.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see here a neuron with its dendrite
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.71,0:08:32.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the small red dots\Nare the dendritic spines.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.46,0:08:34.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here we can see an actual dendrite
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.92,0:08:38.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from a male rat\Nand a dendrite from a female rat,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.56,0:08:42.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I added red arrows\Nso it is easier to detect the spines.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.37,0:08:44.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we can clearly see a sex difference.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.87,0:08:49.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Males have have fewer spines\Ncompared to females.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.20,0:08:53.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cherish this moment, this is\Nthe first time you actually get to see
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.07,0:08:55.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the sex difference in the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.40,0:08:58.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we can say dendrites\Nin this region have a male form
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.74,0:09:04.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is sparse spines\Nand a female form which is dense spines.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.20,0:09:06.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was another group of rats\Nin this study;
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.77,0:09:09.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these rats were stressed for 15 minutes;
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.50,0:09:13.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as long as this talk, so you can think\Nwhat is happening to my brain now.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.74,0:09:15.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.87,0:09:19.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here we can see\Na dendrite from a stressed male
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.41,0:09:22.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a dendrite from a stressed female.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.33,0:09:25.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Strangely enough,\Nthe dendrite from the stressed male
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.77,0:09:31.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has what we have just termed\Nthe female form, that is, lots of spines.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.37,0:09:33.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the dendrite from the stressed female
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.63,0:09:39.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has what we have just termed\Nthe male form, which is few spines.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.45,0:09:44.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we see that the form of dendrites\Nin this region depends on sex;
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.68,0:09:52.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is different in males and in females.\NBut it does not depend only on sex.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.33,0:09:56.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Knowing that the dendrite\Nyou are looking at is from a female
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.36,0:09:59.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not enough\Nto predict the form of the dendrite.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.24,0:10:02.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether you have few spines\Nor lots of spines.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.30,0:10:04.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To predict this you also need to know
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.97,0:10:09.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether this female was under stress\Nor wasn't.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.47,0:10:14.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So though sex is important it is\Ninteraction of sex and environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.56,0:10:21.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this case stress, that determines\Nthe form of neurons in this region.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.22,0:10:24.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As you may imagine,\NI was very surprised by this study.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.58,0:10:27.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I started to look\Nfor other similar studies.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.60,0:10:29.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It wasn't really hard to find them.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.73,0:10:32.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were studies reporting\Nsimilar effects of stress
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.100,0:10:38.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the stress was experienced in uterus,\Njust after birth and in adulthood.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.38,0:10:41.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There also similar effects\Nfollowing other manipulations.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.76,0:10:46.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, whether the rats were\Nhoused individually or in groups,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.94,0:10:50.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether they had things to play with\Nor didn't.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.09,0:10:54.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The different manipulations affected many\Nbrain regions, not just the hippocampus.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.81,0:11:00.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And many features of the brain\Nsuch as the size, number of neurons
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.22,0:11:04.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and dendritic morphology\Nas I've just shown.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.31,0:11:06.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What was common to all of these studies
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.96,0:11:10.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the finding that,\Nwhatever the manipulation,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.34,0:11:16.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some features of the brain\Nchanged their sex and some didn't.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.67,0:11:20.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You may be wondering now,\N"So what is the meaning
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.07,0:11:22.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of talking about\Nthe sex of a brain region,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.75,0:11:28.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we see that simple manipulations can\Nreverse what is male and what is female?"
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.10,0:11:31.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You are absolutely right,\Nit is meaningless
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.53,0:11:34.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to talk of the male form\Nand the female form.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.64,0:11:37.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It makes much more sense,\Nit's much more reasonable
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.15,0:11:42.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and rational to use informative terms\Nsuch as sparse versus dense,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.30,0:11:45.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,high versus low, long versus short.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.83,0:11:49.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I will continue to use\Nthis male-female terminology,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.26,0:11:53.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because this will help me\Nmake my point clear.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.33,0:11:56.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's go back now to the male fetus,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.46,0:12:00.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to the testosterone surge\Nthat is transforming his brain
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.14,0:12:06.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the female form to the male form,\Nand not only one component, stress.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.88,0:12:11.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Picture the fetus mother during\Nthe long weeks of pregnancy.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.87,0:12:14.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She sometimes experiences stress,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.03,0:12:17.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not all the time,\Nbut sometimes she experiences stress.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.76,0:12:25.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whenever she does some features\Nof her fetus brain change their sex.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.12,0:12:28.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when her boy is born,\Nhis brain is a mosaic
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.70,0:12:32.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of both male and female characteristics.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.28,0:12:34.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This mosaic is uniquely his.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.91,0:12:38.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Molded by the complex interactions\Nof his hormones
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.41,0:12:42.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the environment \Nhe has been living in up until now.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.95,0:12:46.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The same is true for the female fetus.\NHer brain is also molded
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.99,0:12:50.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by complex interactions\Nof hormones and environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.61,0:12:55.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that the little girl is also born\Nwith the mosaic or brain mosaic
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.69,0:12:59.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,composed of female\Nand male characteristics.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.79,0:13:01.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we see that we are already born
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.60,0:13:05.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the brain\Nwhich is neither male nor female.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.86,0:13:12.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is intersex that is a mixture of both\Nmale and female characteristics.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.79,0:13:18.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This, or our, intersex brain will continue\Nto change throughout our life
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.41,0:13:22.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a result of our unique experiences.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.60,0:13:26.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can now add to the image of ourselves\Nas a unique mosaic
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.76,0:13:29.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of masculine and feminine characteristics,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.20,0:13:32.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our image of our brain\Nbeing a unique mosaic
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.98,0:13:36.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of male and female characteristics.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.99,0:13:39.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will close with this.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.38,0:13:43.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many people believe that\Nthere are male brains and female brains,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.93,0:13:47.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because this belief gives them\Nan explanation
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.26,0:13:49.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to why men and women are so different,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.83,0:13:54.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and why they should behave differently\Nand be treated differently.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.51,0:13:57.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have shown you today\Nthat it is meaningless
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.03,0:13:59.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to talk of the sex of the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.42,0:14:02.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Brains do not have sex.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.70,0:14:06.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you must relate to the brain's sex, \Nyou can call it intersex,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.53,0:14:09.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a mixture of male\Nand female characteristics.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.55,0:14:13.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are no male brains\Nand no female brains.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.72,0:14:18.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Therefore, their existence cannot explain\Nfundamental differences
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.48,0:14:20.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between men and women.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.77,0:14:23.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which is not really a big problem\Nconsidering the fact
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.85,0:14:29.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that men and women \Nare remarkably similar.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.26,0:14:32.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Be yourself.\N(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.05,0:14:32.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.92,0:14:41.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)