WEBVTT

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I think we have enough copies for everyone.

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We only have it in English.

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So we shall try to have it in French,

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German,

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and so on later on.

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And there may be friends 
who would like to help translate.

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Three kinds of approach to the problem of ethics.

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And the first one is

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the standpoint of religion,

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theistic traditions.

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The second is the so-called scientific approach.

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And the third one is the

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Buddhist approach.

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First is the theistic traditions,

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Judaism and Christianity.

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Judaism and Christianity teach that 
the world was created by a loving,

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all-powerful God

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to provide a home for us.

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We in turn were created in 
his image to be his children.

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Thus the world is not 
devoid of meaning and purpose.

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It is instead the arena in which 
God's plans and purposes are realized.

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What could be more natural than to think that 
morality is a part of a just view of the world?

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Whereas the artistic world has no place for values.

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In the major theistic traditions, including Judaism,

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Christianity, and Islam,

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God is conceived as a lawgiver who has 
let down rules that we are to obey.

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He does not compel us to obey them.

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But we were created as free agents,

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so we may choose to accept 
or to reject his commandments.

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But if we are to live as we should,

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we must follow God's law.

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This conception has been elaborated by some theologians 
into a theory about the nature of right and wrong,

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known as the divine command theory.

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Essentially,

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this theory says that morally right 
is a matter of being commanded by God.

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And morally wrong is a matter 
of being forbidden by God.

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That is the theistic approach.

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And then we have Bertrand Russell's 
scientific approach.

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This was written in 1902,

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more than 100 years ago,

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in his book A Free Man's Worship.

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That man is the product of causes which had 
no prevision of the end they were achieving.

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That his origin,

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his growth, his hopes and fears,

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his loves and his beliefs are but the outcome 
of accidental collocations of atoms.

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That no fire,

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no heroism,

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no intensity of thought and feeling 
can preserve an individual life beyond the grave.

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That all the labors of all the ages,

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all the devotion,

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all the inspiration,

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all the noonday brightness of human genius

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are destined to extinction in 
the vast depth of the solar system.

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And that the whole temple of man's 
achievement must inevitably be buried

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beneath the debris of a universe in ruins.

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All these things,

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if not quite beyond dispute,

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are yet so nearly certain

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that no philosophy which 
rejects them can hope to stand.

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Only within the scaffolding of this truth,

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only on the firm foundation 
of the unyielding despair,

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can the soul habitation 
henceforth be safely built.

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Very strong.

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So,

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according to him,

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coincidence

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and

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annihilation of man

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after his appearance

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is the opposite with the religious view.

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Because in the religious view the soul is

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immortal,

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immortal,

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permanent.

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So,

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one is the view of

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of permanence,

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immortality.

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And the other is the view of annihilation.

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The opposite views.

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And one

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is the view of

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there's a

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purpose,

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a plan,

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a project.

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And the other

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view is that just pure coincidence,

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the collocation of atoms,

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we are the product of

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coincidence.

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So it's

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opposite views.

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And there is another 
scientific view that is more recent.

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The universe is some

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15 billion years old.

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That is the time elapsed since the Big Bang.

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And the earth itself was formed 
about 4.6 billion years ago.

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The evolution of life 
on the planet was a slow process,

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guided largely by natural selection.

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The evolution of life,

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the first humans appeared quite recently.

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The extinction of great 
dinosaurs 65 million years ago

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left ecological room for 
the evolution of the few little mammals

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that were about.

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And after 63 or 64 million more years,

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one line of that evolution finally produced us.

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In geological time,

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we,

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man,

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arrived only yesterday.

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But no sooner did our ancestors arrive,

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then they began to think of themselves 
as the most important things in all creation.

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Some of them even imagined that the whole 
universe had been made for their benefit.

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Thus, when they began to develop 
theories of right and wrong,

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they held that the protection of their own interests 
had a kind of ultimate and objective value.

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The rest of creation,

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the reason was intended for their use.

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We know now better.

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We now know better.

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We now know that we exist by

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evolutionary accident.

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As one species among many

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on a small and insignificant world

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in one little corner of the cosmos.

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The details of this picture are revised each year

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as more is discovered,

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but the main outline seems well established.

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So the idea of coincidence still remains

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in the so-called scientific world.

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I think there are a few scientists who do not agree.

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with that

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coincidence.

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And finally, we have the 
Buddhist approach in just a few lines.

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And this is what we

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these few lines we use during the winter

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the last winter retreat.

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Both subject and object of perception

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manifest from consciousness

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according to the principle of inter-being.

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Man is present in all things 
and all things are present in man.

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On the phenomenal level

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there seem to be birth,

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death, being and non-being.

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But ontologically these notions 
cannot be applied to reality.

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The dynamic consciousness 
is called karma energy.

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Everything evolves according 
to the principle of interdependence,

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but there is free will

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and the possibility to transform.

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There is probability.

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The one affects the all 
and all affects the one.

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Interbeing also means 
impermanence, non-self, emptiness,

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karma and countless world systems.

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Right view allows right action

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leading to the reduction of suffering 
and the increase of happiness.

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Happiness and suffering inter-are.

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The ultimate reality transcends 
notions of good and evil,

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right and wrong.

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So it's only

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seven or eight lines.

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Good morning,

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dear Sangha.

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Today is Sunday,

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June the 7th, the year 2009.

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And we are in the Assembly of Stars Meditation Hall,

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Lower Hamlet during our 21-day retreat.

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Yesterday we began with

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right view.

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We have heard that right view

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is the absence of all views.

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As far as you are still caught in one view,

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you don't have right view.

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And it is possible for us to

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reveal all kinds of views

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and to transcend all of them.

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And

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the noble

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path consists of right view and

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then right

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thinking.

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Right thinking

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has

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the connotation of right intention in it.

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When you think,

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you express also somehow your intention.

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And then we have right speech,

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right action.

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Right action means right physical action,

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bodily action.

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Because thinking is a kind of action already.

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Speaking is also a kind of action.

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So right action here means 
right physical bodily action.

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Right...

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Please help me.

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Livelihood.

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Diligence.

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Diligence.

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And then right mindfulness.

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And then right

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concentration.

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And right view.

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1, 2, 3, 4,

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5, 6, 7, 8.

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Complete.

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We know that the

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thinking,

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the speaking,

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and the acting is

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what we

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perform every day,

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every moment of our daily life.

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The value of our life depends 
on the value of our thinking,

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of our

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speech and our

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action.

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And

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in Buddhism

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this is called triple action.

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Triple action.

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Because thinking

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is the first kind of action.

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Because thinking can affect the world.

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If you think wrongly,

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the world will be destroyed.

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The world will suffer and you will suffer.

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So that is why you have 
to practice right thinking.

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And when you produce a thought 
in the line of right thinking,

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a thought that has no discrimination,

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a thought that goes along with

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non-discrimination,

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that goes along with interbeing,

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understanding, forgiveness,

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compassion,

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that thought will have

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an effect right away on yourself,

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on your health,

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and

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on your mind,

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and on the world.

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And this is true.

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Producing right thinking can heal yourself,

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your body,

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and your mind.

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And if you think in the wrong way,

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that destroys your body,

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that destroys your mind.

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So it's very important to learn 
how to produce a thought of compassion,

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a thought of

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forgiveness,

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a thought of understanding,

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a thought of (non)discrimination.

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And that is right thinking.

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Right thinking can heal you and heal the world.

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And good practitioners are capable of producing

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right thoughts

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at every moment.

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And because we have right view,

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that is why it's so easy,

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it's so natural that our thinking will be right.

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And right view does not have discrimination.

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Right view is

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the

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insight of non-duality,

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interbeing,

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non-discrimination.

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And that is why

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thinking

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can change the world.

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We have to learn

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the art of

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right thinking.

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Speaking also can change the world.

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If

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we are capable of saying something,

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of writing something,

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in the line of compassion, understanding,

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non-discrimination,

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all-embracing,

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we feel wonderful in our body, in our mind.

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And that kind of

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right speech will have a healing effect.

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After you have been able to say something kind,

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forgiving,

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compassionate,

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you feel much better.

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When you write such a letter 
full of compassion and forgiveness,

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you are feeling very well

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within yourself,

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although the other person has not read it.

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You have not posted the letter,

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you have not sent the email,

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but you feel liberated,

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you feel wonderful already.

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So right speech also can heal,

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can liberate.

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And healing yourself, liberate yourself,

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and help to heal other people in the world.

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That is the second form of action.

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And the third form of action is a bodily

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action.

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If you are able to do something in the line of

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saving,

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supporting,

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protecting,

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comforting,

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rescuing, saving,

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you feel wonderful within yourself.

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And you get the effect right away.

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And that is a triple action.

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It comprises

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the body,

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involves the body,

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it involves the mouth,

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the speech,

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and it involves

00:23:48.380 --> 00:23:50.320
your mind consciousness.

00:23:51.480 --> 00:23:53.440
And this kind of action,

00:23:54.000 --> 00:23:55.440
we call it karma.

00:23:56.480 --> 00:23:57.700
Karma means action.

00:24:08.620 --> 00:24:10.540
When it is action,

00:24:10.680 --> 00:24:11.940
we call it karma hetu,

00:24:12.940 --> 00:24:13.840
karma cause.

00:24:28.660 --> 00:24:30.480
And when it is the fruit,

00:24:32.690 --> 00:24:33.770
we call it karmaphala,

00:24:38.740 --> 00:24:41.380
the fruit of the consequence,

00:24:42.440 --> 00:24:45.140
the fruit of your action.

00:24:50.180 --> 00:24:53.800
There's a French philosopher called Jean-Paul Sartre.

00:24:54.980 --> 00:24:56.260
He said that

00:24:57.060 --> 00:25:00.240
man is the sum of all his actions.

00:25:01.280 --> 00:25:03.120
L'homme est la somme de ses actes.

00:25:03.560 --> 00:25:05.100
He's very close to this.

00:25:07.710 --> 00:25:09.710
And if we understand act,

00:25:11.370 --> 00:25:12.130
action,

00:25:13.330 --> 00:25:15.030
as a triple action,

00:25:15.950 --> 00:25:16.930
the way we think,

00:25:18.110 --> 00:25:19.210
the way we speak,

00:25:19.790 --> 00:25:20.290
and the way

00:25:21.390 --> 00:25:22.810
we do things.

00:25:26.330 --> 00:25:27.630
When we observe

00:25:28.450 --> 00:25:30.010
an orange tree,

00:25:32.390 --> 00:25:33.270
we see that

00:25:34.130 --> 00:25:39.110
the orange tree wants to propagate 
beautiful leaves, beautiful blossoms,

00:25:39.730 --> 00:25:40.650
and beautiful oranges.

00:25:40.650 --> 00:25:41.150
Yes.

00:25:42.870 --> 00:25:45.110
If the orange tree is healthy,

00:25:45.610 --> 00:25:47.770
then she can produce these kind of things.

00:25:48.250 --> 00:25:49.570
Very beautiful leaves,

00:25:50.290 --> 00:25:52.030
very beautiful orange blossoms,

00:25:52.650 --> 00:25:55.610
and very delicious oranges.

00:25:59.170 --> 00:25:59.970
And we humans,

00:26:00.870 --> 00:26:02.150
what we can offer

00:26:02.970 --> 00:26:04.010
is our thinking,

00:26:04.330 --> 00:26:06.010
our speech, and our action.

00:26:07.010 --> 00:26:09.670
It is possible to offer the best kind of thinking,

00:26:10.290 --> 00:26:11.610
the best kind of

00:26:12.310 --> 00:26:12.810
speech,

00:26:13.290 --> 00:26:16.190
and the best kind of action,

00:26:17.050 --> 00:26:19.290
because that is our continuation.

00:26:21.010 --> 00:26:22.130
When we think,

00:26:22.850 --> 00:26:26.090
when we speak, when we do things, we produce.

00:26:27.650 --> 00:26:30.800
That is the outcome of our being.

00:26:32.750 --> 00:26:34.190
That's our product.

00:26:35.820 --> 00:26:37.890
And they will not be lost,

00:26:38.390 --> 00:26:41.130
they will continue in the cosmos.

00:26:41.920 --> 00:26:43.670
The effect of our thinking,

00:26:44.010 --> 00:26:45.050
the effect of our speech,

00:26:45.610 --> 00:26:47.410
and the effect of our action will continue.

00:26:48.430 --> 00:26:50.570
Whether this body is still there,

00:26:50.910 --> 00:26:51.590
or it has

00:26:52.470 --> 00:26:53.150
disintegrated,

00:26:53.650 --> 00:26:54.870
our action continues.

00:26:58.220 --> 00:26:59.260
Karma continues.

00:26:59.920 --> 00:27:00.840
Karma as

00:27:02.940 --> 00:27:03.620
energy,

00:27:05.060 --> 00:27:07.200
karma cause, karma effect,

00:27:07.560 --> 00:27:08.060
continues.

00:27:09.500 --> 00:27:12.320
When you produce a thought,

00:27:14.760 --> 00:27:16.760
that thought you have produced

00:27:17.480 --> 00:27:18.720
bears your signature.

00:27:19.620 --> 00:27:21.640
It's you who have produced that thought.

00:27:22.880 --> 00:27:25.740
You are responsible for that thought.

00:27:26.880 --> 00:27:28.760
If it is a thought of compassion,

00:27:29.120 --> 00:27:29.620
forgiveness,

00:27:31.080 --> 00:27:31.780
non-discrimination,

00:27:35.930 --> 00:27:37.310
you will continue beautifully,

00:27:38.150 --> 00:27:40.390
because it has your signature in it.

00:27:41.570 --> 00:27:42.690
You are the author

00:27:43.270 --> 00:27:44.030
of the action.

00:27:46.060 --> 00:27:48.620
If you say something in the line of

00:27:49.280 --> 00:27:49.880
forgiveness,

00:27:50.700 --> 00:27:51.200
compassion,

00:27:51.520 --> 00:27:52.120
non-discrimination,

00:27:53.320 --> 00:27:55.800
and what you say has your signature in it.

00:27:56.380 --> 00:27:57.440
You cannot say that,

00:27:57.960 --> 00:27:59.080
"No, I have not said that."

00:27:59.180 --> 00:28:00.140
You have said that.

00:28:01.980 --> 00:28:04.620
There's a signature, your signature in it.

00:28:04.920 --> 00:28:06.060
You cannot deny that.

00:28:06.800 --> 00:28:08.060
And action, the same.

00:28:09.140 --> 00:28:12.040
Whatever you have done bears your signatures.

00:28:13.260 --> 00:28:14.360
And they have

00:28:15.340 --> 00:28:16.680
gone to the cosmos.

00:28:17.860 --> 00:28:19.000
They are always there.

00:28:20.140 --> 00:28:22.420
So even if this body is no longer there,

00:28:22.860 --> 00:28:23.820
you continue.

00:28:26.820 --> 00:28:29.780
So to say that when this body disintegrates,

00:28:29.880 --> 00:28:30.680
you are no longer there,

00:28:30.840 --> 00:28:31.860
is a wrong view.

00:28:33.780 --> 00:28:39.340
So the so-called scientific view 
that there's nothing left after the

00:28:39.980 --> 00:28:41.180
disintegration of the body,

00:28:41.400 --> 00:28:42.500
that's a wrong view.

00:28:45.090 --> 00:28:46.270
According to

00:28:46.590 --> 00:28:47.630
Buddhist wisdom,

00:28:48.950 --> 00:28:51.230
the view of immortality,

00:28:53.030 --> 00:28:53.630
impermanence,

00:28:54.750 --> 00:28:55.330
is a wrong view.

00:28:56.490 --> 00:28:57.070
Because

00:28:58.150 --> 00:28:59.390
according to our

00:29:01.270 --> 00:29:01.850
observation,

00:29:02.430 --> 00:29:04.070
everything is impermanent,

00:29:04.410 --> 00:29:06.150
everything is changing.

00:29:07.190 --> 00:29:08.810
Nothing can be the same

00:29:09.770 --> 00:29:10.350
forever.

00:29:12.390 --> 00:29:14.150
So permanence,

00:29:15.310 --> 00:29:16.690
is not the truth.

00:29:20.550 --> 00:29:21.530
But to say that

00:29:22.910 --> 00:29:25.030
when we die, there is nothing left,

00:29:26.290 --> 00:29:27.790
is also a wrong view.

00:29:29.940 --> 00:29:33.700
And that is also a pair of opposites.

00:29:53.580 --> 00:29:54.260
Permanence,

00:29:58.380 --> 00:29:59.120
immortality,

00:30:00.960 --> 00:30:02.040
and annihilation.

00:30:18.970 --> 00:30:20.970
Immortality is a wrong view.

00:30:22.310 --> 00:30:23.430
Because so far,

00:30:24.230 --> 00:30:25.390
we have not seen anything

00:30:27.510 --> 00:30:28.550
like that.

00:30:30.840 --> 00:30:33.420
Everything you observe is impermanent,

00:30:35.880 --> 00:30:36.760
always changing.

00:30:40.840 --> 00:30:42.860
But annihilation is also

00:30:43.960 --> 00:30:45.100
a wrong view.

00:30:46.980 --> 00:30:49.900
Suppose we speak of the death of a cloud.

00:30:53.400 --> 00:30:57.780
You look up in the sky and you don't 
see your beloved cloud anymore.

00:30:58.660 --> 00:31:01.640
And you cry, "Oh my beloved cloud,

00:31:02.800 --> 00:31:04.280
you are no longer there.

00:31:04.800 --> 00:31:06.480
How can I survive without you?"

00:31:07.220 --> 00:31:07.940
And you cry.

00:31:10.590 --> 00:31:12.430
You are thinking of the cloud as

00:31:13.030 --> 00:31:14.350
having passed from

00:31:14.870 --> 00:31:16.730
being into non-being,

00:31:17.770 --> 00:31:18.790
from existence

00:31:19.350 --> 00:31:20.730
into non-existence.

00:31:23.200 --> 00:31:26.100
But in fact, it is impossible for a cloud to die.

00:31:27.300 --> 00:31:31.180
To die means from something 
you suddenly become nothing at all.

00:31:32.480 --> 00:31:34.360
To die means from someone

00:31:34.360 --> 00:31:36.660
you suddenly become no one.

00:31:39.760 --> 00:31:41.720
But this is not the case of the cloud.

00:31:42.680 --> 00:31:44.140
A cloud cannot become nothing.

00:31:45.360 --> 00:31:48.720
It is possible for a cloud to become rain, or snow,

00:31:49.300 --> 00:31:49.800
or fog,

00:31:52.530 --> 00:31:53.730
or vapor,

00:31:54.410 --> 00:31:55.210
water vapor.

00:31:56.370 --> 00:31:59.330
But it's not possible for 
a cloud to become nothing.

00:32:02.920 --> 00:32:06.440
And that is why the view of 
annihilation is a wrong view.

00:32:09.370 --> 00:32:10.750
If you are a scientist,

00:32:11.610 --> 00:32:13.030
and if you think that

00:32:14.910 --> 00:32:16.470
after the disintegration

00:32:17.010 --> 00:32:20.290
of this body, you are no longer there, 
you become nothing,

00:32:20.650 --> 00:32:22.710
you have passed from being to non-being,

00:32:22.790 --> 00:32:24.150
you are not a very good scientist.

00:32:24.670 --> 00:32:27.130
Because that is against evidence.

00:32:29.510 --> 00:32:32.150
There is a French scientist who said that nothing

00:32:33.230 --> 00:32:34.150
can die.

00:32:38.180 --> 00:32:39.700
His name is Lavoisier.

00:32:40.860 --> 00:32:42.060
Rien ne se crée,

00:32:42.380 --> 00:32:43.140
rien ne se perd.

00:32:45.340 --> 00:32:47.180
And you know that he's not a Buddhist.

00:32:50.140 --> 00:32:51.020
Rien ne se crée,
[ Nothing is created ]

00:32:51.360 --> 00:32:52.040
rien ne se perd.
[ Nothing can die ]

00:32:52.220 --> 00:32:52.720
Nothing

00:32:53.120 --> 00:32:54.100
is created,

00:32:54.740 --> 00:32:55.520
is born.

00:32:55.860 --> 00:32:56.640
Nothing can die.

00:32:57.300 --> 00:32:59.000
And that is the nature of everything.

00:32:59.620 --> 00:33:00.780
No birth, no death.

00:33:02.400 --> 00:33:06.340
Because birth and death again is a pair of notions.

00:33:12.750 --> 00:33:13.970
The cloud in the sky

00:33:17.120 --> 00:33:18.760
is a new manifestation

00:33:20.000 --> 00:33:22.860
before assuming the form of a cloud.

00:33:23.360 --> 00:33:24.580
The cloud had been

00:33:26.680 --> 00:33:27.820
water vapor.

00:33:28.720 --> 00:33:31.200
The cloud had been water in the ocean

00:33:32.140 --> 00:33:32.640
and

00:33:33.380 --> 00:33:34.380
the heat

00:33:35.500 --> 00:33:39.160
of the sun created by the sunshine,

00:33:39.480 --> 00:33:40.700
the sunlight.

00:33:42.260 --> 00:33:46.280
So that is, you can call it her previous life.

00:33:46.920 --> 00:33:49.160
In her previous life the cloud had been

00:33:50.140 --> 00:33:51.620
the water in the ocean,

00:33:53.540 --> 00:33:55.300
the heat and so on.

00:33:56.420 --> 00:33:58.640
So being a cloud is only a continuation.

00:33:59.300 --> 00:34:01.100
A cloud has not come from nothing.

00:34:02.100 --> 00:34:03.220
A cloud always

00:34:03.880 --> 00:34:05.100
comes from something.

00:34:07.430 --> 00:34:08.450
So there's no birth,

00:34:08.790 --> 00:34:09.930
there's only a continuation.

00:34:15.080 --> 00:34:15.760
And that is why

00:34:16.620 --> 00:34:20.160
when we celebrate the birthday of someone instead of

00:34:20.700 --> 00:34:22.840
singing happy birthday to you,

00:34:23.280 --> 00:34:26.880
it may be better to sing happy continuation day to you.

00:34:28.540 --> 00:34:29.800
That's not your beginning.

00:34:30.640 --> 00:34:31.920
Your birth is not your beginning.

00:34:32.720 --> 00:34:34.120
That's only your continuation.

00:34:34.720 --> 00:34:36.500
Because you have been before that.

00:34:37.100 --> 00:34:38.880
You have been there before your birth

00:34:39.540 --> 00:34:40.780
in other forms.

00:34:43.380 --> 00:34:44.740
Like this piece of paper.

00:34:46.220 --> 00:34:46.820
Before

00:34:47.540 --> 00:34:50.460
this piece of paper appeared in this form, before

00:34:53.600 --> 00:34:55.740
it had been something else.

00:34:57.220 --> 00:34:59.160
It has not come from nothing,

00:34:59.640 --> 00:35:00.600
because from nothing

00:35:01.920 --> 00:35:03.460
you cannot become something.

00:35:05.500 --> 00:35:08.060
And looking as a meditator,

00:35:08.240 --> 00:35:12.300
we can look into the sheet of paper 
and we see the forest, the trees,

00:35:13.780 --> 00:35:16.200
the earth, the soil,

00:35:16.840 --> 00:35:17.940
the rain,

00:35:18.720 --> 00:35:20.540
the cloud that nourish the trees.

00:35:21.820 --> 00:35:23.280
So the previous life

00:35:23.550 --> 00:35:25.360
of the sheet of paper you can see.

00:35:28.610 --> 00:35:31.690
Looking into a sheet of paper you can see

00:35:32.150 --> 00:35:33.010
the cloud,

00:35:33.810 --> 00:35:34.630
the earth,

00:35:35.290 --> 00:35:35.970
the trees,

00:35:36.830 --> 00:35:37.630
the paper mill.

00:35:39.030 --> 00:35:40.370
And that is where

00:35:42.750 --> 00:35:44.650
the sheet of paper comes.

00:35:46.540 --> 00:35:49.100
So the sheet of paper has not come from nothing.

00:35:51.080 --> 00:35:56.640
And the manifestation as a sheet of 
paper is only a new manifestation.

00:35:57.940 --> 00:35:59.480
Not really a birth.

00:36:00.280 --> 00:36:01.880
Because to be born means

00:36:02.460 --> 00:36:04.780
from nothing you suddenly become something.

00:36:05.320 --> 00:36:08.600
From no one you suddenly become someone.

00:36:09.540 --> 00:36:14.160
So the nature of this sheet of 
paper is the nature of no birth.

00:36:21.250 --> 00:36:24.670
And it is impossible for 
the sheet of paper to die.

00:36:28.270 --> 00:36:28.910
When you

00:36:29.670 --> 00:36:30.990
burn this sheet of paper

00:36:33.170 --> 00:36:34.830
and you observe,

00:36:35.650 --> 00:36:38.590
you see that the sheet of paper 
will be transformed into smoke,

00:36:39.930 --> 00:36:40.430
vapor,

00:36:41.990 --> 00:36:42.490
and ash,

00:36:43.090 --> 00:36:43.630
and heat.

00:36:44.990 --> 00:36:47.370
And that heat is energy.

00:36:48.390 --> 00:36:50.310
There's smoke coming up, water,

00:36:53.080 --> 00:36:53.580
and

00:36:54.960 --> 00:36:56.000
the ash

00:36:56.800 --> 00:36:57.560
going down.

00:36:58.960 --> 00:37:00.780
The sheet of paper will continue.

00:37:03.160 --> 00:37:04.120
So to say that

00:37:07.380 --> 00:37:09.840
after the disintegration of the body,

00:37:10.480 --> 00:37:11.460
there is nothing more.

00:37:12.460 --> 00:37:13.400
There's nothing left.

00:37:14.180 --> 00:37:15.920
It is a wrong view called

00:37:16.480 --> 00:37:18.180
the view of annihilation.

00:37:36.000 --> 00:37:39.550
So right thinking is a kind of

00:37:39.940 --> 00:37:42.420
thinking that is based on right view.

00:37:43.480 --> 00:37:44.240
And right thinking

00:37:44.670 --> 00:37:45.420
is

00:37:48.270 --> 00:37:49.370
free from fear,

00:37:49.950 --> 00:37:50.770
from discrimination,

00:37:51.530 --> 00:37:52.090
and so on.

00:38:11.540 --> 00:38:19.340
We know that with the

00:38:23.270 --> 00:38:26.030
insight of interbeing,

00:38:26.350 --> 00:38:29.270
the insight of no self,

00:38:30.050 --> 00:38:31.130
the insight of

00:38:34.720 --> 00:38:35.620
non-duality,

00:38:38.250 --> 00:38:38.890
the thinking

00:38:40.230 --> 00:38:42.530
will have a chance to be right thinking.

00:38:42.930 --> 00:38:44.290
The speaking will have the

00:38:46.910 --> 00:38:48.450
chance to be right speech.

00:38:49.010 --> 00:38:51.450
And the action will have the right,

00:38:52.410 --> 00:38:55.010
the chance to be right action.

00:39:00.720 --> 00:39:01.220
And

00:39:02.620 --> 00:39:05.440
every thought, every speech,

00:39:06.160 --> 00:39:08.960
every act of ours bear our signature.

00:39:09.960 --> 00:39:11.440
And it will continue.

00:39:12.660 --> 00:39:14.780
It will continue with our karma.

00:39:16.440 --> 00:39:17.360
And that is why

00:39:20.340 --> 00:39:27.780
the notion of immortality 
and the notion of annihilation

00:39:28.880 --> 00:39:30.160
are just notions.

00:39:31.080 --> 00:39:32.520
And they have to...

00:39:32.520 --> 00:39:36.390
The view of permanence and the view of 
annihilation should be transcended

00:39:37.080 --> 00:39:38.100
in order for

00:39:39.650 --> 00:39:41.180
us to have the right view.

00:39:42.020 --> 00:39:44.400
Right view is the absence of views,

00:39:44.980 --> 00:39:48.520
including the views of permanence 
and the views of annihilation.

00:39:51.220 --> 00:39:56.060
We have lost someone who is very close to us.

00:39:59.380 --> 00:40:01.320
We are grieving his or her

00:40:01.940 --> 00:40:02.500
death.

00:40:02.920 --> 00:40:03.800
We have to look again.

00:40:04.720 --> 00:40:07.300
And that person still continues

00:40:07.960 --> 00:40:08.560
somehow.

00:40:11.940 --> 00:40:16.080
And we can do something in order to help 
him or her to continue more beautifully.

00:40:18.630 --> 00:40:21.550
He or she is still alive in us and around us.

00:40:23.270 --> 00:40:25.750
With the new way of looking,

00:40:26.010 --> 00:40:29.770
we can still recognize him or her around very well.

00:40:30.990 --> 00:40:32.610
The way we recognize

00:40:34.230 --> 00:40:35.430
our beloved

00:40:36.490 --> 00:40:39.410
cloud in the cup of tea.

00:40:40.090 --> 00:40:41.550
When you drink your cup of tea

00:40:42.210 --> 00:40:43.830
with mindfulness and concentration,

00:40:44.190 --> 00:40:45.910
you can get the insight

00:40:46.710 --> 00:40:49.050
that the cloud is your tea.

00:40:49.450 --> 00:40:50.450
Very close.

00:40:51.750 --> 00:40:53.990
You have never lost him or her.

00:40:54.890 --> 00:40:56.010
She is still alive.

00:40:56.270 --> 00:40:57.270
Very close.

00:40:58.270 --> 00:41:00.450
And maybe in a more beautiful form

00:41:01.470 --> 00:41:03.110
or different forms than

00:41:04.150 --> 00:41:05.270
in the past.

00:41:06.110 --> 00:41:07.830
So that is the kind of vision,

00:41:08.150 --> 00:41:09.090
that is the kind of

00:41:10.370 --> 00:41:14.290
insight that we should have 
in order to overcome grief.

00:41:17.030 --> 00:41:19.290
Because we think that we have lost him,

00:41:19.650 --> 00:41:20.730
we have lost her.

00:41:23.220 --> 00:41:25.900
But that person has not died, 
has not disappeared.

00:41:28.160 --> 00:41:29.880
She continues, he continues

00:41:30.450 --> 00:41:31.720
in her new forms.

00:41:33.420 --> 00:41:36.520
And you have to practice looking deeply 
in order to recognize

00:41:37.100 --> 00:41:39.120
her continuation, his continuation,

00:41:39.680 --> 00:41:40.660
and support that.

00:41:41.260 --> 00:41:43.580
And by producing right thought,

00:41:44.080 --> 00:41:45.520
right speech, and right thinking,

00:41:45.860 --> 00:41:47.700
we can support him or her.

00:41:48.560 --> 00:41:50.480
Darling, I know you are there somehow.

00:41:51.360 --> 00:41:52.700
Very real to me.

00:41:53.320 --> 00:41:54.380
I'm breathing for you.

00:41:55.100 --> 00:41:56.840
I'm looking around for you.

00:42:00.520 --> 00:42:03.340
I enjoy life for you.

00:42:03.800 --> 00:42:05.000
And I know that

00:42:06.180 --> 00:42:08.080
you are there, still there.

00:42:08.800 --> 00:42:10.240
You are very close to me,

00:42:10.520 --> 00:42:11.480
and you are in me.

00:42:15.150 --> 00:42:16.890
And we can transform our suffering.

00:42:17.590 --> 00:42:18.770
We can feel much better.

00:42:19.750 --> 00:42:20.910
We want to have right view.

00:42:33.800 --> 00:42:36.080
When we come to right mindfulness,

00:42:48.220 --> 00:42:49.580
samyak-smṛti,

00:42:54.480 --> 00:42:55.560
chánh niệm,

00:43:01.740 --> 00:43:02.860
we know that

00:43:04.560 --> 00:43:05.920
together with

00:43:06.800 --> 00:43:08.000
right concentration,

00:43:09.140 --> 00:43:12.280
mindfulness can help bring right view.

00:43:15.850 --> 00:43:17.970
When you practice right mindfulness,

00:43:19.630 --> 00:43:20.770
you bring about

00:43:21.830 --> 00:43:22.890
good concentration.

00:43:24.830 --> 00:43:25.890
And with good concentration,

00:43:26.170 --> 00:43:27.490
you can break through,

00:43:28.610 --> 00:43:30.910
you can understand reality as it is.

00:43:32.150 --> 00:43:34.030
You overcome all wrong views,

00:43:34.450 --> 00:43:36.430
and you get right view,

00:43:36.970 --> 00:43:38.070
which is insight.

00:43:38.870 --> 00:43:42.090
And it is that insight 
that liberates you from fear,

00:43:42.910 --> 00:43:43.410
and despair,

00:43:44.850 --> 00:43:45.950
and anger.

00:43:47.990 --> 00:43:49.870
In Buddhism, we speak of liberation,

00:43:51.510 --> 00:43:52.230
salvation,

00:43:52.650 --> 00:43:53.970
in terms of understanding.

00:43:55.970 --> 00:43:57.210
It is understanding,

00:43:57.870 --> 00:43:58.750
right understanding.

00:43:59.050 --> 00:44:00.830
It is right view that liberates us.

00:44:03.760 --> 00:44:06.480
And we know that insight, understanding,

00:44:07.160 --> 00:44:09.320
is possible only with

00:44:09.960 --> 00:44:12.020
the energy of mindfulness and concentration.

00:44:13.800 --> 00:44:14.600
And that is why

00:44:16.100 --> 00:44:16.820
practitioners

00:44:17.920 --> 00:44:20.980
of Buddhist meditation are those who

00:44:21.560 --> 00:44:24.160
generate the energy of mindfulness 
in their daily life,

00:44:25.040 --> 00:44:25.920
and practice,

00:44:28.020 --> 00:44:32.720
concentrated on the object of their mind.

00:44:33.700 --> 00:44:34.200
And then

00:44:34.960 --> 00:44:37.920
by doing so, they get the right view that will

00:44:38.520 --> 00:44:40.080
help them to transform,

00:44:41.080 --> 00:44:43.520
to be liberated from their fear,

00:44:43.880 --> 00:44:44.500
their anger.

00:44:46.590 --> 00:44:48.400
Suppose you have the fear of dying,

00:44:51.430 --> 00:44:51.930
and if

00:44:53.350 --> 00:44:56.970
you touch the nature of no birth and no death,

00:44:58.610 --> 00:45:00.270
you can remove that fear.

00:45:01.450 --> 00:45:02.130
And that is why

00:45:02.770 --> 00:45:03.610
your savior

00:45:04.830 --> 00:45:06.030
is right view,

00:45:06.450 --> 00:45:07.190
is insight.

00:45:07.690 --> 00:45:11.770
And that is the outcome of your 
practice of mindfulness and concentration.

00:45:14.640 --> 00:45:16.140
In the beginning of our retreat,

00:45:17.540 --> 00:45:18.200
we have

00:45:20.200 --> 00:45:22.120
defined what mindfulness is,

00:45:24.760 --> 00:45:26.660
and we said that mindfulness is

00:45:28.440 --> 00:45:31.100
the kind of energy that can help bring

00:45:31.800 --> 00:45:33.280
our mind back to our body,

00:45:33.820 --> 00:45:35.640
so that we can be established

00:45:36.200 --> 00:45:37.640
well in the present moment,

00:45:38.140 --> 00:45:38.920
so that we can

00:45:39.520 --> 00:45:42.720
get in touch with life and 
the wonders of life deeply,

00:45:43.100 --> 00:45:44.460
so that we can live truly

00:45:45.200 --> 00:45:45.900
our life.

00:45:48.500 --> 00:45:49.000
Mindfulness

00:45:49.620 --> 00:45:52.440
allowed us to be aware of what is going on

00:45:52.440 --> 00:45:55.300
in the present moment, in our body,

00:45:55.860 --> 00:45:57.060
in our feelings,

00:45:57.720 --> 00:45:59.020
in our perceptions,

00:46:02.190 --> 00:46:02.910
in the world.

00:46:03.890 --> 00:46:04.910
And that is mindfulness.

00:46:05.830 --> 00:46:08.130
But why there is the word right mindfulness?

00:46:08.130 --> 00:46:13.210
Right mindfulness is there because 
there is wrong mindfulness.

00:46:17.440 --> 00:46:19.160
You keep thinking of the things that

00:46:20.060 --> 00:46:21.920
can bring you sorrow and fear.

00:46:26.590 --> 00:46:28.010
You have suffered in the past.

00:46:29.610 --> 00:46:31.390
And the memories of your suffering

00:46:32.090 --> 00:46:33.150
in the past

00:46:34.150 --> 00:46:35.470
continue to be there.

00:46:36.470 --> 00:46:38.390
And you tend to go back to the past.

00:46:39.150 --> 00:46:41.850
You review, you watch the film of the past.

00:46:42.750 --> 00:46:48.590
And every time you get in touch with 
pictures and films of the past, you suffer again.

00:46:50.370 --> 00:46:56.190
Suppose you were abused as a child 
at the age of five or ten.

00:46:57.490 --> 00:46:59.010
And you suffered so much.

00:47:00.150 --> 00:47:01.270
You felt that

00:47:01.650 --> 00:47:02.550
you were helpless.

00:47:05.820 --> 00:47:08.060
You had no means to defend yourself.

00:47:10.450 --> 00:47:11.250
They abused you.

00:47:12.670 --> 00:47:13.650
You are fragile.

00:47:15.370 --> 00:47:16.470
You are vulnerable.

00:47:17.510 --> 00:47:20.810
You were so afraid you did not 
know how to protect yourself.

00:47:25.010 --> 00:47:27.250
And that kind of suffering

00:47:28.310 --> 00:47:29.270
was created.

00:47:29.930 --> 00:47:31.630
And then you have a memory of it.

00:47:31.870 --> 00:47:32.510
There is a film,

00:47:33.090 --> 00:47:33.970
there is a picture

00:47:35.190 --> 00:47:36.810
stored in your consciousness.

00:47:37.310 --> 00:47:40.350
In your store consciousness.

00:47:41.650 --> 00:47:44.030
And every time you go home to the past

00:47:44.670 --> 00:47:47.730
and look at that picture or 
watch that film, you suffer again.

00:47:48.350 --> 00:47:51.030
You continue to be abused again, even when

00:47:52.170 --> 00:47:53.870
you have grown up.

00:47:54.730 --> 00:47:58.070
You have grown up to be an adult.

00:47:58.750 --> 00:48:01.150
You are now capable of defending yourself.

00:48:01.630 --> 00:48:03.530
You are capable of using telephone.

00:48:03.770 --> 00:48:05.450
You are capable of calling the police.

00:48:05.850 --> 00:48:06.430
You know that.

00:48:08.790 --> 00:48:12.410
You are no longer that child that was fragile.

00:48:15.170 --> 00:48:15.690
And

00:48:17.590 --> 00:48:18.350
vulnerable.

00:48:20.150 --> 00:48:22.850
Without means to defend yourself.

00:48:23.690 --> 00:48:25.770
You are no longer that little child.

00:48:27.350 --> 00:48:30.680
And yet you continue to suffer 
the suffering of the child.

00:48:31.930 --> 00:48:32.550
Because

00:48:33.970 --> 00:48:35.490
you practice wrong mindfulness.

00:48:36.130 --> 00:48:39.270
You always go back to the memories of the past.

00:48:40.170 --> 00:48:42.310
You feel more comfortable going

00:48:43.110 --> 00:48:44.790
home to the past.

00:48:46.690 --> 00:48:50.550
While right mindfulness wants you 
to be in the here and the now.

00:48:51.310 --> 00:48:52.250
Forget the past.

00:48:52.810 --> 00:48:56.190
Get rid of the past in order to 
live your life in the present moment.

00:48:57.870 --> 00:49:01.210
And there must be ways for you 
to stick to the present moment.

00:49:02.490 --> 00:49:04.310
For you not to

00:49:05.590 --> 00:49:07.630
slide back into the past and suffer.

00:49:08.830 --> 00:49:10.970
Suppose someone slapped you on the face

00:49:12.010 --> 00:49:13.070
20 years ago.

00:49:14.890 --> 00:49:18.290
And that was recorded as a picture.

00:49:19.830 --> 00:49:20.890
And our subconsciousness,

00:49:21.190 --> 00:49:25.010
our store consciousness stores a lot of 
films and pictures of the past.

00:49:26.590 --> 00:49:27.470
And pictures are,

00:49:27.910 --> 00:49:30.030
films are always projected there.

00:49:30.770 --> 00:49:32.110
And pictures are stored there.

00:49:32.590 --> 00:49:34.730
And you have the tendency to go back

00:49:36.470 --> 00:49:37.570
and watch them.

00:49:38.250 --> 00:49:39.210
And continue to suffer.

00:49:39.910 --> 00:49:44.910
Every time you saw that picture you are slapped again,
and slapped again, slapped again.

00:49:47.520 --> 00:49:48.260
But that

00:49:49.020 --> 00:49:50.320
that is only the past.

00:49:52.850 --> 00:49:53.610
You are no longer

00:49:54.350 --> 00:49:55.370
in the past.

00:49:55.630 --> 00:49:56.750
You are in the present moment.

00:49:57.550 --> 00:49:58.810
That is why right mindfulness

00:49:59.590 --> 00:50:01.050
is the practice that helps you

00:50:01.590 --> 00:50:02.910
to be in the present moment.

00:50:08.180 --> 00:50:09.620
That did happen in the past.

00:50:10.020 --> 00:50:11.680
But the past is already gone.

00:50:12.280 --> 00:50:14.420
It's only pictures and memories.

00:50:15.680 --> 00:50:18.760
And if you keep going to the past

00:50:18.870 --> 00:50:22.240
and touch that, that is wrong mindfulness.

00:50:27.760 --> 00:50:31.000
We have to talk about the original fear,

00:50:32.480 --> 00:50:33.500
original suffering,

00:50:34.280 --> 00:50:35.500
and the original desire.

00:50:37.020 --> 00:50:38.020
When we were a little

00:50:39.600 --> 00:50:40.280
baby,

00:50:43.990 --> 00:50:46.210
when we were still in

00:50:46.990 --> 00:50:48.610
the womb of our mother,

00:50:48.990 --> 00:50:49.970
we felt so comfortable.

00:50:53.170 --> 00:50:55.250
The weather is perfect.

00:50:58.320 --> 00:50:59.960
And we did not have to do anything.

00:51:00.440 --> 00:51:01.960
Our mother breathed for us,

00:51:02.680 --> 00:51:03.560
eat for us,

00:51:04.520 --> 00:51:05.680
think for us.

00:51:06.520 --> 00:51:07.980
We don't have to do anything.

00:51:09.280 --> 00:51:11.940
And we were in a very soft cushion,

00:51:13.000 --> 00:51:13.500
water.

00:51:13.720 --> 00:51:15.140
Water is the best kind of cushion.

00:51:17.960 --> 00:51:21.560
And that is a period of no worries.

00:51:21.900 --> 00:51:23.280
It lasts about nine months.

00:51:24.680 --> 00:51:25.480
That's paradise.

00:51:27.320 --> 00:51:29.980
But the moment when we have to be born,

00:51:30.340 --> 00:51:31.640
that's a very difficult moment.

00:51:33.000 --> 00:51:35.140
The situation changed completely.

00:51:36.040 --> 00:51:37.120
You touch the hardship.

00:51:38.780 --> 00:51:41.020
They cut the umbilical cord.

00:51:41.580 --> 00:51:43.400
Now you have to breathe for yourself.

00:51:44.300 --> 00:51:46.500
Your mommy cannot breathe for you anymore.

00:51:48.630 --> 00:51:50.650
And you try your first in-breath.

00:51:51.990 --> 00:51:55.890
It's so difficult because 
there was liquid in your lungs.

00:51:57.250 --> 00:51:59.310
You have to

00:52:01.130 --> 00:52:02.390
spit out.

00:52:03.370 --> 00:52:05.590
You have to make an effort

00:52:06.750 --> 00:52:08.150
to expel

00:52:08.700 --> 00:52:11.610
that liquid from your lung 
in order to be able to

00:52:12.390 --> 00:52:14.490
breathe in for the first time.

00:52:15.030 --> 00:52:16.310
It's very difficult.

00:52:16.650 --> 00:52:17.410
It's very dangerous.

00:52:17.590 --> 00:52:18.390
You risk to die.

00:52:21.740 --> 00:52:24.220
And you were able to overcome that.

00:52:24.860 --> 00:52:25.980
And you breathe your first.

00:52:28.180 --> 00:52:30.160
And you are full of fear.

00:52:31.760 --> 00:52:33.860
Your concern is how to survive.

00:52:36.480 --> 00:52:37.520
You are so alone.

00:52:38.500 --> 00:52:39.920
You are so fragile.

00:52:40.440 --> 00:52:41.780
You are so vulnerable.

00:52:42.100 --> 00:52:43.280
Nobody can help you.

00:52:44.900 --> 00:52:48.460
And that is what we call the original fear.

00:53:15.870 --> 00:53:19.050
And you continue to grow up as a baby

00:53:21.130 --> 00:53:22.570
with that kind of fear.

00:53:24.210 --> 00:53:26.490
"I cannot survive by myself.

00:53:26.670 --> 00:53:28.130
There must be someone to help me."

00:53:29.830 --> 00:53:32.570
So you lie there waiting for someone to come.

00:53:33.230 --> 00:53:35.550
And that someone may be your mommy,

00:53:37.270 --> 00:53:38.130
your nurse,

00:53:39.270 --> 00:53:40.230
or your big sister.

00:53:43.310 --> 00:53:47.310
And you do everything you can in order 
to attract that person to come to you.

00:53:48.530 --> 00:53:50.950
And your belief is that without another person

00:53:51.710 --> 00:53:53.330
around you cannot survive.

00:53:53.910 --> 00:53:56.530
You need a person in order to survive.

00:53:56.870 --> 00:53:57.370
That person

00:53:58.010 --> 00:53:58.850
may be mommy

00:53:59.930 --> 00:54:01.130
or someone else.

00:54:03.700 --> 00:54:05.100
So you have a desire.

00:54:06.280 --> 00:54:07.200
You desire

00:54:08.340 --> 00:54:10.500
the presence of that person

00:54:10.500 --> 00:54:13.360
because there is a belief that without him,

00:54:13.620 --> 00:54:14.840
without her, that person,

00:54:16.080 --> 00:54:17.780
you cannot survive.

00:54:18.900 --> 00:54:20.560
The feeling is very clear.

00:54:21.320 --> 00:54:22.460
I am fragile.

00:54:22.900 --> 00:54:23.780
I am vulnerable.

00:54:24.400 --> 00:54:26.900
I have no means to defend myself.

00:54:27.280 --> 00:54:29.220
Without you, I cannot survive.

00:54:30.320 --> 00:54:34.260
That is our original fear and our original desire.

00:54:35.560 --> 00:54:38.820
Our desire is that there must be someone.

00:54:44.240 --> 00:54:45.600
And as you grow up,

00:54:45.700 --> 00:54:46.880
you learn to manipulate

00:54:48.640 --> 00:54:51.080
in order to attract that person to come.

00:54:55.660 --> 00:54:57.560
Sometimes you are given something to hold.

00:55:00.020 --> 00:55:03.620
Sometimes they take it from you and

00:55:07.880 --> 00:55:10.480
one of your weapons is to cry.

00:55:11.780 --> 00:55:14.780
You try to manipulate yourself.

00:55:15.000 --> 00:55:17.220
You try to manipulate the situation.

00:55:19.100 --> 00:55:22.160
And sometimes you smile.

00:55:23.160 --> 00:55:26.780
But that is to please that person 
in order for her to come.

00:55:27.620 --> 00:55:32.640
So you learn a diplomatic smile 
even when you are a little infant.

00:55:34.540 --> 00:55:36.300
That's the problem of survival.

00:55:36.980 --> 00:55:39.560
You learn without knowing that you are learning.

00:55:45.310 --> 00:55:46.950
And that feeling that you are

00:55:47.710 --> 00:55:48.210
fragile,

00:55:48.790 --> 00:55:49.410
vulnerable, vulnerable,

00:55:50.510 --> 00:55:52.950
without means to defend yourself,

00:55:53.350 --> 00:55:57.170
you always need another person 
to be with you, is always there.

00:55:57.750 --> 00:55:58.570
That kind of fear,

00:55:58.810 --> 00:55:59.690
that kind of desire

00:56:00.550 --> 00:56:02.250
called original fear,

00:56:02.990 --> 00:56:03.750
original desire,

00:56:04.070 --> 00:56:05.070
is always there.

00:56:06.670 --> 00:56:11.670
The infant is always alive in us 
with that kind of desire and fear.

00:56:13.370 --> 00:56:15.190
And in our present days,

00:56:16.150 --> 00:56:20.070
all our desire and fear are linked 
to that original fear and desire.

00:56:21.990 --> 00:56:23.230
If we work non-stop,

00:56:25.660 --> 00:56:27.840
accumulating more money,

00:56:28.300 --> 00:56:30.840
that's because of fear, original fear,

00:56:32.840 --> 00:56:34.000
that I cannot survive.

00:56:36.100 --> 00:56:38.340
We look for someone to love,

00:56:39.520 --> 00:56:40.980
to support us,

00:56:43.900 --> 00:56:46.080
look for a lover, a lover,

00:56:47.960 --> 00:56:48.980
a man or a woman.

00:56:49.340 --> 00:56:53.060
That is also the continuation of your desire.

00:56:54.760 --> 00:56:56.100
When you were infant,

00:56:56.300 --> 00:56:57.500
you looked for mommy.

00:56:58.160 --> 00:57:00.620
Now you look for another person to be your mommy,

00:57:01.280 --> 00:57:03.700
whether that is a young man or a young woman.

00:57:05.920 --> 00:57:10.600
So the new desire is only a 
continuation of the old desire.

00:57:11.500 --> 00:57:15.820
The new fear is only a 
continuation of the old fear.

00:57:17.400 --> 00:57:21.860
And there is a tendency for you 
to go back to being that child

00:57:22.520 --> 00:57:28.120
and suffer the suffering of that desire 
and suffer the suffering of that fear.

00:57:35.540 --> 00:57:37.280
That those of us who have a depression,

00:57:37.640 --> 00:57:40.000
those of us who suffer, continue to suffer,

00:57:40.860 --> 00:57:43.720
even if in the present condition everything looks

00:57:45.160 --> 00:57:46.060
all right,

00:57:52.080 --> 00:57:55.840
because there is a tendency 
for us to go home to the past.

00:57:56.460 --> 00:57:58.760
We feel more comfortable with that home,

00:57:59.260 --> 00:58:02.040
even if in that home 
there is a lot of suffering.

00:58:04.850 --> 00:58:06.130
That home is deep down

00:58:06.650 --> 00:58:07.890
in the store consciousness,

00:58:08.230 --> 00:58:11.150
where the films of the past 
are always projected.

00:58:11.970 --> 00:58:14.950
And every night you go home 
and watch the films and suffer.

00:58:16.210 --> 00:58:20.250
And the future is only a 
projection of the past,

00:58:21.050 --> 00:58:23.330
but fear and desire.

00:58:25.780 --> 00:58:27.340
Suppose you come to a cinema,

00:58:29.100 --> 00:58:31.340
to a movie,

00:58:33.760 --> 00:58:36.820
and down there you look 
up here on the screen,

00:58:39.500 --> 00:58:40.580
and there is a story,

00:58:40.780 --> 00:58:42.620
there are people in the screen,

00:58:42.980 --> 00:58:44.560
they are interacting with each other,

00:58:45.220 --> 00:58:46.220
and down there

00:58:46.800 --> 00:58:47.480
you cry.

00:58:49.870 --> 00:58:50.830
You believe that

00:58:52.810 --> 00:58:55.130
what is happening on the screen is real,

00:58:55.670 --> 00:58:57.970
and that is why you shed a real tear,

00:58:58.530 --> 00:59:00.630
and you have real emotion.

00:59:02.270 --> 00:59:03.690
The suffering is real,

00:59:03.830 --> 00:59:04.690
the tear is real.

00:59:05.690 --> 00:59:06.970
But when you come up

00:59:08.410 --> 00:59:09.870
and you touch the screen,

00:59:10.630 --> 00:59:12.390
you don't see any person.

00:59:15.400 --> 00:59:17.220
It's only light, flickering light.

00:59:18.860 --> 00:59:20.280
You cannot talk to people,

00:59:20.740 --> 00:59:22.440
you cannot invite them to

00:59:23.520 --> 00:59:25.420
have tea, you cannot stop them,

00:59:25.520 --> 00:59:26.640
you cannot ask a question,

00:59:27.020 --> 00:59:28.400
because this is not real,

00:59:28.600 --> 00:59:30.120
this is only a movie.

00:59:32.080 --> 00:59:36.320
Something not real and yet 
can create real suffering.

00:59:38.100 --> 00:59:41.560
The memories of the past are not real,

00:59:42.840 --> 00:59:45.180
not reality, they are only pictures,

00:59:45.860 --> 00:59:47.980
and every time you watch the picture,

00:59:48.540 --> 00:59:49.180
you suffer.

00:59:50.900 --> 00:59:55.660
And that is why we are advised 
not to go back to the past,

00:59:56.060 --> 00:59:57.540
and live in the past,

00:59:57.660 --> 00:59:58.660
get caught in the past.

00:59:59.420 --> 01:00:04.600
And that is part of the practice of 
living in the present moment.

01:00:05.480 --> 01:00:05.980
Mindfulness

01:00:06.680 --> 01:00:09.060
is to learn to live in the present moment,

01:00:09.680 --> 01:00:12.320
not to allow ourselves to slip back

01:00:12.900 --> 01:00:15.460
to the past in order to relive

01:00:15.460 --> 01:00:17.320
the past one time,

01:00:17.460 --> 01:00:18.600
two times, three times.

01:00:19.580 --> 01:00:20.940
If you have suffered in the past,

01:00:21.180 --> 01:00:25.960
and if you continue to to suffer,

01:00:30.420 --> 01:00:32.860
if we go back to

01:00:34.160 --> 01:00:34.760
to watch the film,

01:00:35.680 --> 01:00:38.100
we suffer again and again and again.

01:00:40.640 --> 01:00:42.500
Suppose you are a boat person,

01:00:43.820 --> 01:00:48.440
you have crossed the ocean and 
arrived safely and accepted into

01:00:49.620 --> 01:00:51.340
a third country.

01:00:52.790 --> 01:00:54.080
And you are now safe,

01:00:54.240 --> 01:00:54.920
you have a job.

01:00:56.000 --> 01:00:57.420
But you still have a picture

01:00:58.160 --> 01:01:00.080
of the ocean where

01:01:02.520 --> 01:01:04.860
you navigated as a boat person.

01:01:05.900 --> 01:01:08.020
Every time you see the ocean,

01:01:08.900 --> 01:01:09.440
you suffer,

01:01:10.500 --> 01:01:11.000
because

01:01:11.940 --> 01:01:13.540
at that time you risk

01:01:15.160 --> 01:01:18.140
to sink at any time and devoured by

01:01:19.380 --> 01:01:20.420
the fish.

01:01:23.800 --> 01:01:24.720
Because crossing

01:01:25.360 --> 01:01:27.180
the ocean is very risky,

01:01:28.180 --> 01:01:30.820
and hundreds of thousands of 
boat people have died in the sea.

01:01:31.780 --> 01:01:33.460
So you still have that memory,

01:01:33.700 --> 01:01:35.140
you still have that picture taken.

01:01:37.000 --> 01:01:39.220
And that picture, every time you look,

01:01:40.020 --> 01:01:41.500
you feel the suffering again.

01:01:42.240 --> 01:01:42.920
But in fact,

01:01:44.660 --> 01:01:45.980
it is only a picture.

01:01:47.260 --> 01:01:48.640
You can get drowned,

01:01:48.780 --> 01:01:49.840
you can die in the ocean,

01:01:50.220 --> 01:01:51.740
but you cannot die in a picture.

01:01:54.990 --> 01:01:57.930
So something not real can create real suffering.

01:01:59.530 --> 01:02:02.330
And that is why we should tell ourselves,

01:02:02.830 --> 01:02:04.850
we should tell the child, the suffering,

01:02:05.230 --> 01:02:06.330
the wounded child in us,

01:02:06.690 --> 01:02:08.790
that she should not suffer anymore.

01:02:09.730 --> 01:02:10.230
We should

01:02:11.230 --> 01:02:12.690
take her hand

01:02:13.890 --> 01:02:16.790
and invite her to come to the present moment,

01:02:17.310 --> 01:02:21.410
and to witness to all the wonders of life 
that are available in the present moment.

01:02:21.810 --> 01:02:22.890
Come with me, dear one.

01:02:23.750 --> 01:02:24.610
We have grown up.

01:02:25.210 --> 01:02:26.570
We are no longer afraid.

01:02:27.730 --> 01:02:29.590
We can defend ourselves.

01:02:30.410 --> 01:02:31.830
We are no longer vulnerable.

01:02:32.190 --> 01:02:33.110
We are no longer

01:02:34.230 --> 01:02:34.790
fragile.

01:02:36.800 --> 01:02:38.120
Don't be afraid anymore.

01:02:38.300 --> 01:02:39.160
You have to teach

01:02:39.160 --> 01:02:41.160
the child in you.

01:02:41.660 --> 01:02:47.180
You have to invite him or her to come with you 
and live your life in the present moment.

01:02:47.640 --> 01:02:48.720
That is the practice.

01:02:49.200 --> 01:02:50.410
That is mindfulness.

01:02:51.580 --> 01:02:52.080
Mindfulness

01:02:52.640 --> 01:02:54.680
is not to allow ourselves

01:02:55.400 --> 01:02:56.380
to get lost,

01:02:57.120 --> 01:02:58.020
to be caught

01:02:58.640 --> 01:03:00.240
in the memories of the past.

01:03:01.460 --> 01:03:03.460
Of course, we can study the past,

01:03:03.960 --> 01:03:06.040
but we are grounded in the present moment.

01:03:06.680 --> 01:03:09.880
We are grounded, well grounded in the present moment.

01:03:10.080 --> 01:03:12.410
We can study the past without being

01:03:13.340 --> 01:03:13.940
sucked

01:03:14.840 --> 01:03:16.340
and overwhelmed by the past.

01:03:17.630 --> 01:03:19.400
The same thing is true with the future.

01:03:20.260 --> 01:03:26.180
We can bring the future back to the present moment 
and study the future and make plans for the future.

01:03:26.540 --> 01:03:28.260
But we don't have to get lost

01:03:29.060 --> 01:03:30.620
in the fear,

01:03:31.260 --> 01:03:33.820
in the uncertainty concerning the future.

01:03:38.060 --> 01:03:40.040
Because the future has not yet come.

01:03:40.780 --> 01:03:41.760
It's only a ghost.

01:03:43.420 --> 01:03:45.560
And the past is already gone.

01:03:45.700 --> 01:03:46.900
It's also a ghost.

01:03:47.200 --> 01:03:47.700
Why,

01:03:47.800 --> 01:03:48.920
to live with ghosts?

01:03:50.320 --> 01:03:54.040
We have to live with reality. 
And that is right mindfulness.

01:03:57.110 --> 01:03:59.550
So if you have a friend

01:04:01.030 --> 01:04:02.130
who suffers,

01:04:03.290 --> 01:04:05.290
who sheds tears, who has strong emotions,

01:04:06.170 --> 01:04:08.470
when situations are unsafe,

01:04:09.010 --> 01:04:12.530
you have to help him, to help her.

01:04:13.470 --> 01:04:14.450
My dear friend,

01:04:14.750 --> 01:04:16.790
you are on safe ground.

01:04:17.290 --> 01:04:18.990
Everything is okay now.

01:04:19.770 --> 01:04:21.730
Why do you continue to suffer?

01:04:22.530 --> 01:04:23.690
Don't go back to the past.

01:04:23.750 --> 01:04:24.710
It's only a phantom.

01:04:25.910 --> 01:04:27.090
It's unreal.

01:04:36.970 --> 01:04:37.470
And

01:04:37.900 --> 01:04:40.350
every time we are aware

01:04:40.880 --> 01:04:42.130
that these are only

01:04:43.030 --> 01:04:44.670
movies and pictures,

01:04:45.210 --> 01:04:46.070
not reality,

01:04:46.390 --> 01:04:46.890
we are free.

01:04:48.130 --> 01:04:49.730
And that is the practice of mindfulness.

01:04:52.240 --> 01:04:54.220
Yesterday we spoke about

01:04:57.000 --> 01:04:57.720
many

01:04:59.620 --> 01:05:02.520
pairs of opposites as views,

01:05:03.520 --> 01:05:06.720
like the views of being

01:05:08.440 --> 01:05:10.100
and the views of

01:05:11.020 --> 01:05:12.020
non-being,

01:05:18.820 --> 01:05:20.000
the view of birth

01:05:26.360 --> 01:05:27.680
and of death.

01:05:31.930 --> 01:05:33.950
This morning when we speak about

01:05:34.590 --> 01:05:35.350
the cloud

01:05:35.930 --> 01:05:37.290
and the sheet of paper,

01:05:38.150 --> 01:05:42.810
we learned that the nature of the cloud 
as well as the nature of

01:05:43.690 --> 01:05:47.490
the sheet of paper is the 
nature of no birth and no death.

01:05:48.510 --> 01:05:49.070
Overcoming

01:05:52.720 --> 01:05:54.620
the notion of birth and death

01:05:55.180 --> 01:05:56.580
and you have non-fear.

01:06:03.700 --> 01:06:05.240
The notion of being

01:06:06.400 --> 01:06:11.280
and the notion of non-being also 
can create a lot of fear.

01:06:14.990 --> 01:06:16.910
Right view consists in overcoming

01:06:17.780 --> 01:06:20.650
both notions, being and non-being.

01:06:21.740 --> 01:06:23.680
And it is possible to observe,

01:06:23.860 --> 01:06:25.500
to meditate in order to overcome.

01:06:29.230 --> 01:06:29.830
Suppose

01:06:30.680 --> 01:06:32.070
we speak about

01:06:38.040 --> 01:06:39.150
a little flame.

01:07:00.900 --> 01:07:04.000
We speak about the little flame that the

01:07:05.480 --> 01:07:06.760
match can produce.

01:07:11.980 --> 01:07:15.380
And we can do a little meditation on the flame

01:07:18.830 --> 01:07:21.350
about the notion of being and non-being.

01:07:23.110 --> 01:07:26.270
We know that it's possible to 
help the flame to manifest.

01:07:27.190 --> 01:07:28.350
There are conditions

01:07:29.350 --> 01:07:30.610
so that the flame

01:07:31.890 --> 01:07:34.210
can manifest as a flame.

01:07:35.110 --> 01:07:37.370
Before the sheet of paper appeared,

01:07:38.070 --> 01:07:41.450
we know that the sheet of paper 
has been there in its condition.

01:07:43.550 --> 01:07:48.370
So we know that the flame is 
hidden somewhere in the matchbox.

01:07:50.270 --> 01:07:54.490
And we know that the flame is 
hidden also outside of the matchbox.

01:07:56.190 --> 01:07:58.210
Because out here there is

01:07:58.910 --> 01:07:59.590
oxygen.

01:08:00.810 --> 01:08:04.630
And oxygen is a very important 
condition for the flame to

01:08:05.630 --> 01:08:06.250
manifest.

01:08:06.490 --> 01:08:07.230
Without oxygen

01:08:11.980 --> 01:08:13.560
the flame cannot manifest.

01:08:15.340 --> 01:08:19.420
And my finger may serve 
as one of the causes,

01:08:19.960 --> 01:08:22.640
one of the conditions to 
help the flame manifest.

01:08:23.740 --> 01:08:25.880
So we can already talk to the flame.

01:08:26.920 --> 01:08:28.040
My dear little flame,

01:08:28.540 --> 01:08:30.060
I know you are there somewhere.

01:08:31.100 --> 01:08:32.940
Manifest yourself so that I can see.

01:08:37.010 --> 01:08:39.170
We know that you are already there,

01:08:39.570 --> 01:08:43.490
even if you don't perceive 
you in the form of a flame.

01:08:45.290 --> 01:08:47.810
So before the manifestation of the flame,

01:08:48.250 --> 01:08:48.790
should we

01:08:49.710 --> 01:08:50.730
qualify it as

01:08:51.330 --> 01:08:52.190
non-existing,

01:08:52.730 --> 01:08:53.230
non-being?

01:09:04.560 --> 01:09:05.260
With our

01:09:06.020 --> 01:09:07.820
practice of looking deeply,

01:09:09.100 --> 01:09:10.660
we see that everything

01:09:11.720 --> 01:09:12.480
manifests

01:09:13.080 --> 01:09:14.300
based on conditions.

01:09:14.300 --> 01:09:14.800
Conditions.

01:09:16.140 --> 01:09:17.320
This flower,

01:09:21.860 --> 01:09:23.460
she comes from a seed,

01:09:24.650 --> 01:09:25.920
from a cutting,

01:09:26.580 --> 01:09:28.340
from the soil, from the sunshine,

01:09:29.600 --> 01:09:31.100
from

01:09:33.080 --> 01:09:34.120
from the cloud,

01:09:34.940 --> 01:09:36.820
from the gardener,

01:09:37.340 --> 01:09:37.840
etc.

01:09:40.220 --> 01:09:43.680
And she is made of non-flower elements.

01:09:45.300 --> 01:09:46.500
If we send back

01:09:46.500 --> 01:09:49.360
the cloud to the sky,

01:09:49.620 --> 01:09:50.420
if we send back

01:09:51.300 --> 01:09:52.840
the soil to the earth,

01:09:53.340 --> 01:09:54.220
if we send back

01:09:55.140 --> 01:09:56.060
the seed,

01:09:56.580 --> 01:09:58.340
there is no flower left.

01:09:59.020 --> 01:10:01.960
So a flower is made only 
of non-flower elements.

01:10:03.140 --> 01:10:05.180
And looking into the flower you can see

01:10:05.180 --> 01:10:11.660
all the conditions that have 
come together and help the flower

01:10:12.260 --> 01:10:13.120
to manifest.

01:10:13.700 --> 01:10:15.600
A flower cannot exist

01:10:15.600 --> 01:10:18.580
outside of her conditions.

01:10:19.680 --> 01:10:21.540
So the flame is the same.

01:10:24.000 --> 01:10:25.700
When conditions are sufficient,

01:10:26.760 --> 01:10:27.860
the flame manifests.

01:10:33.680 --> 01:10:37.640
So it is possible for a meditator 
to already see the flame

01:10:38.180 --> 01:10:39.620
before its manifestation.

01:10:40.520 --> 01:10:41.440
That is why I say,

01:10:41.740 --> 01:10:45.310
my dear flame, I know you are 
somewhere there already.

01:10:46.200 --> 01:10:47.560
So please manifest.

01:10:49.040 --> 01:10:50.540
And the flame tells us

01:10:51.090 --> 01:10:51.720
it's okay.

01:10:53.500 --> 01:10:54.140
Thay,

01:10:56.340 --> 01:11:01.360
the sangha, if you help me with the last

01:11:02.440 --> 01:11:03.940
condition, I will manifest.

01:11:08.090 --> 01:11:11.310
And then we are providing the last condition,

01:11:11.590 --> 01:11:13.930
which is a movement of my fingers.

01:11:14.950 --> 01:11:15.450
And

01:11:16.410 --> 01:11:17.970
the flame is manifested.

01:11:22.020 --> 01:11:25.720
So you have the tendency to 
call the flame existing now.

01:11:25.720 --> 01:11:26.220
No,

01:11:27.260 --> 01:11:29.320
the flame is in the realm of being.

01:11:32.070 --> 01:11:35.510
But we tend to think also that before manifesting,

01:11:36.430 --> 01:11:39.570
the flame belongs to the realm of non-being.

01:11:43.750 --> 01:11:45.750
But reality transcends both

01:11:46.310 --> 01:11:47.850
notion of being and non-being.

01:11:48.970 --> 01:11:53.610
Because we already know that 
before manifesting in its form,

01:11:54.090 --> 01:11:56.770
the flame already is there in its condition.

01:12:01.850 --> 01:12:03.530
So it is very important

01:12:10.830 --> 01:12:12.070
to see,

01:12:15.340 --> 01:12:16.900
to recognize the wrong view.

01:12:17.080 --> 01:12:19.540
Suppose this is representing time.

01:12:21.080 --> 01:12:24.680
And this point represents birth.

01:12:25.520 --> 01:12:27.840
And this point represents death.

01:12:32.230 --> 01:12:33.770
When someone is born

01:12:34.770 --> 01:12:35.390
from B,

01:12:36.910 --> 01:12:40.030
we believe that the segment before B

01:12:42.150 --> 01:12:44.450
belongs to non-being

01:12:44.920 --> 01:12:45.870
of that person.

01:12:46.850 --> 01:12:48.750
That person did not exist

01:12:49.650 --> 01:12:50.330
before B.

01:12:51.930 --> 01:12:54.190
And when that person is born,

01:12:55.170 --> 01:12:57.050
we make a birth certificate.

01:12:57.290 --> 01:12:59.190
We certify that this person existed.

01:13:00.210 --> 01:13:01.090
So this person

01:13:01.810 --> 01:13:03.290
entered the realm of being.

01:13:05.470 --> 01:13:07.130
And 100 years later,

01:13:08.530 --> 01:13:09.270
hopefully, hopefully,

01:13:13.610 --> 01:13:16.430
when that person comes to D,

01:13:17.550 --> 01:13:20.670
then she passes from being to non-being

01:13:22.130 --> 01:13:23.290
once again.

01:13:24.230 --> 01:13:25.950
So that's our idea of

01:13:28.690 --> 01:13:29.530
lifespan.

01:13:31.090 --> 01:13:34.130
We only exist from B and D.

01:13:35.190 --> 01:13:37.290
Before that, it was non-being.

01:13:37.510 --> 01:13:40.590
So our idea is that from non-being,

01:13:40.830 --> 01:13:42.130
we can pass into being.

01:13:43.390 --> 01:13:47.130
And from being, we can pass 
into non-being again.

01:13:48.030 --> 01:13:50.330
But when we meditate on the cloud,

01:13:50.930 --> 01:13:52.190
we see that it's wrong.

01:13:53.050 --> 01:13:56.370
A cloud has never passed 
from non-being to being.

01:13:57.450 --> 01:13:59.690
And when the cloud disappears in the sky,

01:14:00.110 --> 01:14:02.370
it does not pass from being to non-being.

01:14:02.770 --> 01:14:03.930
It continues always.

01:14:04.130 --> 01:14:08.290
So the nature of the cloud is 
the nature of no birth and no death.

01:14:09.190 --> 01:14:12.050
So the nature of your beloved one is like that.

01:14:12.230 --> 01:14:13.650
And you are like that also.

01:14:15.150 --> 01:14:19.690
And when you transcend the notion,

01:14:20.810 --> 01:14:23.570
the view of being and non-being,

01:14:23.970 --> 01:14:24.890
you get the right view.

01:14:26.430 --> 01:14:27.650
You get the right view.

01:14:28.990 --> 01:14:31.610
And that is why we have said

01:14:31.950 --> 01:14:34.850
that right view is the absence of all views,

01:14:35.510 --> 01:14:37.670
including the view of birth and death,

01:14:38.130 --> 01:14:39.430
being and non-being,

01:14:39.990 --> 01:14:41.550
permanence and annihilation.

01:14:56.120 --> 01:14:58.840
Suppose I want

01:15:00.600 --> 01:15:03.440
to light this candle

01:15:05.260 --> 01:15:08.740
using another candle, 
and I produce another flame.

01:15:13.430 --> 01:15:15.490
And I would like to ask you, my dear friends,

01:15:15.810 --> 01:15:16.550
this question.

01:15:18.090 --> 01:15:18.890
As

01:15:20.550 --> 01:15:21.730
whether this flame,

01:15:22.770 --> 01:15:23.470
second flame,

01:15:25.070 --> 01:15:29.610
is the same flame with the other 
or a totally different flame.

01:15:34.840 --> 01:15:35.940
That is meditation.

01:15:49.660 --> 01:15:53.900
When you take the family album and

01:15:55.780 --> 01:15:58.860
look for your picture when 
you were five years old,

01:16:00.240 --> 01:16:01.020
you see that

01:16:01.670 --> 01:16:02.380
the young,

01:16:03.740 --> 01:16:06.960
the little boy or the little girl

01:16:08.780 --> 01:16:10.720
is so different from you now.

01:16:14.000 --> 01:16:16.280
Are you the same with that little girl?

01:16:17.880 --> 01:16:19.740
Or are you a different person?

01:16:20.480 --> 01:16:21.960
You look so different.

01:16:22.820 --> 01:16:25.640
As far as form is concerned,

01:16:26.060 --> 01:16:28.240
feelings, you have very different feelings,

01:16:28.460 --> 01:16:30.440
perception, mental formation and consciousness.

01:16:30.440 --> 01:16:34.420
You are quite different from 
that little girl, that little boy.

01:16:35.620 --> 01:16:38.200
So are you the same with that little girl,

01:16:38.420 --> 01:16:40.740
or you are a totally different person?

01:16:45.520 --> 01:16:49.140
So that is another set of notions

01:16:53.230 --> 01:16:53.870
called

01:16:56.970 --> 01:16:58.250
sameness, otherness.

01:17:22.900 --> 01:17:23.580
In Chinese, Chinese

01:17:36.960 --> 01:17:38.160
Not one,

01:17:38.760 --> 01:17:40.140
not a different one.

01:17:40.740 --> 01:17:41.600
Not the same,

01:17:42.080 --> 01:17:42.740
not a different,

01:17:43.680 --> 01:17:45.020
totally different one.

01:17:52.800 --> 01:17:55.980
The other day we spoke about the seed of corn

01:17:56.900 --> 01:17:58.660
and the young plant of corn.

01:18:01.970 --> 01:18:03.910
And we can ask the young plant of corn,

01:18:04.070 --> 01:18:05.310
are you the same

01:18:05.930 --> 01:18:07.210
with the seed of corn

01:18:07.990 --> 01:18:09.250
that I planted before?

01:18:09.250 --> 01:18:14.510
Or are you a totally different entity?

01:18:21.260 --> 01:18:22.440
The answer must be

01:18:24.840 --> 01:18:26.200
you are neither the same

01:18:27.720 --> 01:18:29.220
nor a different one.

01:18:31.920 --> 01:18:32.700
You are

01:18:33.260 --> 01:18:36.180
neither the same with that 
little girl in the picture,

01:18:37.160 --> 01:18:40.900
but you are not entirely a different person.

01:18:42.600 --> 01:18:44.520
So the notion of

01:18:46.320 --> 01:18:47.800
sameness and otherness

01:18:48.940 --> 01:18:53.880
is also a couple of notions that you have to 
transcend in order to get the right view.

01:19:23.460 --> 01:19:26.380
The other day we spoke about 
the father and the son.

01:19:29.180 --> 01:19:32.460
The son might believe that he 
is a totally different person.

01:19:35.470 --> 01:19:40.210
It's like the plant of corn does not believe 
that he has come from a seed of corn.

01:19:41.070 --> 01:19:45.090
But the hard fact is the son is 
the continuation of the father.

01:19:46.310 --> 01:19:47.810
And he is his father.

01:19:49.550 --> 01:19:53.950
It's like the plant of corn is the 
continuation of the seed of corn.

01:19:54.110 --> 01:19:55.330
He is the seed of corn.

01:19:58.580 --> 01:19:59.840
And the fact is that

01:20:01.560 --> 01:20:02.960
the notion of

01:20:03.760 --> 01:20:07.460
sameness and otherness should be 
transcended for you to see the truth.

01:20:09.480 --> 01:20:10.910
Now we come to a

01:20:12.840 --> 01:20:15.560
pair of notions that is so

01:20:18.620 --> 01:20:19.660
so crucial

01:20:20.300 --> 01:20:21.880
in our studies of

01:20:26.780 --> 01:20:27.740
right view,

01:20:33.540 --> 01:20:34.820
subject and object.

01:20:44.440 --> 01:20:46.100
When we speak of a perception,

01:20:48.560 --> 01:20:49.060
in fact,

01:20:50.640 --> 01:20:54.500
in the Sutra of Mindful Breathing,

01:20:55.300 --> 01:20:59.180
there are four exercises of mindful 
breathing to help with our perception.

01:21:00.080 --> 01:21:01.780
To correct a perception,

01:21:02.360 --> 01:21:06.080
to transcend all wrong perceptions 
so that you can get the right view.

01:21:06.980 --> 01:21:09.860
That's the last four 
exercises of mindful breathing.

01:21:10.760 --> 01:21:14.740
Hopefully we have the time 
to treat these four last exercises.

01:21:19.080 --> 01:21:22.280
We usually believe that 
there is a consciousness,

01:21:23.980 --> 01:21:27.320
which is the subject of perception.

01:21:29.080 --> 01:21:30.660
And the world out there

01:21:30.700 --> 01:21:32.780
as the object of our perception.

01:21:33.380 --> 01:21:35.060
And these two things are different.

01:21:38.600 --> 01:21:40.460
There is consciousness in here,

01:21:41.720 --> 01:21:42.360
and there is

01:21:43.010 --> 01:21:44.460
the world out there

01:21:45.420 --> 01:21:46.840
as object of our consciousness.

01:21:47.800 --> 01:21:48.640
And science,

01:21:50.440 --> 01:21:53.400
philosophy and science begin by that.

01:22:00.220 --> 01:22:02.020
And in the Buddha's teaching,

01:22:03.280 --> 01:22:04.300
that is

01:22:05.330 --> 01:22:06.500
the basic error.

01:22:10.120 --> 01:22:11.460
That is the basic error.

01:22:11.800 --> 01:22:12.980
This is very important

01:22:13.800 --> 01:22:15.520
in the teaching of the Buddha.

01:22:20.680 --> 01:22:22.480
When you practice mindful breathing,

01:22:24.280 --> 01:22:25.480
breathing in,

01:22:25.800 --> 01:22:26.640
I'm aware

01:22:27.360 --> 01:22:28.400
of my in-breath.

01:22:31.320 --> 01:22:33.960
You practice in such a way 
that you are no longer

01:22:34.560 --> 01:22:35.320
an observer.

01:22:37.600 --> 01:22:40.160
You practice in such a way 
that you calm your in-breath.

01:22:41.800 --> 01:22:43.220
You become a participant,

01:22:44.580 --> 01:22:45.440
no longer

01:22:46.640 --> 01:22:47.160
an

01:22:48.640 --> 01:22:49.680
outside observer.

01:22:54.100 --> 01:22:56.060
In the teaching of the Buddha,

01:22:56.320 --> 01:22:58.200
you see that there are six

01:23:00.760 --> 01:23:03.560
sense organs, which are eyes,

01:23:10.690 --> 01:23:11.890
ears,

01:23:12.710 --> 01:23:13.370
nose,

01:23:14.590 --> 01:23:15.090
tongue,

01:23:17.210 --> 01:23:18.210
body,

01:23:20.650 --> 01:23:21.150
and mind.

01:23:21.850 --> 01:23:24.610
Mind is also

01:23:26.820 --> 01:23:27.440
an organ,

01:23:28.360 --> 01:23:28.860
mental,

01:23:29.680 --> 01:23:30.900
our mental consciousness.

01:23:33.300 --> 01:23:36.060
These five are rather physiological,

01:23:36.560 --> 01:23:37.920
and this is mental.

01:23:37.920 --> 01:23:38.700
Mental.

01:23:39.980 --> 01:23:42.120
And the object of eyes is form,

01:23:45.040 --> 01:23:45.540
sound,

01:23:48.160 --> 01:23:48.660
smell,

01:23:51.660 --> 01:23:52.200
taste,

01:23:55.500 --> 01:23:56.000
touch.

01:23:57.980 --> 01:23:58.480
And,

01:23:59.660 --> 01:24:00.480
please help,

01:24:05.580 --> 01:24:06.080
dharma.

01:24:10.600 --> 01:24:13.400
In Buddhism, Dharma with

01:24:14.360 --> 01:24:17.020
capital D means the teaching of the Buddha.

01:24:19.380 --> 01:24:26.020
And dharma with the little d means object of

01:24:27.440 --> 01:24:28.280
the mind.

01:24:29.640 --> 01:24:31.140
Object of the mind.

01:24:32.080 --> 01:24:34.400
Not an objective reality.

01:24:36.770 --> 01:24:39.150
The world is just an object of mind.

01:24:44.160 --> 01:24:45.400
So the twelve

01:24:54.440 --> 01:24:55.540
include everything.

01:25:03.730 --> 01:25:04.230
In fact,

01:25:04.770 --> 01:25:05.870
we are taught that

01:25:06.410 --> 01:25:09.750
eyes and form bring about eyes consciousness,

01:25:12.740 --> 01:25:14.300
ears consciousness,

01:25:16.200 --> 01:25:17.460
nose consciousness,

01:25:19.720 --> 01:25:20.220
tongue

01:25:24.400 --> 01:25:25.660
consciousness,

01:25:28.160 --> 01:25:29.240
body consciousness,

01:25:31.810 --> 01:25:33.050
and mind consciousness.

01:25:41.910 --> 01:25:43.750
Mind consciousness includes

01:25:45.230 --> 01:25:46.890
object and

01:25:47.690 --> 01:25:48.330
subject.

01:25:51.130 --> 01:25:52.930
When we perceive something,

01:25:58.180 --> 01:26:01.580
that something is the object 
of our consciousness.

01:26:02.060 --> 01:26:02.880
This is a subject,

01:26:03.200 --> 01:26:03.980
this is object,

01:26:04.500 --> 01:26:05.600
and subject and object,

01:26:06.260 --> 01:26:10.480
they manifest at the 
same time and together.

01:26:12.690 --> 01:26:13.210
So,

01:26:13.650 --> 01:26:15.290
in the Buddhist literature,

01:26:15.510 --> 01:26:16.690
when you hear the word dharma,

01:26:16.970 --> 01:26:20.010
you have to understand right away 
that it is the object of mind,

01:26:21.490 --> 01:26:22.130
and not

01:26:23.930 --> 01:26:26.830
an objective reality outside.

01:26:27.790 --> 01:26:30.050
When you see a mountain,

01:26:30.690 --> 01:26:33.670
that mountain is the object 
of your perception,

01:26:34.090 --> 01:26:34.630
of your mind.

01:26:35.790 --> 01:26:36.670
Not something

01:26:38.350 --> 01:26:40.570
separate from your consciousness.

01:26:40.830 --> 01:26:42.250
This is very important.

01:26:45.250 --> 01:26:47.270
Because to see always,

01:26:48.250 --> 01:26:49.010
to see something,

01:26:49.910 --> 01:26:51.610
always means to see something.

01:26:52.010 --> 01:26:52.890
To hear

01:26:53.470 --> 01:26:56.450
means always to hear something.

01:26:56.830 --> 01:26:58.150
You cannot hear nothing.

01:26:59.310 --> 01:27:00.550
You have to hear something,

01:27:00.690 --> 01:27:01.790
you have to see something,

01:27:01.890 --> 01:27:03.070
you have to think of something.

01:27:04.510 --> 01:27:05.330
And the mind,

01:27:06.010 --> 01:27:06.930
the object of mind,

01:27:07.090 --> 01:27:10.290
can be form, sound, smell, taste, touch,

01:27:11.570 --> 01:27:12.090
whatever,

01:27:14.950 --> 01:27:15.690
an idea,

01:27:16.650 --> 01:27:17.550
an image,

01:27:18.670 --> 01:27:19.610
and so on.

01:27:21.250 --> 01:27:22.790
So if you believe

01:27:22.790 --> 01:27:30.070
that there is a subjective consciousness 
that exists separately from

01:27:30.350 --> 01:27:33.030
the object of your consciousness,

01:27:35.690 --> 01:27:40.610
if you believe that there is 
an external world that exists

01:27:41.290 --> 01:27:44.030
separately from your consciousness,

01:27:45.410 --> 01:27:46.410
you are caught

01:27:46.990 --> 01:27:50.230
in a kind of error called double

01:27:51.010 --> 01:27:52.590
grasping,

01:27:54.700 --> 01:27:55.600
double

01:27:56.820 --> 01:27:57.940
grasping.

01:28:01.140 --> 01:28:02.260
[ Nhị thủ, 二取 ]

01:28:06.550 --> 01:28:10.490
Because you are caught by this and by this 
as two different things.

01:28:12.390 --> 01:28:14.930
So right view is the possibility,

01:28:15.630 --> 01:28:18.310
is possible only when you overcome

01:28:19.250 --> 01:28:23.030
the view of subject and object as two separate

01:28:24.350 --> 01:28:25.070
entities.

01:28:31.550 --> 01:28:35.650
I think modern science is on 
the verge of touching this truth.

01:28:39.630 --> 01:28:42.210
Many scientists began to speak about

01:28:44.690 --> 01:28:45.860
you can no longer

01:28:46.700 --> 01:28:48.860
remain an observer standing outside.

01:28:49.660 --> 01:28:51.140
You have to go in,

01:28:51.880 --> 01:28:53.020
you have to become

01:28:54.070 --> 01:28:56.280
a participant in order to hope,

01:28:57.750 --> 01:28:59.040
to understand something.

01:29:05.810 --> 01:29:09.030
And the world you think that 
is something that is not you,

01:29:09.630 --> 01:29:12.770
the world that you observe is yourself.

01:29:17.370 --> 01:29:20.630
The mountain, the river, the sky, the stars,

01:29:22.390 --> 01:29:25.070
everything is the object of your consciousness,

01:29:28.660 --> 01:29:29.540
is your consciousness.

01:29:35.100 --> 01:29:36.220
They say that sometimes

01:29:37.400 --> 01:29:38.980
appear like a wave,

01:29:40.500 --> 01:29:43.320
and sometimes else appear

01:29:44.240 --> 01:29:45.160
like a particle.

01:29:46.260 --> 01:29:48.660
According to our way of inquiry, inquiry,

01:29:51.360 --> 01:29:53.220
if we inquire in such a way

01:29:54.080 --> 01:29:54.940
and then

01:29:55.920 --> 01:29:57.260
in terms of particle,

01:29:57.580 --> 01:29:59.360
it appears to us as a particle.

01:30:00.160 --> 01:30:04.620
But we inquire in terms of wave 
and then the particle,

01:30:05.800 --> 01:30:09.440
that particle will appear to us as a wave.

01:30:10.740 --> 01:30:13.100
So it is possible

01:30:14.220 --> 01:30:17.620
to call it whether a wave or a particle.

01:30:19.760 --> 01:30:20.560
And that particle

01:30:21.640 --> 01:30:24.220
can be everywhere at the same time.

01:30:27.450 --> 01:30:28.290
It's like your mind.

01:30:35.520 --> 01:30:36.920
There is a well-known British

01:30:39.520 --> 01:30:40.200
astronomer,

01:30:45.870 --> 01:30:46.470
physicist,

01:30:49.020 --> 01:30:51.160
Arthur Stanley Eddington.

01:30:52.360 --> 01:30:54.200
He said something like this.

01:30:55.160 --> 01:30:57.200
We are on a trip to discover

01:30:59.940 --> 01:31:02.480
and we come to a shore.

01:31:03.240 --> 01:31:06.100
We are able to reach a shore of the unknown.

01:31:07.540 --> 01:31:10.420
A place where nobody has been there.

01:31:12.880 --> 01:31:17.720
And we are very surprised to see 
the footprints of someone left there.

01:31:20.330 --> 01:31:21.050
Before that,

01:31:21.810 --> 01:31:24.170
we didn't believe that anyone has come here,

01:31:24.790 --> 01:31:25.290
because

01:31:26.610 --> 01:31:29.150
this is the territory of the unknown.

01:31:30.090 --> 01:31:33.790
And yet someone has left his footprints there.

01:31:34.330 --> 01:31:35.350
So surprising.

01:31:36.890 --> 01:31:39.530
So we come to have a deep look.

01:31:42.640 --> 01:31:44.680
And we discover

01:31:46.290 --> 01:31:51.430
how strange, it is our own footprints.

01:31:54.570 --> 01:31:55.890
It's our own footprints.

01:31:58.410 --> 01:32:01.390
As in the way a modern physicist said,

01:32:05.980 --> 01:32:06.700
the world,

01:32:07.240 --> 01:32:09.420
the so-called objective world,

01:32:09.920 --> 01:32:10.940
it is our mind.

01:32:11.720 --> 01:32:13.320
It's the object of our mind.

01:32:13.640 --> 01:32:15.660
And the Buddha said it in the very beginning.

01:32:16.780 --> 01:32:18.680
Dharma is the object of mind.

01:32:19.590 --> 01:32:23.040
In the Sutra on the Four Foundations of Mindfulness,

01:32:23.700 --> 01:32:26.280
you study four realms.

01:32:27.500 --> 01:32:28.080
Body,

01:32:29.440 --> 01:32:29.960
feelings,

01:32:30.720 --> 01:32:31.220
mind,

01:32:31.420 --> 01:32:32.460
and object of mind.

01:32:32.780 --> 01:32:33.540
Not reality.

01:32:34.840 --> 01:32:35.340
Not

01:32:37.400 --> 01:32:38.840
objective reality.

01:32:41.950 --> 01:32:43.770
And scientists

01:32:46.170 --> 01:32:49.190
of our time are making

01:32:49.190 --> 01:32:54.470
an effort in order to overcome what we call

01:32:56.110 --> 01:32:57.550
double grasping.

01:32:59.330 --> 01:33:02.070
And if scientists can overcome the double grasping,

01:33:05.000 --> 01:33:05.660
no longer,

01:33:07.120 --> 01:33:10.630
if they no longer discriminate between the

01:33:12.840 --> 01:33:14.280
consciousness in here

01:33:15.170 --> 01:33:18.080
and the reality of the world

01:33:18.080 --> 01:33:19.940
out there,

01:33:20.320 --> 01:33:21.260
and then they have a chance.

01:33:25.530 --> 01:33:26.630
There's a very beautiful

01:33:28.940 --> 01:33:29.590
chapter

01:33:31.100 --> 01:33:34.620
in this book I would like to read to you.

01:33:35.160 --> 01:33:35.840
We need a Pooh

01:33:37.940 --> 01:33:39.160
on this subject.

01:33:39.580 --> 01:33:42.960
I'd like to invite a volunteer to come and read.

01:33:43.660 --> 01:33:46.420
One of you has a good British accent.

01:33:59.080 --> 01:33:59.580
Please.

01:34:03.120 --> 01:34:06.280
Because Pooh bear discovered also some footprints.

01:34:18.110 --> 01:34:23.510
In which Pooh and Piglet go hunting 
and nearly catch a woozle.

01:34:25.440 --> 01:34:29.980
The piglet lived in a very grand house 
in the middle of a beech tree.

01:34:30.800 --> 01:34:33.320
And the beech tree was 
in the middle of the forest.

01:34:34.400 --> 01:34:37.120
And the piglet lived in the middle of the house.

01:34:38.400 --> 01:34:42.300
Next to his house was a 
piece of broken board which had

01:34:43.220 --> 01:34:45.040
Trespasses W on it.

01:34:46.060 --> 01:34:49.400
When Christopher Robin asked 
the piglet what it meant,

01:34:49.970 --> 01:34:55.100
he said it was his grandfather's name and 
had been in the family for a long time.

01:34:56.480 --> 01:34:57.420
Christopher Robin said,

01:34:57.880 --> 01:35:00.640
you couldn't be called Trespasses W.

01:35:01.540 --> 01:35:02.620
And piglet said,

01:35:03.100 --> 01:35:03.600
yes,

01:35:03.980 --> 01:35:04.580
you could.

01:35:05.160 --> 01:35:09.700
Because his grandfather was and 
it was short for Trespasses Will.

01:35:10.500 --> 01:35:13.160
Which was short for Trespasses William.

01:35:13.920 --> 01:35:18.680
And his grandfather had two names 
in a case in case he lost one.

01:35:19.240 --> 01:35:24.260
Trespasses after an uncle, 
and William after Trespasses.

01:35:26.180 --> 01:35:27.820
I've got two names,

01:35:28.300 --> 01:35:29.760
said Christopher Robin carelessly.

01:35:30.980 --> 01:35:31.480
Well,

01:35:31.840 --> 01:35:32.540
there you are.

01:35:32.640 --> 01:35:33.480
That proves it,

01:35:33.800 --> 01:35:34.320
said Piglet.

01:35:35.420 --> 01:35:41.360
One fine winter's day when Piglet was 
brushing away the snow in front of his house.

01:35:42.060 --> 01:35:43.300
He happened to look up.

01:35:43.920 --> 01:35:45.480
And there was Winnie the Pooh.

01:35:45.480 --> 01:35:49.580
Pooh was walking round and round in a circle.

01:35:50.880 --> 01:35:52.400
Thinking of something else.

01:35:53.320 --> 01:35:54.880
And when Piglet called to him,

01:35:55.220 --> 01:35:56.680
he just went on walking.

01:35:57.520 --> 01:35:58.020
Hello,

01:35:58.360 --> 01:35:59.000
said Piglet.

01:35:59.420 --> 01:36:00.760
What are you doing?

01:36:01.860 --> 01:36:02.380
Hunting,

01:36:02.740 --> 01:36:03.320
said Pooh.

01:36:04.060 --> 01:36:04.860
Hunting what?

01:36:06.100 --> 01:36:10.100
Tracking something, said Winnie the Pooh, 
very mysteriously.

01:36:11.560 --> 01:36:12.280
Tracking what?

01:36:12.660 --> 01:36:14.080
Said Piglet coming closer.

01:36:15.480 --> 01:36:18.460
That's just, that's just what I ask myself.

01:36:18.960 --> 01:36:20.620
I ask myself what?

01:36:23.490 --> 01:36:25.130
What do you think you will answer?

01:36:26.740 --> 01:36:29.550
I shall have to wait until I catch up with it,

01:36:29.990 --> 01:36:30.930
said Winnie the Pooh.

01:36:32.370 --> 01:36:34.230
Now, look there.

01:36:35.310 --> 01:36:37.610
He pointed to the ground in front of him.

01:36:38.610 --> 01:36:40.090
What do you see?

01:36:41.750 --> 01:36:42.250
Tracks,

01:36:42.610 --> 01:36:43.330
said Piglet.

01:36:44.630 --> 01:36:45.730
Paw marks.

01:36:46.690 --> 01:36:48.710
He gave a little squeak of excitement.

01:36:48.910 --> 01:36:49.410
Oh,

01:36:49.510 --> 01:36:50.010
Pooh,

01:36:50.210 --> 01:36:52.110
do you think it's a woozle?

01:36:53.470 --> 01:36:55.010
It may be,

01:36:55.350 --> 01:36:55.890
said Pooh.

01:36:56.570 --> 01:36:57.910
Sometimes it is.

01:36:58.370 --> 01:37:00.150
And sometimes it isn't.

01:37:00.930 --> 01:37:03.490
You can never tell with paw marks.

01:37:04.830 --> 01:37:06.630
With these few words,

01:37:06.710 --> 01:37:07.810
he went on tracking.

01:37:08.570 --> 01:37:12.270
And Piglet, after watching him for 
a minute or two, ran after him.

01:37:13.070 --> 01:37:15.270
Winnie the Pooh had come to a sudden stop

01:37:15.270 --> 01:37:19.370
and was bending over the tracks 
in a puzzled sort of way.

01:37:20.410 --> 01:37:21.510
What's the matter?

01:37:21.910 --> 01:37:22.670
asked Piglet.

01:37:23.490 --> 01:37:26.770
It's a very funny thing, said Bear.

01:37:27.210 --> 01:37:31.430
But there seem to be two animals now.

01:37:34.760 --> 01:37:36.960
This is whatever it was,

01:37:37.380 --> 01:37:40.560
has been joined by whatever it is.

01:37:41.480 --> 01:37:44.820
And the two of them are now proceeding in company.

01:37:46.040 --> 01:37:48.160
Would you mind coming with me,

01:37:48.480 --> 01:37:52.600
Piglet, in case they turn out to be hostile animals?

01:37:57.120 --> 01:38:00.000
Piglet scratched his ear in a nice sort of way

01:38:00.090 --> 01:38:03.020
and said that he had nothing to do until Friday

01:38:03.020 --> 01:38:06.720
and would be delighted to come 
in case it really was a woozle.

01:38:08.280 --> 01:38:09.320
You mean,

01:38:09.620 --> 01:38:12.500
in case it really is two woozles,

01:38:12.680 --> 01:38:13.460
said Winnie the Pooh.

01:38:14.260 --> 01:38:16.440
And Piglet said that,

01:38:16.720 --> 01:38:18.480
anyhow, he had nothing to do until Friday.

01:38:18.640 --> 01:38:20.060
And so off they went together.

01:38:21.400 --> 01:38:24.840
There was a small spinny of 
larch trees just here

01:38:24.840 --> 01:38:26.980
and it seemed as if the two woozles,

01:38:27.280 --> 01:38:28.960
if that is what they were,

01:38:29.200 --> 01:38:30.900
had been going round this spinny.

01:38:31.080 --> 01:38:34.260
So round this spinny went 
Pooh and Piglet after them.

01:38:34.920 --> 01:38:37.100
Piglet, passing the time by telling Pooh

01:38:37.100 --> 01:38:39.980
what his grandfather Trespasses W had done

01:38:39.980 --> 01:38:42.760
to remove stiffness after tracking,

01:38:43.620 --> 01:38:45.700
and how his grandfather Trespasses W

01:38:45.700 --> 01:38:49.420
had suffered in his later years 
from shortness of breath

01:38:49.420 --> 01:38:51.300
and other matters of interest.

01:38:51.980 --> 01:38:54.720
And Pooh wondering what a grandfather was like

01:38:54.720 --> 01:39:00.760
and if perhaps this was two grandfathers 
they were after now and if so,

01:39:01.080 --> 01:39:03.860
whether he would be allowed 
to take one home and keep it

01:39:03.860 --> 01:39:05.760
and what Christopher Robin would say.

01:39:06.800 --> 01:39:09.560
And still the tracks went on in front of them.

01:39:10.740 --> 01:39:11.300
Suddenly,

01:39:11.840 --> 01:39:14.800
Winnie the Pooh stopped and 
pointed excitedly in front of him.

01:39:15.380 --> 01:39:15.940
Look!

01:39:17.140 --> 01:39:17.640
What?

01:39:17.840 --> 01:39:18.800
said Piglet with a jump.

01:39:19.760 --> 01:39:21.520
And then, to show he hadn't been frightened,

01:39:21.680 --> 01:39:23.420
he jumped up and down once more,

01:39:23.720 --> 01:39:24.800
once or twice more

01:39:24.800 --> 01:39:26.540
in an exercising sort of way.

01:39:27.820 --> 01:39:29.720
The tracks, said Pooh.

01:39:30.320 --> 01:39:33.540
A third animal has joined the other two.

01:39:34.920 --> 01:39:36.300
Pooh! cried Piglet.

01:39:36.580 --> 01:39:38.340
Do you think it's another woozle?

01:39:39.120 --> 01:39:39.800
No,

01:39:40.300 --> 01:39:40.820
said Pooh,

01:39:41.400 --> 01:39:43.400
because it makes different marks.

01:39:44.080 --> 01:39:45.780
It's either two woozles,

01:39:46.300 --> 01:39:48.020
one as it might be whizzle

01:39:48.020 --> 01:39:53.090
or two as it might be whizzles 
and one if it is woozle.

01:39:54.160 --> 01:39:55.480
Let's continue to follow them.

01:39:56.660 --> 01:40:00.020
So they went on feeling just a little anxious now

01:40:00.020 --> 01:40:04.420
in case the three animals in 
front of them were of hostile intent.

01:40:06.120 --> 01:40:09.960
And Piglet wished very much 
that his grandfather T.W.

01:40:10.080 --> 01:40:11.440
were there instead of elsewhere.

01:40:11.980 --> 01:40:14.360
And Pooh thought how nice it would be

01:40:14.360 --> 01:40:17.520
if they met Christopher Robin 
suddenly but quite accidentally

01:40:17.520 --> 01:40:20.940
and only because he liked 
Christopher Robin so much.

01:40:21.420 --> 01:40:22.720
And then all of a sudden,

01:40:23.220 --> 01:40:24.640
Winnie the Pooh stopped again

01:40:24.640 --> 01:40:28.180
and licked the tip of his nose in a cooling manner

01:40:28.180 --> 01:40:32.280
for he was feeling more hot and anxious 
than ever in his life before.

01:40:33.620 --> 01:40:36.840
There were four animals in front of them.

01:40:38.160 --> 01:40:39.280
Do you see, Piglet?

01:40:39.700 --> 01:40:40.680
Look at their tracks,

01:40:41.160 --> 01:40:42.560
three as it were woozles

01:40:42.800 --> 01:40:44.460
and one as it were whizzle,

01:40:44.920 --> 01:40:46.740
another woozle has joined them.

01:40:47.700 --> 01:40:48.720
And so it seemed to be.

01:40:49.400 --> 01:40:52.160
There were the tracks crossing over each other.

01:40:53.400 --> 01:40:56.020
Here, getting quite muddled up with each other there

01:40:56.020 --> 01:40:58.400
but quite plainly every now and then

01:40:58.400 --> 01:41:01.120
the tracks of four sets of paw marks.

01:41:02.420 --> 01:41:05.800
I think, said Piglet when he 
licked the tip of his nose too

01:41:05.800 --> 01:41:07.940
and found it brought very little comfort.

01:41:08.680 --> 01:41:11.080
I think that I've just remembered something.

01:41:11.420 --> 01:41:14.300
I have just remembered something 
that I forgot to do yesterday

01:41:14.300 --> 01:41:15.960
and shan't be able to do tomorrow.

01:41:16.240 --> 01:41:18.760
So I suppose I really ought to 
go back and do it now.

01:41:21.230 --> 01:41:24.550
Well, do it this afternoon and 
I'll come with you, said Pooh.

01:41:25.850 --> 01:41:29.330
It is the sort of thing you can't do 
in the afternoon, said Piglet quickly.

01:41:30.090 --> 01:41:32.730
It's a very particular morning thing 
that has to be done in the morning.

01:41:33.310 --> 01:41:35.200
And if possible between the hours of...

01:41:35.650 --> 01:41:37.150
What would you say the time was?

01:41:38.650 --> 01:41:40.530
About 12, said Winnie the Pooh,

01:41:40.610 --> 01:41:41.270
looking at the sun.

01:41:41.870 --> 01:41:42.910
Between, as I was saying,

01:41:42.990 --> 01:41:44.910
the hours of 12 and 12.05.

01:41:46.410 --> 01:41:49.470
So really, dear old Pooh, if you'll excuse me.

01:41:50.250 --> 01:41:51.010
What's that?

01:41:51.970 --> 01:41:55.330
Pooh looked up at the sky and then 
as he heard the whistle again

01:41:55.330 --> 01:41:58.050
he looked up into the branches 
of a big oak tree

01:41:58.230 --> 01:42:00.390
and then he saw a friend of his.

01:42:01.290 --> 01:42:03.290
It's Christopher Robin, he said.

01:42:04.490 --> 01:42:06.890
Ah, then you'll be all right, said Piglet.

01:42:07.270 --> 01:42:08.810
You'll be quite safe with him.

01:42:09.230 --> 01:42:09.730
Goodbye.

01:42:10.250 --> 01:42:13.050
And he trotted off home as quickly as he could,

01:42:13.570 --> 01:42:16.230
very glad to be out of all danger again.

01:42:17.990 --> 01:42:20.970
Christopher Robin came slowly down his tree.

01:42:22.730 --> 01:42:24.110
Silly old bear, he said.

01:42:24.570 --> 01:42:26.090
What were you doing?

01:42:26.750 --> 01:42:29.170
First you went round the spinny twice by yourself

01:42:29.170 --> 01:42:31.310
and then Piglet ran after you

01:42:31.310 --> 01:42:33.610
and you went round again together

01:42:33.610 --> 01:42:36.370
and then you were just going round a fourth time.

01:42:38.940 --> 01:42:40.700
Wait a moment, said Winnie the Pooh,

01:42:40.840 --> 01:42:41.820
holding up his paw.

01:42:42.680 --> 01:42:47.640
He sat down and thought in the most 
thoughtful way he could think.

01:42:49.610 --> 01:42:52.850
Then he fitted his paw into one of the tracks

01:42:52.850 --> 01:42:56.070
and then he scratched his nose twice and stood up.

01:42:58.730 --> 01:42:59.230
Yes,

01:42:59.570 --> 01:43:00.510
said Winnie the Pooh.

01:43:02.130 --> 01:43:03.750
I see now,

01:43:04.110 --> 01:43:04.870
said Winnie the Pooh.

01:43:05.610 --> 01:43:08.550
I have been foolish and deluded, he said,

01:43:09.210 --> 01:43:12.410
and I'm a bear of no brain at all.

01:43:13.590 --> 01:43:16.050
You're the best bear in all the world,

01:43:16.130 --> 01:43:17.530
said Christopher Robin soothingly.

01:43:18.590 --> 01:43:20.490
Am I, said Pooh, hopefully.

01:43:21.610 --> 01:43:22.870
And then he brightened up suddenly.

01:43:24.490 --> 01:43:25.330
Anyhow, he said,

01:43:25.630 --> 01:43:27.070
it's nearly luncheon time.

01:43:27.630 --> 01:43:28.950
So he went home for it.

01:43:37.370 --> 01:43:41.570
When we meet the terrorist,

01:43:46.620 --> 01:43:49.760
we see that he has the intention to punish,

01:43:50.500 --> 01:43:51.540
to kill.

01:43:57.020 --> 01:43:59.840
And we tell him that it's not good,

01:44:00.140 --> 01:44:00.640
killing.

01:44:10.140 --> 01:44:11.880
But he doesn't listen to us.

01:44:18.810 --> 01:44:22.470
There must be a way of helping him

01:44:22.470 --> 01:44:25.610
to see that killing is not right.

01:44:29.440 --> 01:44:32.900
So the first mindfulness training is to protect life.

01:44:33.640 --> 01:44:34.600
And not to kill.

01:44:38.450 --> 01:44:41.630
But if we just advise people not to kill,

01:44:42.150 --> 01:44:44.270
that may not be enough.

01:44:46.600 --> 01:44:47.940
We have to inspire them.

01:44:50.140 --> 01:44:51.420
We have to help them to understand

01:44:52.840 --> 01:44:56.800
that killing someone is killing yourself.

01:45:00.750 --> 01:45:04.530
If you are inhabited by the insight of interbeing,

01:45:05.850 --> 01:45:10.970
you know that killing someone is killing yourself.

01:45:15.730 --> 01:45:22.370
And that is why the first mindfulness training, 
not to kill,

01:45:23.070 --> 01:45:24.690
to always protect life,

01:45:25.230 --> 01:45:28.070
should not be just a commandment.

01:45:28.550 --> 01:45:31.370
Someone tells you that it's a good thing to do.

01:45:32.270 --> 01:45:36.350
But you have to understand why you shouldn't do it.

01:45:37.530 --> 01:45:42.970
Because if you touch the insight of interbeing,

01:45:45.640 --> 01:45:49.700
if you are free of the double grasping,

01:45:50.540 --> 01:45:54.160
and you see very clearly that 
killing him is to kill yourself,

01:45:58.480 --> 01:46:01.120
and the intention to kill is no longer there.

01:46:02.760 --> 01:46:05.160
Until you help the terrorist to see that,

01:46:07.650 --> 01:46:10.230
you cannot transform his anger,

01:46:11.110 --> 01:46:11.850
his suffering.

01:46:14.550 --> 01:46:16.590
Because he thinks that killing and destroying

01:46:16.590 --> 01:46:18.330
is the only way to get a relief.

01:46:18.970 --> 01:46:20.230
You have to punish,

01:46:21.030 --> 01:46:22.430
because that is your enemy.

01:46:23.250 --> 01:46:25.210
That is the enemy of mankind.

01:46:26.230 --> 01:46:28.630
That is the enemy of your civilization,

01:46:29.570 --> 01:46:31.150
and so on.

01:46:33.420 --> 01:46:34.900
So that is why we have to present

01:46:34.960 --> 01:46:37.600
the first mindfulness training in such a way

01:46:37.600 --> 01:46:41.320
that helps people to see that fanaticism,

01:46:42.280 --> 01:46:43.840
to be caught in a view,

01:46:44.780 --> 01:46:47.780
to be caught in an ideology or an idea.

01:46:48.820 --> 01:46:50.200
You can be a killer,

01:46:53.150 --> 01:46:55.190
because you believe that killing is good.

01:46:56.470 --> 01:46:58.010
Killing is something you need.

01:47:00.590 --> 01:47:03.330
And a person who is free from all views,

01:47:04.330 --> 01:47:07.010
a person who is capable of seeing that

01:47:07.010 --> 01:47:08.730
everything is everything else,

01:47:12.640 --> 01:47:15.840
will never have the desire to kill anymore.

01:47:19.020 --> 01:47:20.580
So you don't have to enforce.

01:47:23.170 --> 01:47:25.570
And that is why the mindfulness trainings

01:47:25.570 --> 01:47:27.530
have to be presented in such a way

01:47:28.550 --> 01:47:32.030
that can help the people to 
get the insight of interbeing.

01:47:32.930 --> 01:47:36.110
They can help the people to see that,

01:47:36.670 --> 01:47:37.790
to be caught in a view,

01:47:38.350 --> 01:47:39.810
whether that is a doctrine,

01:47:40.430 --> 01:47:41.490
an ideology,

01:47:41.810 --> 01:47:42.810
or a dogma.

01:47:44.810 --> 01:47:48.030
You are still caught in the double grasping.

01:47:48.690 --> 01:47:49.910
You are not free,

01:47:50.890 --> 01:47:53.050
and your action cannot be right.

01:47:55.890 --> 01:47:58.610
Otherwise, the person will continue to think,

01:47:59.070 --> 01:48:01.050
to believe that his action is right,

01:48:01.490 --> 01:48:02.850
in the name of God,

01:48:02.850 --> 01:48:06.230
in the name of the best of ideologies,

01:48:06.810 --> 01:48:08.150
in the name of best view.

01:48:09.790 --> 01:48:11.190
And in the Buddhist tradition,

01:48:11.750 --> 01:48:13.110
as we have seen it,

01:48:13.490 --> 01:48:15.810
right view is the absence,

01:48:16.470 --> 01:48:18.590
is the removal of all views.

01:48:20.910 --> 01:48:22.030
So our work,

01:48:22.610 --> 01:48:26.030
our working together for a global ethic,

01:48:28.280 --> 01:48:30.820
should be in the line of thinking that

01:48:30.820 --> 01:48:36.380
our ethic should be an ethic 
without dogmas, without views.

01:48:37.820 --> 01:48:41.820
And the Prajnaparamita Heart Sutra is the beacon.

01:48:42.780 --> 01:48:44.600
It's the light that shines on it.

01:48:45.140 --> 01:48:47.080
We have to transcend all kinds of views

01:48:47.820 --> 01:48:50.700
in order to have the real insight.

01:48:51.820 --> 01:48:52.660
And with that insight,

01:48:52.940 --> 01:48:54.580
there will be non-discrimination,

01:48:55.500 --> 01:48:56.100
tolerance,

01:48:56.980 --> 01:48:58.000
brotherhood, sisterhood.

01:48:58.920 --> 01:49:02.060
And then the practice of 
the five mindfulness trainings

01:49:02.060 --> 01:49:03.160
will be true practice.

01:49:03.160 --> 01:49:09.100
Because there is no one 
imposing the trainings on us,

01:49:09.400 --> 01:49:10.360
asking us to practice.

01:49:10.900 --> 01:49:12.920
Because we see that that is our path,

01:49:13.420 --> 01:49:14.340
that is our joy,

01:49:14.940 --> 01:49:16.020
that is our compassion,

01:49:16.240 --> 01:49:17.020
that is our love.

01:49:18.480 --> 01:49:21.500
So please help with this.

01:49:23.560 --> 01:49:28.260
Sister Pine has been joined with her brother,

01:49:30.160 --> 01:49:30.660
Michelle,

01:49:31.200 --> 01:49:31.700
brother,

01:49:32.380 --> 01:49:33.640
sister Anh Huong.

01:49:39.770 --> 01:49:43.700
And we need those of you who

01:49:48.370 --> 01:49:50.530
have the talent of editing

01:49:50.530 --> 01:49:56.770
in order to work on a revised version 
of the five mindfulness trainings.

01:50:01.010 --> 01:50:01.850
Where is she?

01:50:16.060 --> 01:50:17.240
In Upper Hamlet.

01:50:20.120 --> 01:50:21.640
Here is Sister Pine.

01:50:25.930 --> 01:50:26.890
Michelle, please come.

01:50:29.970 --> 01:50:30.810
Anh Huong, come.

01:50:32.410 --> 01:50:38.710
And Sister Kinh Nghiem proposed 
a sister in the Lower Hamlet.

01:50:38.850 --> 01:50:40.330
Her name is

01:50:44.010 --> 01:50:45.310
Tri

01:50:47.260 --> 01:50:47.760
Nghiem.

01:50:47.880 --> 01:50:48.620
Tri Nghiem, come.

01:50:51.630 --> 01:50:52.810
Anh Huong, come.

01:50:55.100 --> 01:50:56.640
We need some more volunteers.

01:51:01.980 --> 01:51:07.160
You know that during the winter retreat we have 
already worked during three months on this.

01:51:07.900 --> 01:51:10.460
And during the French retreat we have continued.

01:51:12.140 --> 01:51:15.880
And we continue with this retreat,

01:51:16.680 --> 01:51:18.060
collective meditation,

01:51:18.620 --> 01:51:19.680
collective insight,

01:51:20.480 --> 01:51:27.040
in order to offer a new version of the five 
trainings that can be used by non-Buddhists.

01:51:33.850 --> 01:51:35.190
Is sister Anh Huong here? Please come.

01:51:46.900 --> 01:51:50.460
And we have actually a working version

01:51:52.160 --> 01:51:57.520
of the five trainings,

01:52:05.470 --> 01:52:12.450
so that we can have the input from everyone.

01:52:17.120 --> 01:52:23.540
So the first training and all the other trainings
also should include the practice of

01:52:24.200 --> 01:52:27.360
we should not be caught in views,

01:52:32.320 --> 01:52:35.900
in the dualistic way of seeing things,

01:52:39.550 --> 01:52:43.510
so that we can remove all discrimination and fear.

01:52:45.410 --> 01:52:50.290
And that is the foundation of 
the practice of the training.

01:52:54.050 --> 01:52:55.970
So the training becomes a joy.

01:52:59.250 --> 01:53:01.770
The training becomes our love, our life,

01:53:02.630 --> 01:53:03.850
our happiness.

01:53:04.930 --> 01:53:06.850
And not something we have to do.

01:53:08.330 --> 01:53:17.810
It's like when we refrain from polluting

01:53:19.510 --> 01:53:21.110
the planet,

01:53:21.930 --> 01:53:26.370
when we refrain from eating much

01:53:28.320 --> 01:53:31.440
of the flesh of animals,

01:53:31.960 --> 01:53:34.340
we don't feel that we have to suffer.

01:53:34.740 --> 01:53:42.360
In fact we feel that we are very happy to 
be able to consume and to live in such a way

01:53:42.840 --> 01:53:48.000
that makes the future for the planet to be possible.

01:53:48.880 --> 01:53:50.640
So that is our love, our joy.

01:53:51.740 --> 01:53:56.260
And the five mindfulness trainings 
should be presented in such a way.

01:53:56.440 --> 01:53:57.940
Sister Tung Nghiem, you may say something.

01:54:26.860 --> 01:54:28.360
Dear respected teacher,

01:54:28.740 --> 01:54:30.120
dear noble community,

01:54:34.090 --> 01:54:37.270
we enjoyed very much during 
this past winter retreat,

01:54:38.210 --> 01:54:43.950
listening to Dharma talks of 
Thay about the global ethic

01:54:43.950 --> 01:54:47.350
and the cream of the Buddhist teaching

01:54:47.350 --> 01:54:51.510
and what we can contribute to a

01:54:54.000 --> 01:54:56.960
to a direction that everyone can say,

01:54:57.280 --> 01:54:58.720
yes, this is the way I want to go.

01:55:02.290 --> 01:55:07.210
And we also had the chance to do 
the same during the French retreat.

01:55:09.290 --> 01:55:13.190
After the winter retreat we made one draft,

01:55:13.430 --> 01:55:16.270
a new revision in February,

01:55:16.270 --> 01:55:25.530
and then after the French retreat we had 
a group of monastic and lay practitioners

01:55:25.710 --> 01:55:29.370
who sat together and made a revision in French.

01:55:32.130 --> 01:55:35.390
And very recently, just before this retreat started,

01:55:36.170 --> 01:55:38.110
we made another draft in English.

01:55:39.290 --> 01:55:42.690
So I think this is the working draft 
that Thay is speaking of now.

01:55:42.690 --> 01:55:48.770
But we are very happy to have 
so many deep looking friends

01:55:48.950 --> 01:55:53.130
and brothers and sisters here right now 
who can sit together again

01:55:53.690 --> 01:56:04.650
and find the most inspiring possible words

01:56:04.830 --> 01:56:08.470
for a world that is suffering 
and looking for a way out.

01:56:09.730 --> 01:56:10.510
Thank you.

01:56:10.720 --> 01:56:11.370
Is

01:56:16.900 --> 01:56:21.260
it possible for your group to report to us 
from time to time during the retreat?

01:56:21.540 --> 01:56:22.280
Yes, of course, dear Thay.

01:56:22.520 --> 01:56:23.920
And ask for inputs.

01:56:24.600 --> 01:56:25.080
Yes.

01:56:25.080 --> 01:56:26.900
And we also have...

01:56:26.900 --> 01:56:30.060
I heard that there were some other 
friends in Lower Hamlet, Miriam,

01:56:30.760 --> 01:56:32.160
and I heard Peggy also.

01:56:33.980 --> 01:56:37.720
And I think there were at least one or two 
other people that I've heard about

01:56:37.720 --> 01:56:38.680
and there may be others.

01:56:39.260 --> 01:56:40.780
Yes. Feel free to invite them.

01:56:43.890 --> 01:56:48.690
So of course, yes, we will be very 
happy to share our progress with Thay.

01:57:04.200 --> 01:57:06.200
And you are planning to meet when?

01:57:08.490 --> 01:57:10.130
Yes, that's the question.

01:57:11.270 --> 01:57:16.510
When we can meet from the three hamlets.

01:57:18.670 --> 01:57:20.930
I don't know if Thay has an idea for us.

01:57:22.190 --> 01:57:24.910
Thay has also already many ideas.

01:57:31.540 --> 01:57:36.160
I will try to come up with an approach,

01:57:36.500 --> 01:57:42.560
a proposal, and I will send to the other Hamlets 
for their announcements this evening.

01:57:45.000 --> 01:57:46.110
Okay.