0:01:07.420,0:01:10.560
I think we have enough copies for everyone.

0:01:19.770,0:01:21.650
We only have it in English.

0:01:23.850,0:01:26.950
So we shall try to have it in French,

0:01:27.710,0:01:28.470
German,

0:01:28.470,0:01:30.130
and so on later on.

0:01:31.510,0:01:35.771
And there may be friends [br]who would like to help translate.

0:01:39.280,0:01:42.480
Three kinds of approach to the problem of ethics.

0:01:44.307,0:01:47.257
And the first one is

0:01:50.734,0:01:54.080
the standpoint of religion,

0:01:55.180,0:01:56.860
theistic traditions.

0:01:57.880,0:02:02.280
The second is the so-called scientific approach.

0:02:03.560,0:02:06.700
And the third one is the

0:02:08.007,0:02:09.771
Buddhist approach.

0:02:22.860,0:02:26.440
First is the theistic traditions,

0:02:27.940,0:02:30.925
Judaism and Christianity.

0:02:39.020,0:02:44.660
Judaism and Christianity teach that [br]the world was created by a loving,

0:02:45.100,0:02:46.634
all-powerful God

0:02:47.706,0:02:50.466
to provide a home for us.

0:02:52.680,0:02:58.032
We in turn were created in [br]his image to be his children.

0:02:58.700,0:03:04.220
Thus the world is not [br]devoid of meaning and purpose.

0:03:05.620,0:03:10.940
It is instead the arena in which [br]God's plans and purposes are realized.

0:03:11.840,0:03:19.640
What could be more natural than to think that [br]morality is a part of a just view of the world?

0:03:20.080,0:03:25.720
Whereas the artistic world has no place for values.

0:03:26.760,0:03:31.440
In the major theistic traditions, including Judaism,

0:03:31.740,0:03:33.120
Christianity, and Islam,

0:03:33.900,0:03:40.700
God is conceived as a lawgiver who has [br]let down rules that we are to obey.

0:03:41.840,0:03:46.400
He does not compel us to obey them.

0:03:47.560,0:03:50.180
But we were created as free agents,

0:03:50.620,0:03:55.280
so we may choose to accept [br]or to reject his commandments.

0:03:57.112,0:04:00.492
But if we are to live as we should,

0:04:00.860,0:04:02.600
we must follow God's law.

0:04:06.720,0:04:15.900
This conception has been elaborated by some theologians [br]into a theory about the nature of right and wrong,

0:04:16.680,0:04:20.512
known as the divine command theory.

0:04:23.540,0:04:24.600
Essentially,

0:04:24.600,0:04:30.620
this theory says that morally right [br]is a matter of being commanded by God.

0:04:31.240,0:04:35.820
And morally wrong is a matter [br]of being forbidden by God.

0:04:37.260,0:04:42.340
That is the theistic approach.

0:04:45.000,0:04:50.520
And then we have Bertrand Russell's [br]scientific approach.

0:04:51.440,0:04:54.060
This was written in 1902,

0:04:55.513,0:04:57.173
more than 100 years ago,

0:04:58.193,0:05:00.653
in his book A Free Man's Worship.

0:05:02.032,0:05:10.692
That man is the product of causes which had [br]no prevision of the end they were achieving.

0:05:11.253,0:05:12.633
That his origin,

0:05:12.800,0:05:15.240
his growth, his hopes and fears,

0:05:15.766,0:05:22.326
his loves and his beliefs are but the outcome [br]of accidental collocations of atoms.

0:05:22.880,0:05:24.020
That no fire,

0:05:24.320,0:05:25.140
no heroism,

0:05:25.480,0:05:31.960
no intensity of thought and feeling [br]can preserve an individual life beyond the grave.

0:05:32.920,0:05:35.160
That all the labors of all the ages,

0:05:35.640,0:05:36.800
all the devotion,

0:05:37.620,0:05:38.640
all the inspiration,

0:05:39.480,0:05:41.740
all the noonday brightness of human genius

0:05:42.280,0:05:46.840
are destined to extinction in [br]the vast depth of the solar system.

0:05:47.320,0:05:52.914
And that the whole temple of man's [br]achievement must inevitably be buried

0:05:52.914,0:05:55.720
beneath the debris of a universe in ruins.

0:05:56.480,0:05:57.340
All these things,

0:05:58.040,0:06:00.060
if not quite beyond dispute,

0:06:00.660,0:06:02.320
are yet so nearly certain

0:06:02.880,0:06:06.620
that no philosophy which [br]rejects them can hope to stand.

0:06:07.760,0:06:10.260
Only within the scaffolding of this truth,

0:06:11.060,0:06:14.200
only on the firm foundation [br]of the unyielding despair,

0:06:14.540,0:06:19.060
can the soul habitation [br]henceforth be safely built.

0:06:21.070,0:06:22.235
Very strong.

0:06:26.760,0:06:28.125
So,

0:06:28.953,0:06:30.619
according to him,

0:06:30.880,0:06:31.939
coincidence

0:06:33.240,0:06:34.405
and

0:06:35.979,0:06:37.559
annihilation of man

0:06:37.980,0:06:40.645
after his appearance

0:06:47.386,0:06:50.586
is the opposite with the religious view.

0:06:51.220,0:06:56.799
Because in the religious view the soul is

0:06:59.029,0:07:00.569
immortal,

0:07:01.840,0:07:02.826
immortal,

0:07:03.680,0:07:05.045
permanent.

0:07:08.070,0:07:09.150
So,

0:07:09.150,0:07:11.656
one is the view of

0:07:12.190,0:07:13.470
of permanence,

0:07:14.210,0:07:15.030
immortality.

0:07:16.010,0:07:19.962
And the other is the view of annihilation.

0:07:22.070,0:07:23.070
The opposite views.

0:07:28.350,0:07:29.070
And one

0:07:29.490,0:07:31.542
is the view of

0:07:32.451,0:07:33.985
there's a

0:07:37.530,0:07:38.410
purpose,

0:07:39.130,0:07:39.670
a plan,

0:07:40.850,0:07:41.690
a project.

0:07:43.050,0:07:44.190
And the other

0:07:44.810,0:07:47.990
view is that just pure coincidence,

0:07:50.620,0:07:52.500
the collocation of atoms,

0:07:53.420,0:07:55.232
we are the product of

0:07:56.920,0:07:58.152
coincidence.

0:08:00.300,0:08:01.060
So it's

0:08:01.960,0:08:02.940
opposite views.

0:08:05.480,0:08:10.400
And there is another [br]scientific view that is more recent.

0:08:15.470,0:08:16.970
The universe is some

0:08:20.930,0:08:22.850
15 billion years old.

0:08:23.730,0:08:26.290
That is the time elapsed since the Big Bang.

0:08:27.290,0:08:31.810
And the earth itself was formed [br]about 4.6 billion years ago.

0:08:33.450,0:08:37.070
The evolution of life [br]on the planet was a slow process,

0:08:38.190,0:08:41.210
guided largely by natural selection.

0:08:43.450,0:08:44.670
The evolution of life,

0:08:45.310,0:08:49.010
the first humans appeared quite recently.

0:08:50.930,0:08:54.750
The extinction of great [br]dinosaurs 65 million years ago

0:08:55.830,0:09:01.250
left ecological room for [br]the evolution of the few little mammals

0:09:01.850,0:09:02.910
that were about.

0:09:03.870,0:09:06.990
And after 63 or 64 million more years,

0:09:07.930,0:09:11.530
one line of that evolution finally produced us.

0:09:12.450,0:09:14.870
In geological time,

0:09:15.610,0:09:16.110
we,

0:09:16.730,0:09:17.230
man,

0:09:17.470,0:09:18.790
arrived only yesterday.

0:09:21.110,0:09:23.710
But no sooner did our ancestors arrive,

0:09:24.230,0:09:28.390
then they began to think of themselves [br]as the most important things in all creation.

0:09:30.350,0:09:35.090
Some of them even imagined that the whole [br]universe had been made for their benefit.

0:09:36.230,0:09:39.870
Thus, when they began to develop [br]theories of right and wrong,

0:09:40.030,0:09:45.950
they held that the protection of their own interests [br]had a kind of ultimate and objective value.

0:09:47.050,0:09:49.050
The rest of creation,

0:09:49.270,0:09:51.570
the reason was intended for their use.

0:09:53.110,0:09:54.510
We know now better.

0:09:55.290,0:09:56.430
We now know better.

0:09:57.770,0:10:00.630
We now know that we exist by

0:10:01.970,0:10:03.210
evolutionary accident.

0:10:05.090,0:10:07.070
As one species among many

0:10:07.550,0:10:10.750
on a small and insignificant world

0:10:11.570,0:10:14.230
in one little corner of the cosmos.

0:10:14.830,0:10:17.790
The details of this picture are revised each year

0:10:18.290,0:10:19.910
as more is discovered,

0:10:20.370,0:10:23.230
but the main outline seems well established.

0:10:25.720,0:10:29.560
So the idea of coincidence still remains

0:10:30.360,0:10:32.380
in the so-called scientific world.

0:10:36.870,0:10:39.730
I think there are a few scientists who do not agree.

0:10:40.330,0:10:41.030
with that

0:10:42.090,0:10:42.810
coincidence.

0:10:55.120,0:10:59.620
And finally, we have the [br]Buddhist approach in just a few lines.

0:11:01.280,0:11:02.500
And this is what we

0:11:03.500,0:11:07.280
these few lines we use during the winter

0:11:08.560,0:11:10.140
the last winter retreat.

0:11:13.420,0:11:16.180
Both subject and object of perception

0:11:17.220,0:11:19.040
manifest from consciousness

0:11:20.080,0:11:22.180
according to the principle of inter-being.

0:11:23.840,0:11:28.340
Man is present in all things [br]and all things are present in man.

0:11:30.020,0:11:32.320
On the phenomenal level

0:11:32.960,0:11:34.320
there seem to be birth,

0:11:34.700,0:11:36.080
death, being and non-being.

0:11:36.940,0:11:41.000
But ontologically these notions [br]cannot be applied to reality.

0:11:42.440,0:11:45.700
The dynamic consciousness [br]is called karma energy.

0:11:46.680,0:11:50.260
Everything evolves according [br]to the principle of interdependence,

0:11:50.540,0:11:51.440
but there is free will

0:11:52.140,0:11:54.100
and the possibility to transform.

0:11:54.500,0:11:55.560
There is probability.

0:11:56.640,0:11:59.840
The one affects the all [br]and all affects the one.

0:12:00.500,0:12:03.900
Interbeing also means [br]impermanence, non-self, emptiness,

0:12:04.360,0:12:06.460
karma and countless world systems.

0:12:08.060,0:12:10.140
Right view allows right action

0:12:10.980,0:12:15.160
leading to the reduction of suffering [br]and the increase of happiness.

0:12:15.600,0:12:17.800
Happiness and suffering inter-are.

0:12:18.820,0:12:22.600
The ultimate reality transcends [br]notions of good and evil,

0:12:23.740,0:12:24.500
right and wrong.

0:12:27.280,0:12:27.900
So it's only

0:12:29.280,0:12:30.940
seven or eight lines.

0:13:31.680,0:13:32.740
Good morning,

0:13:33.800,0:13:34.580
dear Sangha.

0:13:37.820,0:13:38.880
Today is Sunday,

0:13:39.340,0:13:41.860
June the 7th, the year 2009.

0:13:42.800,0:13:45.400
And we are in the Assembly of Stars Meditation Hall,

0:13:45.680,0:13:48.360
Lower Hamlet during our 21-day retreat.

0:13:55.600,0:13:57.300
Yesterday we began with

0:13:58.060,0:13:58.920
right view.

0:14:00.900,0:14:02.600
We have heard that right view

0:14:03.360,0:14:05.360
is the absence of all views.

0:14:08.760,0:14:13.300
As far as you are still caught in one view,

0:14:13.480,0:14:14.400
you don't have right view.

0:14:35.950,0:14:39.750
And it is possible for us to

0:14:43.560,0:14:45.200
reveal all kinds of views

0:14:45.980,0:14:48.480
and to transcend all of them.

0:14:54.620,0:14:55.480
And

0:14:56.620,0:14:57.380
the noble

0:14:59.400,0:15:04.180
path consists of right view and

0:15:11.180,0:15:12.360
then right

0:15:13.400,0:15:14.320
thinking.

0:15:24.590,0:15:25.470
Right thinking

0:15:27.050,0:15:27.970
has

0:15:34.520,0:15:38.720
the connotation of right intention in it.

0:15:41.120,0:15:42.000
When you think,

0:15:42.560,0:15:45.320
you express also somehow your intention.

0:15:51.340,0:15:54.400
And then we have right speech,

0:15:59.620,0:16:00.320
right action.

0:16:06.320,0:16:09.040
Right action means right physical action,

0:16:09.660,0:16:10.480
bodily action.

0:16:12.180,0:16:15.040
Because thinking is a kind of action already.

0:16:16.780,0:16:19.120
Speaking is also a kind of action.

0:16:21.900,0:16:26.560
So right action here means [br]right physical bodily action.

0:16:39.520,0:16:40.100
Right...

0:16:44.360,0:16:45.360
Please help me.

0:16:57.780,0:16:58.360
Livelihood.

0:17:27.300,0:17:27.880
Diligence.

0:17:27.880,0:17:28.460
Diligence.

0:17:31.190,0:17:32.470
And then right mindfulness.

0:17:39.600,0:17:40.440
And then right

0:17:41.340,0:17:41.920
concentration.

0:17:47.500,0:17:48.060
And right view.

0:17:48.640,0:17:50.340
1, 2, 3, 4,

0:17:50.640,0:17:52.140
5, 6, 7, 8.

0:17:53.160,0:17:53.740
Complete.

0:18:04.000,0:18:05.140
We know that the

0:18:10.940,0:18:12.700
thinking,

0:18:13.060,0:18:13.600
the speaking,

0:18:13.940,0:18:15.940
and the acting is

0:18:22.050,0:18:22.710
what we

0:18:23.950,0:18:25.290
perform every day,

0:18:25.670,0:18:27.590
every moment of our daily life.

0:18:31.060,0:18:35.340
The value of our life depends [br]on the value of our thinking,

0:18:35.940,0:18:36.440
of our

0:18:37.300,0:18:38.460
speech and our

0:18:40.020,0:18:41.240
action.

0:18:43.780,0:18:44.280
And

0:18:47.240,0:18:48.340
in Buddhism

0:18:51.020,0:18:53.780
this is called triple action.

0:18:55.080,0:18:55.740
Triple action.

0:19:00.500,0:19:01.300
Because thinking

0:19:02.360,0:19:04.120
is the first kind of action.

0:19:05.740,0:19:07.720
Because thinking can affect the world.

0:19:10.080,0:19:11.240
If you think wrongly,

0:19:11.480,0:19:12.640
the world will be destroyed.

0:19:13.460,0:19:15.360
The world will suffer and you will suffer.

0:19:16.020,0:19:18.500
So that is why you have [br]to practice right thinking.

0:19:19.700,0:19:24.900
And when you produce a thought [br]in the line of right thinking,

0:19:25.880,0:19:27.860
a thought that has no discrimination,

0:19:29.140,0:19:30.700
a thought that goes along with

0:19:32.240,0:19:33.280
non-discrimination,

0:19:33.920,0:19:36.000
that goes along with interbeing,

0:19:37.260,0:19:38.640
understanding, forgiveness,

0:19:39.600,0:19:40.200
compassion,

0:19:44.120,0:19:46.580
that thought will have

0:19:46.580,0:19:49.920
an effect right away on yourself,

0:19:52.360,0:19:53.300
on your health,

0:19:54.640,0:19:55.140
and

0:19:55.640,0:19:56.520
on your mind,

0:19:57.440,0:19:58.660
and on the world.

0:20:03.850,0:20:04.690
And this is true.

0:20:07.580,0:20:09.580
Producing right thinking can heal yourself,

0:20:09.960,0:20:10.560
your body,

0:20:10.940,0:20:11.620
and your mind.

0:20:14.330,0:20:16.450
And if you think in the wrong way,

0:20:16.850,0:20:18.090
that destroys your body,

0:20:18.330,0:20:19.270
that destroys your mind.

0:20:20.230,0:20:25.370
So it's very important to learn [br]how to produce a thought of compassion,

0:20:26.250,0:20:27.090
a thought of

0:20:28.110,0:20:28.810
forgiveness,

0:20:29.590,0:20:30.990
a thought of understanding,

0:20:31.650,0:20:32.850
a thought of (non)discrimination.

0:20:34.210,0:20:35.410
And that is right thinking.

0:20:36.350,0:20:39.070
Right thinking can heal you and heal the world.

0:20:40.450,0:20:43.470
And good practitioners are capable of producing

0:20:44.830,0:20:46.150
right thoughts

0:20:47.170,0:20:48.250
at every moment.

0:20:50.370,0:20:51.970
And because we have right view,

0:20:52.150,0:20:53.630
that is why it's so easy,

0:20:54.210,0:20:57.010
it's so natural that our thinking will be right.

0:20:59.230,0:21:01.570
And right view does not have discrimination.

0:21:02.930,0:21:03.910
Right view is

0:21:04.730,0:21:05.370
the

0:21:06.870,0:21:09.030
insight of non-duality,

0:21:10.230,0:21:10.870
interbeing,

0:21:11.430,0:21:12.110
non-discrimination.

0:21:16.320,0:21:17.220
And that is why

0:21:22.800,0:21:23.440
thinking

0:21:25.200,0:21:26.580
can change the world.

0:21:27.980,0:21:29.580
We have to learn

0:21:30.540,0:21:31.560
the art of

0:21:32.220,0:21:33.000
right thinking.

0:21:34.380,0:21:36.420
Speaking also can change the world.

0:21:38.120,0:21:38.620
If

0:21:39.580,0:21:42.080
we are capable of saying something,

0:21:42.920,0:21:44.380
of writing something,

0:21:47.050,0:21:49.550
in the line of compassion, understanding,

0:21:50.130,0:21:50.990
non-discrimination,

0:21:51.470,0:21:52.210
all-embracing,

0:21:53.670,0:21:56.250
we feel wonderful in our body, in our mind.

0:21:58.950,0:22:00.390
And that kind of

0:22:01.630,0:22:04.590
right speech will have a healing effect.

0:22:05.270,0:22:07.850
After you have been able to say something kind,

0:22:08.570,0:22:09.190
forgiving,

0:22:09.630,0:22:10.130
compassionate,

0:22:10.830,0:22:12.050
you feel much better.

0:22:14.210,0:22:17.670
When you write such a letter [br]full of compassion and forgiveness,

0:22:18.370,0:22:19.710
you are feeling very well

0:22:20.330,0:22:21.330
within yourself,

0:22:21.750,0:22:24.130
although the other person has not read it.

0:22:25.350,0:22:27.010
You have not posted the letter,

0:22:27.510,0:22:29.030
you have not sent the email,

0:22:29.410,0:22:30.790
but you feel liberated,

0:22:31.010,0:22:32.450
you feel wonderful already.

0:22:33.130,0:22:35.190
So right speech also can heal,

0:22:36.450,0:22:37.810
can liberate.

0:22:39.730,0:22:42.570
And healing yourself, liberate yourself,

0:22:43.050,0:22:46.670
and help to heal other people in the world.

0:22:47.550,0:22:49.550
That is the second form of action.

0:22:50.490,0:22:53.510
And the third form of action is a bodily

0:22:54.270,0:22:54.950
action.

0:22:56.290,0:23:00.270
If you are able to do something in the line of

0:23:01.230,0:23:01.750
saving,

0:23:02.070,0:23:02.610
supporting,

0:23:02.910,0:23:03.490
protecting,

0:23:05.990,0:23:06.570
comforting,

0:23:07.250,0:23:08.390
rescuing, saving,

0:23:10.150,0:23:12.730
you feel wonderful within yourself.

0:23:16.380,0:23:18.600
And you get the effect right away.

0:23:22.340,0:23:24.140
And that is a triple action.

0:23:25.880,0:23:27.260
It comprises

0:23:37.080,0:23:37.980
the body,

0:23:38.780,0:23:39.720
involves the body,

0:23:41.140,0:23:43.940
it involves the mouth,

0:23:44.820,0:23:45.600
the speech,

0:23:46.660,0:23:47.480
and it involves

0:23:48.380,0:23:50.320
your mind consciousness.

0:23:51.480,0:23:53.440
And this kind of action,

0:23:54.000,0:23:55.440
we call it karma.

0:23:56.480,0:23:57.700
Karma means action.

0:24:08.620,0:24:10.540
When it is action,

0:24:10.680,0:24:11.940
we call it karma hetu,

0:24:12.940,0:24:13.840
karma cause.

0:24:28.660,0:24:30.480
And when it is the fruit,

0:24:32.690,0:24:33.770
we call it karmaphala,

0:24:38.740,0:24:41.380
the fruit of the consequence,

0:24:42.440,0:24:45.140
the fruit of your action.

0:24:50.180,0:24:53.800
There's a French philosopher called Jean-Paul Sartre.

0:24:54.980,0:24:56.260
He said that

0:24:57.060,0:25:00.240
man is the sum of all his actions.

0:25:01.280,0:25:03.120
L'homme est la somme de ses actes.

0:25:03.560,0:25:05.100
He's very close to this.

0:25:07.710,0:25:09.710
And if we understand act,

0:25:11.370,0:25:12.130
action,

0:25:13.330,0:25:15.030
as a triple action,

0:25:15.950,0:25:16.930
the way we think,

0:25:18.110,0:25:19.210
the way we speak,

0:25:19.790,0:25:20.290
and the way

0:25:21.390,0:25:22.810
we do things.

0:25:26.330,0:25:27.630
When we observe

0:25:28.450,0:25:30.010
an orange tree,

0:25:32.390,0:25:33.270
we see that

0:25:34.130,0:25:39.110
the orange tree wants to propagate [br]beautiful leaves, beautiful blossoms,

0:25:39.730,0:25:40.650
and beautiful oranges.

0:25:40.650,0:25:41.150
Yes.

0:25:42.870,0:25:45.110
If the orange tree is healthy,

0:25:45.610,0:25:47.770
then she can produce these kind of things.

0:25:48.250,0:25:49.570
Very beautiful leaves,

0:25:50.290,0:25:52.030
very beautiful orange blossoms,

0:25:52.650,0:25:55.610
and very delicious oranges.

0:25:59.170,0:25:59.970
And we humans,

0:26:00.870,0:26:02.150
what we can offer

0:26:02.970,0:26:04.010
is our thinking,

0:26:04.330,0:26:06.010
our speech, and our action.

0:26:07.010,0:26:09.670
It is possible to offer the best kind of thinking,

0:26:10.290,0:26:11.610
the best kind of

0:26:12.310,0:26:12.810
speech,

0:26:13.290,0:26:16.190
and the best kind of action,

0:26:17.050,0:26:19.290
because that is our continuation.

0:26:21.010,0:26:22.130
When we think,

0:26:22.850,0:26:26.090
when we speak, when we do things, we produce.

0:26:27.650,0:26:30.800
That is the outcome of our being.

0:26:32.750,0:26:34.190
That's our product.

0:26:35.820,0:26:37.890
And they will not be lost,

0:26:38.390,0:26:41.130
they will continue in the cosmos.

0:26:41.920,0:26:43.670
The effect of our thinking,

0:26:44.010,0:26:45.050
the effect of our speech,

0:26:45.610,0:26:47.410
and the effect of our action will continue.

0:26:48.430,0:26:50.570
Whether this body is still there,

0:26:50.910,0:26:51.590
or it has

0:26:52.470,0:26:53.150
disintegrated,

0:26:53.650,0:26:54.870
our action continues.

0:26:58.220,0:26:59.260
Karma continues.

0:26:59.920,0:27:00.840
Karma as

0:27:02.940,0:27:03.620
energy,

0:27:05.060,0:27:07.200
karma cause, karma effect,

0:27:07.560,0:27:08.060
continues.

0:27:09.500,0:27:12.320
When you produce a thought,

0:27:14.760,0:27:16.760
that thought you have produced

0:27:17.480,0:27:18.720
bears your signature.

0:27:19.620,0:27:21.640
It's you who have produced that thought.

0:27:22.880,0:27:25.740
You are responsible for that thought.

0:27:26.880,0:27:28.760
If it is a thought of compassion,

0:27:29.120,0:27:29.620
forgiveness,

0:27:31.080,0:27:31.780
non-discrimination,

0:27:35.930,0:27:37.310
you will continue beautifully,

0:27:38.150,0:27:40.390
because it has your signature in it.

0:27:41.570,0:27:42.690
You are the author

0:27:43.270,0:27:44.030
of the action.

0:27:46.060,0:27:48.620
If you say something in the line of

0:27:49.280,0:27:49.880
forgiveness,

0:27:50.700,0:27:51.200
compassion,

0:27:51.520,0:27:52.120
non-discrimination,

0:27:53.320,0:27:55.800
and what you say has your signature in it.

0:27:56.380,0:27:57.440
You cannot say that,

0:27:57.960,0:27:59.080
"No, I have not said that."

0:27:59.180,0:28:00.140
You have said that.

0:28:01.980,0:28:04.620
There's a signature, your signature in it.

0:28:04.920,0:28:06.060
You cannot deny that.

0:28:06.800,0:28:08.060
And action, the same.

0:28:09.140,0:28:12.040
Whatever you have done bears your signatures.

0:28:13.260,0:28:14.360
And they have

0:28:15.340,0:28:16.680
gone to the cosmos.

0:28:17.860,0:28:19.000
They are always there.

0:28:20.140,0:28:22.420
So even if this body is no longer there,

0:28:22.860,0:28:23.820
you continue.

0:28:26.820,0:28:29.780
So to say that when this body disintegrates,

0:28:29.880,0:28:30.680
you are no longer there,

0:28:30.840,0:28:31.860
is a wrong view.

0:28:33.780,0:28:39.340
So the so-called scientific view [br]that there's nothing left after the

0:28:39.980,0:28:41.180
disintegration of the body,

0:28:41.400,0:28:42.500
that's a wrong view.

0:28:45.090,0:28:46.270
According to

0:28:46.590,0:28:47.630
Buddhist wisdom,

0:28:48.950,0:28:51.230
the view of immortality,

0:28:53.030,0:28:53.630
impermanence,

0:28:54.750,0:28:55.330
is a wrong view.

0:28:56.490,0:28:57.070
Because

0:28:58.150,0:28:59.390
according to our

0:29:01.270,0:29:01.850
observation,

0:29:02.430,0:29:04.070
everything is impermanent,

0:29:04.410,0:29:06.150
everything is changing.

0:29:07.190,0:29:08.810
Nothing can be the same

0:29:09.770,0:29:10.350
forever.

0:29:12.390,0:29:14.150
So permanence,

0:29:15.310,0:29:16.690
is not the truth.

0:29:20.550,0:29:21.530
But to say that

0:29:22.910,0:29:25.030
when we die, there is nothing left,

0:29:26.290,0:29:27.790
is also a wrong view.

0:29:29.940,0:29:33.700
And that is also a pair of opposites.

0:29:53.580,0:29:54.260
Permanence,

0:29:58.380,0:29:59.120
immortality,

0:30:00.960,0:30:02.040
and annihilation.

0:30:18.970,0:30:20.970
Immortality is a wrong view.

0:30:22.310,0:30:23.430
Because so far,

0:30:24.230,0:30:25.390
we have not seen anything

0:30:27.510,0:30:28.550
like that.

0:30:30.840,0:30:33.420
Everything you observe is impermanent,

0:30:35.880,0:30:36.760
always changing.

0:30:40.840,0:30:42.860
But annihilation is also

0:30:43.960,0:30:45.100
a wrong view.

0:30:46.980,0:30:49.900
Suppose we speak of the death of a cloud.

0:30:53.400,0:30:57.780
You look up in the sky and you don't [br]see your beloved cloud anymore.

0:30:58.660,0:31:01.640
And you cry, "Oh my beloved cloud,

0:31:02.800,0:31:04.280
you are no longer there.

0:31:04.800,0:31:06.480
How can I survive without you?"

0:31:07.220,0:31:07.940
And you cry.

0:31:10.590,0:31:12.430
You are thinking of the cloud as

0:31:13.030,0:31:14.350
having passed from

0:31:14.870,0:31:16.730
being into non-being,

0:31:17.770,0:31:18.790
from existence

0:31:19.350,0:31:20.730
into non-existence.

0:31:23.200,0:31:26.100
But in fact, it is impossible for a cloud to die.

0:31:27.300,0:31:31.180
To die means from something [br]you suddenly become nothing at all.

0:31:32.480,0:31:34.360
To die means from someone

0:31:34.360,0:31:36.660
you suddenly become no one.

0:31:39.760,0:31:41.720
But this is not the case of the cloud.

0:31:42.680,0:31:44.140
A cloud cannot become nothing.

0:31:45.360,0:31:48.720
It is possible for a cloud to become rain, or snow,

0:31:49.300,0:31:49.800
or fog,

0:31:52.530,0:31:53.730
or vapor,

0:31:54.410,0:31:55.210
water vapor.

0:31:56.370,0:31:59.330
But it's not possible for [br]a cloud to become nothing.

0:32:02.920,0:32:06.440
And that is why the view of [br]annihilation is a wrong view.

0:32:09.370,0:32:10.750
If you are a scientist,

0:32:11.610,0:32:13.030
and if you think that

0:32:14.910,0:32:16.470
after the disintegration

0:32:17.010,0:32:20.290
of this body, you are no longer there, [br]you become nothing,

0:32:20.650,0:32:22.710
you have passed from being to non-being,

0:32:22.790,0:32:24.150
you are not a very good scientist.

0:32:24.670,0:32:27.130
Because that is against evidence.

0:32:29.510,0:32:32.150
There is a French scientist who said that nothing

0:32:33.230,0:32:34.150
can die.

0:32:38.180,0:32:39.700
His name is Lavoisier.

0:32:40.860,0:32:42.060
Rien ne se crée,

0:32:42.380,0:32:43.140
rien ne se perd.

0:32:45.340,0:32:47.180
And you know that he's not a Buddhist.

0:32:50.140,0:32:51.020
Rien ne se crée,[br][ Nothing is created ]

0:32:51.360,0:32:52.040
rien ne se perd.[br][ Nothing can die ]

0:32:52.220,0:32:52.720
Nothing

0:32:53.120,0:32:54.100
is created,

0:32:54.740,0:32:55.520
is born.

0:32:55.860,0:32:56.640
Nothing can die.

0:32:57.300,0:32:59.000
And that is the nature of everything.

0:32:59.620,0:33:00.780
No birth, no death.

0:33:02.400,0:33:06.340
Because birth and death again is a pair of notions.

0:33:12.750,0:33:13.970
The cloud in the sky

0:33:17.120,0:33:18.760
is a new manifestation

0:33:20.000,0:33:22.860
before assuming the form of a cloud.

0:33:23.360,0:33:24.580
The cloud had been

0:33:26.680,0:33:27.820
water vapor.

0:33:28.720,0:33:31.200
The cloud had been water in the ocean

0:33:32.140,0:33:32.640
and

0:33:33.380,0:33:34.380
the heat

0:33:35.500,0:33:39.160
of the sun created by the sunshine,

0:33:39.480,0:33:40.700
the sunlight.

0:33:42.260,0:33:46.280
So that is, you can call it her previous life.

0:33:46.920,0:33:49.160
In her previous life the cloud had been

0:33:50.140,0:33:51.620
the water in the ocean,

0:33:53.540,0:33:55.300
the heat and so on.

0:33:56.420,0:33:58.640
So being a cloud is only a continuation.

0:33:59.300,0:34:01.100
A cloud has not come from nothing.

0:34:02.100,0:34:03.220
A cloud always

0:34:03.880,0:34:05.100
comes from something.

0:34:07.430,0:34:08.450
So there's no birth,

0:34:08.790,0:34:09.930
there's only a continuation.

0:34:15.080,0:34:15.760
And that is why

0:34:16.620,0:34:20.160
when we celebrate the birthday of someone instead of

0:34:20.700,0:34:22.840
singing happy birthday to you,

0:34:23.280,0:34:26.880
it may be better to sing happy continuation day to you.

0:34:28.540,0:34:29.800
That's not your beginning.

0:34:30.640,0:34:31.920
Your birth is not your beginning.

0:34:32.720,0:34:34.120
That's only your continuation.

0:34:34.720,0:34:36.500
Because you have been before that.

0:34:37.100,0:34:38.880
You have been there before your birth

0:34:39.540,0:34:40.780
in other forms.

0:34:43.380,0:34:44.740
Like this piece of paper.

0:34:46.220,0:34:46.820
Before

0:34:47.540,0:34:50.460
this piece of paper appeared in this form, before

0:34:53.600,0:34:55.740
it had been something else.

0:34:57.220,0:34:59.160
It has not come from nothing,

0:34:59.640,0:35:00.600
because from nothing

0:35:01.920,0:35:03.460
you cannot become something.

0:35:05.500,0:35:08.060
And looking as a meditator,

0:35:08.240,0:35:12.300
we can look into the sheet of paper [br]and we see the forest, the trees,

0:35:13.780,0:35:16.200
the earth, the soil,

0:35:16.840,0:35:17.940
the rain,

0:35:18.720,0:35:20.540
the cloud that nourish the trees.

0:35:21.820,0:35:23.280
So the previous life

0:35:23.550,0:35:25.360
of the sheet of paper you can see.

0:35:28.610,0:35:31.690
Looking into a sheet of paper you can see

0:35:32.150,0:35:33.010
the cloud,

0:35:33.810,0:35:34.630
the earth,

0:35:35.290,0:35:35.970
the trees,

0:35:36.830,0:35:37.630
the paper mill.

0:35:39.030,0:35:40.370
And that is where

0:35:42.750,0:35:44.650
the sheet of paper comes.

0:35:46.540,0:35:49.100
So the sheet of paper has not come from nothing.

0:35:51.080,0:35:56.640
And the manifestation as a sheet of [br]paper is only a new manifestation.

0:35:57.940,0:35:59.480
Not really a birth.

0:36:00.280,0:36:01.880
Because to be born means

0:36:02.460,0:36:04.780
from nothing you suddenly become something.

0:36:05.320,0:36:08.600
From no one you suddenly become someone.

0:36:09.540,0:36:14.160
So the nature of this sheet of [br]paper is the nature of no birth.

0:36:21.250,0:36:24.670
And it is impossible for [br]the sheet of paper to die.

0:36:28.270,0:36:28.910
When you

0:36:29.670,0:36:30.990
burn this sheet of paper

0:36:33.170,0:36:34.830
and you observe,

0:36:35.650,0:36:38.590
you see that the sheet of paper [br]will be transformed into smoke,

0:36:39.930,0:36:40.430
vapor,

0:36:41.990,0:36:42.490
and ash,

0:36:43.090,0:36:43.630
and heat.

0:36:44.990,0:36:47.370
And that heat is energy.

0:36:48.390,0:36:50.310
There's smoke coming up, water,

0:36:53.080,0:36:53.580
and

0:36:54.960,0:36:56.000
the ash

0:36:56.800,0:36:57.560
going down.

0:36:58.960,0:37:00.780
The sheet of paper will continue.

0:37:03.160,0:37:04.120
So to say that

0:37:07.380,0:37:09.840
after the disintegration of the body,

0:37:10.480,0:37:11.460
there is nothing more.

0:37:12.460,0:37:13.400
There's nothing left.

0:37:14.180,0:37:15.920
It is a wrong view called

0:37:16.480,0:37:18.180
the view of annihilation.

0:37:36.000,0:37:39.550
So right thinking is a kind of

0:37:39.940,0:37:42.420
thinking that is based on right view.

0:37:43.480,0:37:44.240
And right thinking

0:37:44.670,0:37:45.420
is

0:37:48.270,0:37:49.370
free from fear,

0:37:49.950,0:37:50.770
from discrimination,

0:37:51.530,0:37:52.090
and so on.

0:38:11.540,0:38:19.340
We know that with the

0:38:23.270,0:38:26.030
insight of interbeing,

0:38:26.350,0:38:29.270
the insight of no self,

0:38:30.050,0:38:31.130
the insight of

0:38:34.720,0:38:35.620
non-duality,

0:38:38.250,0:38:38.890
the thinking

0:38:40.230,0:38:42.530
will have a chance to be right thinking.

0:38:42.930,0:38:44.290
The speaking will have the

0:38:46.910,0:38:48.450
chance to be right speech.

0:38:49.010,0:38:51.450
And the action will have the right,

0:38:52.410,0:38:55.010
the chance to be right action.

0:39:00.720,0:39:01.220
And

0:39:02.620,0:39:05.440
every thought, every speech,

0:39:06.160,0:39:08.960
every act of ours bear our signature.

0:39:09.960,0:39:11.440
And it will continue.

0:39:12.660,0:39:14.780
It will continue with our karma.

0:39:16.440,0:39:17.360
And that is why

0:39:20.340,0:39:27.780
the notion of immortality [br]and the notion of annihilation

0:39:28.880,0:39:30.160
are just notions.

0:39:31.080,0:39:32.520
And they have to...

0:39:32.520,0:39:36.390
The view of permanence and the view of [br]annihilation should be transcended

0:39:37.080,0:39:38.100
in order for

0:39:39.650,0:39:41.180
us to have the right view.

0:39:42.020,0:39:44.400
Right view is the absence of views,

0:39:44.980,0:39:48.520
including the views of permanence [br]and the views of annihilation.

0:39:51.220,0:39:56.060
We have lost someone who is very close to us.

0:39:59.380,0:40:01.320
We are grieving his or her

0:40:01.940,0:40:02.500
death.

0:40:02.920,0:40:03.800
We have to look again.

0:40:04.720,0:40:07.300
And that person still continues

0:40:07.960,0:40:08.560
somehow.

0:40:11.940,0:40:16.080
And we can do something in order to help [br]him or her to continue more beautifully.

0:40:18.630,0:40:21.550
He or she is still alive in us and around us.

0:40:23.270,0:40:25.750
With the new way of looking,

0:40:26.010,0:40:29.770
we can still recognize him or her around very well.

0:40:30.990,0:40:32.610
The way we recognize

0:40:34.230,0:40:35.430
our beloved

0:40:36.490,0:40:39.410
cloud in the cup of tea.

0:40:40.090,0:40:41.550
When you drink your cup of tea

0:40:42.210,0:40:43.830
with mindfulness and concentration,

0:40:44.190,0:40:45.910
you can get the insight

0:40:46.710,0:40:49.050
that the cloud is your tea.

0:40:49.450,0:40:50.450
Very close.

0:40:51.750,0:40:53.990
You have never lost him or her.

0:40:54.890,0:40:56.010
She is still alive.

0:40:56.270,0:40:57.270
Very close.

0:40:58.270,0:41:00.450
And maybe in a more beautiful form

0:41:01.470,0:41:03.110
or different forms than

0:41:04.150,0:41:05.270
in the past.

0:41:06.110,0:41:07.830
So that is the kind of vision,

0:41:08.150,0:41:09.090
that is the kind of

0:41:10.370,0:41:14.290
insight that we should have [br]in order to overcome grief.

0:41:17.030,0:41:19.290
Because we think that we have lost him,

0:41:19.650,0:41:20.730
we have lost her.

0:41:23.220,0:41:25.900
But that person has not died, [br]has not disappeared.

0:41:28.160,0:41:29.880
She continues, he continues

0:41:30.450,0:41:31.720
in her new forms.

0:41:33.420,0:41:36.520
And you have to practice looking deeply [br]in order to recognize

0:41:37.100,0:41:39.120
her continuation, his continuation,

0:41:39.680,0:41:40.660
and support that.

0:41:41.260,0:41:43.580
And by producing right thought,

0:41:44.080,0:41:45.520
right speech, and right thinking,

0:41:45.860,0:41:47.700
we can support him or her.

0:41:48.560,0:41:50.480
Darling, I know you are there somehow.

0:41:51.360,0:41:52.700
Very real to me.

0:41:53.320,0:41:54.380
I'm breathing for you.

0:41:55.100,0:41:56.840
I'm looking around for you.

0:42:00.520,0:42:03.340
I enjoy life for you.

0:42:03.800,0:42:05.000
And I know that

0:42:06.180,0:42:08.080
you are there, still there.

0:42:08.800,0:42:10.240
You are very close to me,

0:42:10.520,0:42:11.480
and you are in me.

0:42:15.150,0:42:16.890
And we can transform our suffering.

0:42:17.590,0:42:18.770
We can feel much better.

0:42:19.750,0:42:20.910
We want to have right view.

0:42:33.800,0:42:36.080
When we come to right mindfulness,

0:42:48.220,0:42:49.580
samyak-smṛti,

0:42:54.480,0:42:55.560
chánh niệm,

0:43:01.740,0:43:02.860
we know that

0:43:04.560,0:43:05.920
together with

0:43:06.800,0:43:08.000
right concentration,

0:43:09.140,0:43:12.280
mindfulness can help bring right view.

0:43:15.850,0:43:17.970
When you practice right mindfulness,

0:43:19.630,0:43:20.770
you bring about

0:43:21.830,0:43:22.890
good concentration.

0:43:24.830,0:43:25.890
And with good concentration,

0:43:26.170,0:43:27.490
you can break through,

0:43:28.610,0:43:30.910
you can understand reality as it is.

0:43:32.150,0:43:34.030
You overcome all wrong views,

0:43:34.450,0:43:36.430
and you get right view,

0:43:36.970,0:43:38.070
which is insight.

0:43:38.870,0:43:42.090
And it is that insight [br]that liberates you from fear,

0:43:42.910,0:43:43.410
and despair,

0:43:44.850,0:43:45.950
and anger.

0:43:47.990,0:43:49.870
In Buddhism, we speak of liberation,

0:43:51.510,0:43:52.230
salvation,

0:43:52.650,0:43:53.970
in terms of understanding.

0:43:55.970,0:43:57.210
It is understanding,

0:43:57.870,0:43:58.750
right understanding.

0:43:59.050,0:44:00.830
It is right view that liberates us.

0:44:03.760,0:44:06.480
And we know that insight, understanding,

0:44:07.160,0:44:09.320
is possible only with

0:44:09.960,0:44:12.020
the energy of mindfulness and concentration.

0:44:13.800,0:44:14.600
And that is why

0:44:16.100,0:44:16.820
practitioners

0:44:17.920,0:44:20.980
of Buddhist meditation are those who

0:44:21.560,0:44:24.160
generate the energy of mindfulness [br]in their daily life,

0:44:25.040,0:44:25.920
and practice,

0:44:28.020,0:44:32.720
concentrated on the object of their mind.

0:44:33.700,0:44:34.200
And then

0:44:34.960,0:44:37.920
by doing so, they get the right view that will

0:44:38.520,0:44:40.080
help them to transform,

0:44:41.080,0:44:43.520
to be liberated from their fear,

0:44:43.880,0:44:44.500
their anger.

0:44:46.590,0:44:48.400
Suppose you have the fear of dying,

0:44:51.430,0:44:51.930
and if

0:44:53.350,0:44:56.970
you touch the nature of no birth and no death,

0:44:58.610,0:45:00.270
you can remove that fear.

0:45:01.450,0:45:02.130
And that is why

0:45:02.770,0:45:03.610
your savior

0:45:04.830,0:45:06.030
is right view,

0:45:06.450,0:45:07.190
is insight.

0:45:07.690,0:45:11.770
And that is the outcome of your [br]practice of mindfulness and concentration.

0:45:14.640,0:45:16.140
In the beginning of our retreat,

0:45:17.540,0:45:18.200
we have

0:45:20.200,0:45:22.120
defined what mindfulness is,

0:45:24.760,0:45:26.660
and we said that mindfulness is

0:45:28.440,0:45:31.100
the kind of energy that can help bring

0:45:31.800,0:45:33.280
our mind back to our body,

0:45:33.820,0:45:35.640
so that we can be established

0:45:36.200,0:45:37.640
well in the present moment,

0:45:38.140,0:45:38.920
so that we can

0:45:39.520,0:45:42.720
get in touch with life and [br]the wonders of life deeply,

0:45:43.100,0:45:44.460
so that we can live truly

0:45:45.200,0:45:45.900
our life.

0:45:48.500,0:45:49.000
Mindfulness

0:45:49.620,0:45:52.440
allowed us to be aware of what is going on

0:45:52.440,0:45:55.300
in the present moment, in our body,

0:45:55.860,0:45:57.060
in our feelings,

0:45:57.720,0:45:59.020
in our perceptions,

0:46:02.190,0:46:02.910
in the world.

0:46:03.890,0:46:04.910
And that is mindfulness.

0:46:05.830,0:46:08.130
But why there is the word right mindfulness?

0:46:08.130,0:46:13.210
Right mindfulness is there because [br]there is wrong mindfulness.

0:46:17.440,0:46:19.160
You keep thinking of the things that

0:46:20.060,0:46:21.920
can bring you sorrow and fear.

0:46:26.590,0:46:28.010
You have suffered in the past.

0:46:29.610,0:46:31.390
And the memories of your suffering

0:46:32.090,0:46:33.150
in the past

0:46:34.150,0:46:35.470
continue to be there.

0:46:36.470,0:46:38.390
And you tend to go back to the past.

0:46:39.150,0:46:41.850
You review, you watch the film of the past.

0:46:42.750,0:46:48.590
And every time you get in touch with [br]pictures and films of the past, you suffer again.

0:46:50.370,0:46:56.190
Suppose you were abused as a child [br]at the age of five or ten.

0:46:57.490,0:46:59.010
And you suffered so much.

0:47:00.150,0:47:01.270
You felt that

0:47:01.650,0:47:02.550
you were helpless.

0:47:05.820,0:47:08.060
You had no means to defend yourself.

0:47:10.450,0:47:11.250
They abused you.

0:47:12.670,0:47:13.650
You are fragile.

0:47:15.370,0:47:16.470
You are vulnerable.

0:47:17.510,0:47:20.810
You were so afraid you did not [br]know how to protect yourself.

0:47:25.010,0:47:27.250
And that kind of suffering

0:47:28.310,0:47:29.270
was created.

0:47:29.930,0:47:31.630
And then you have a memory of it.

0:47:31.870,0:47:32.510
There is a film,

0:47:33.090,0:47:33.970
there is a picture

0:47:35.190,0:47:36.810
stored in your consciousness.

0:47:37.310,0:47:40.350
In your store consciousness.

0:47:41.650,0:47:44.030
And every time you go home to the past

0:47:44.670,0:47:47.730
and look at that picture or [br]watch that film, you suffer again.

0:47:48.350,0:47:51.030
You continue to be abused again, even when

0:47:52.170,0:47:53.870
you have grown up.

0:47:54.730,0:47:58.070
You have grown up to be an adult.

0:47:58.750,0:48:01.150
You are now capable of defending yourself.

0:48:01.630,0:48:03.530
You are capable of using telephone.

0:48:03.770,0:48:05.450
You are capable of calling the police.

0:48:05.850,0:48:06.430
You know that.

0:48:08.790,0:48:12.410
You are no longer that child that was fragile.

0:48:15.170,0:48:15.690
And

0:48:17.590,0:48:18.350
vulnerable.

0:48:20.150,0:48:22.850
Without means to defend yourself.

0:48:23.690,0:48:25.770
You are no longer that little child.

0:48:27.350,0:48:30.680
And yet you continue to suffer [br]the suffering of the child.

0:48:31.930,0:48:32.550
Because

0:48:33.970,0:48:35.490
you practice wrong mindfulness.

0:48:36.130,0:48:39.270
You always go back to the memories of the past.

0:48:40.170,0:48:42.310
You feel more comfortable going

0:48:43.110,0:48:44.790
home to the past.

0:48:46.690,0:48:50.550
While right mindfulness wants you [br]to be in the here and the now.

0:48:51.310,0:48:52.250
Forget the past.

0:48:52.810,0:48:56.190
Get rid of the past in order to [br]live your life in the present moment.

0:48:57.870,0:49:01.210
And there must be ways for you [br]to stick to the present moment.

0:49:02.490,0:49:04.310
For you not to

0:49:05.590,0:49:07.630
slide back into the past and suffer.

0:49:08.830,0:49:10.970
Suppose someone slapped you on the face

0:49:12.010,0:49:13.070
20 years ago.

0:49:14.890,0:49:18.290
And that was recorded as a picture.

0:49:19.830,0:49:20.890
And our subconsciousness,

0:49:21.190,0:49:25.010
our store consciousness stores a lot of [br]films and pictures of the past.

0:49:26.590,0:49:27.470
And pictures are,

0:49:27.910,0:49:30.030
films are always projected there.

0:49:30.770,0:49:32.110
And pictures are stored there.

0:49:32.590,0:49:34.730
And you have the tendency to go back

0:49:36.470,0:49:37.570
and watch them.

0:49:38.250,0:49:39.210
And continue to suffer.

0:49:39.910,0:49:44.910
Every time you saw that picture you are slapped again,[br]and slapped again, slapped again.

0:49:47.520,0:49:48.260
But that

0:49:49.020,0:49:50.320
that is only the past.

0:49:52.850,0:49:53.610
You are no longer

0:49:54.350,0:49:55.370
in the past.

0:49:55.630,0:49:56.750
You are in the present moment.

0:49:57.550,0:49:58.810
That is why right mindfulness

0:49:59.590,0:50:01.050
is the practice that helps you

0:50:01.590,0:50:02.910
to be in the present moment.

0:50:08.180,0:50:09.620
That did happen in the past.

0:50:10.020,0:50:11.680
But the past is already gone.

0:50:12.280,0:50:14.420
It's only pictures and memories.

0:50:15.680,0:50:18.760
And if you keep going to the past

0:50:18.870,0:50:22.240
and touch that, that is wrong mindfulness.

0:50:27.760,0:50:31.000
We have to talk about the original fear,

0:50:32.480,0:50:33.500
original suffering,

0:50:34.280,0:50:35.500
and the original desire.

0:50:37.020,0:50:38.020
When we were a little

0:50:39.600,0:50:40.280
baby,

0:50:43.990,0:50:46.210
when we were still in

0:50:46.990,0:50:48.610
the womb of our mother,

0:50:48.990,0:50:49.970
we felt so comfortable.

0:50:53.170,0:50:55.250
The weather is perfect.

0:50:58.320,0:50:59.960
And we did not have to do anything.

0:51:00.440,0:51:01.960
Our mother breathed for us,

0:51:02.680,0:51:03.560
eat for us,

0:51:04.520,0:51:05.680
think for us.

0:51:06.520,0:51:07.980
We don't have to do anything.

0:51:09.280,0:51:11.940
And we were in a very soft cushion,

0:51:13.000,0:51:13.500
water.

0:51:13.720,0:51:15.140
Water is the best kind of cushion.

0:51:17.960,0:51:21.560
And that is a period of no worries.

0:51:21.900,0:51:23.280
It lasts about nine months.

0:51:24.680,0:51:25.480
That's paradise.

0:51:27.320,0:51:29.980
But the moment when we have to be born,

0:51:30.340,0:51:31.640
that's a very difficult moment.

0:51:33.000,0:51:35.140
The situation changed completely.

0:51:36.040,0:51:37.120
You touch the hardship.

0:51:38.780,0:51:41.020
They cut the umbilical cord.

0:51:41.580,0:51:43.400
Now you have to breathe for yourself.

0:51:44.300,0:51:46.500
Your mommy cannot breathe for you anymore.

0:51:48.630,0:51:50.650
And you try your first in-breath.

0:51:51.990,0:51:55.890
It's so difficult because [br]there was liquid in your lungs.

0:51:57.250,0:51:59.310
You have to

0:52:01.130,0:52:02.390
spit out.

0:52:03.370,0:52:05.590
You have to make an effort

0:52:06.750,0:52:08.150
to expel

0:52:08.700,0:52:11.610
that liquid from your lung [br]in order to be able to

0:52:12.390,0:52:14.490
breathe in for the first time.

0:52:15.030,0:52:16.310
It's very difficult.

0:52:16.650,0:52:17.410
It's very dangerous.

0:52:17.590,0:52:18.390
You risk to die.

0:52:21.740,0:52:24.220
And you were able to overcome that.

0:52:24.860,0:52:25.980
And you breathe your first.

0:52:28.180,0:52:30.160
And you are full of fear.

0:52:31.760,0:52:33.860
Your concern is how to survive.

0:52:36.480,0:52:37.520
You are so alone.

0:52:38.500,0:52:39.920
You are so fragile.

0:52:40.440,0:52:41.780
You are so vulnerable.

0:52:42.100,0:52:43.280
Nobody can help you.

0:52:44.900,0:52:48.460
And that is what we call the original fear.

0:53:15.870,0:53:19.050
And you continue to grow up as a baby

0:53:21.130,0:53:22.570
with that kind of fear.

0:53:24.210,0:53:26.490
"I cannot survive by myself.

0:53:26.670,0:53:28.130
There must be someone to help me."

0:53:29.830,0:53:32.570
So you lie there waiting for someone to come.

0:53:33.230,0:53:35.550
And that someone may be your mommy,

0:53:37.270,0:53:38.130
your nurse,

0:53:39.270,0:53:40.230
or your big sister.

0:53:43.310,0:53:47.310
And you do everything you can in order [br]to attract that person to come to you.

0:53:48.530,0:53:50.950
And your belief is that without another person

0:53:51.710,0:53:53.330
around you cannot survive.

0:53:53.910,0:53:56.530
You need a person in order to survive.

0:53:56.870,0:53:57.370
That person

0:53:58.010,0:53:58.850
may be mommy

0:53:59.930,0:54:01.130
or someone else.

0:54:03.700,0:54:05.100
So you have a desire.

0:54:06.280,0:54:07.200
You desire

0:54:08.340,0:54:10.500
the presence of that person

0:54:10.500,0:54:13.360
because there is a belief that without him,

0:54:13.620,0:54:14.840
without her, that person,

0:54:16.080,0:54:17.780
you cannot survive.

0:54:18.900,0:54:20.560
The feeling is very clear.

0:54:21.320,0:54:22.460
I am fragile.

0:54:22.900,0:54:23.780
I am vulnerable.

0:54:24.400,0:54:26.900
I have no means to defend myself.

0:54:27.280,0:54:29.220
Without you, I cannot survive.

0:54:30.320,0:54:34.260
That is our original fear and our original desire.

0:54:35.560,0:54:38.820
Our desire is that there must be someone.

0:54:44.240,0:54:45.600
And as you grow up,

0:54:45.700,0:54:46.880
you learn to manipulate

0:54:48.640,0:54:51.080
in order to attract that person to come.

0:54:55.660,0:54:57.560
Sometimes you are given something to hold.

0:55:00.020,0:55:03.620
Sometimes they take it from you and

0:55:07.880,0:55:10.480
one of your weapons is to cry.

0:55:11.780,0:55:14.780
You try to manipulate yourself.

0:55:15.000,0:55:17.220
You try to manipulate the situation.

0:55:19.100,0:55:22.160
And sometimes you smile.

0:55:23.160,0:55:26.780
But that is to please that person [br]in order for her to come.

0:55:27.620,0:55:32.640
So you learn a diplomatic smile [br]even when you are a little infant.

0:55:34.540,0:55:36.300
That's the problem of survival.

0:55:36.980,0:55:39.560
You learn without knowing that you are learning.

0:55:45.310,0:55:46.950
And that feeling that you are

0:55:47.710,0:55:48.210
fragile,

0:55:48.790,0:55:49.410
vulnerable, vulnerable,

0:55:50.510,0:55:52.950
without means to defend yourself,

0:55:53.350,0:55:57.170
you always need another person [br]to be with you, is always there.

0:55:57.750,0:55:58.570
That kind of fear,

0:55:58.810,0:55:59.690
that kind of desire

0:56:00.550,0:56:02.250
called original fear,

0:56:02.990,0:56:03.750
original desire,

0:56:04.070,0:56:05.070
is always there.

0:56:06.670,0:56:11.670
The infant is always alive in us [br]with that kind of desire and fear.

0:56:13.370,0:56:15.190
And in our present days,

0:56:16.150,0:56:20.070
all our desire and fear are linked [br]to that original fear and desire.

0:56:21.990,0:56:23.230
If we work non-stop,

0:56:25.660,0:56:27.840
accumulating more money,

0:56:28.300,0:56:30.840
that's because of fear, original fear,

0:56:32.840,0:56:34.000
that I cannot survive.

0:56:36.100,0:56:38.340
We look for someone to love,

0:56:39.520,0:56:40.980
to support us,

0:56:43.900,0:56:46.080
look for a lover, a lover,

0:56:47.960,0:56:48.980
a man or a woman.

0:56:49.340,0:56:53.060
That is also the continuation of your desire.

0:56:54.760,0:56:56.100
When you were infant,

0:56:56.300,0:56:57.500
you looked for mommy.

0:56:58.160,0:57:00.620
Now you look for another person to be your mommy,

0:57:01.280,0:57:03.700
whether that is a young man or a young woman.

0:57:05.920,0:57:10.600
So the new desire is only a [br]continuation of the old desire.

0:57:11.500,0:57:15.820
The new fear is only a [br]continuation of the old fear.

0:57:17.400,0:57:21.860
And there is a tendency for you [br]to go back to being that child

0:57:22.520,0:57:28.120
and suffer the suffering of that desire [br]and suffer the suffering of that fear.

0:57:35.540,0:57:37.280
That those of us who have a depression,

0:57:37.640,0:57:40.000
those of us who suffer, continue to suffer,

0:57:40.860,0:57:43.720
even if in the present condition everything looks

0:57:45.160,0:57:46.060
all right,

0:57:52.080,0:57:55.840
because there is a tendency [br]for us to go home to the past.

0:57:56.460,0:57:58.760
We feel more comfortable with that home,

0:57:59.260,0:58:02.040
even if in that home [br]there is a lot of suffering.

0:58:04.850,0:58:06.130
That home is deep down

0:58:06.650,0:58:07.890
in the store consciousness,

0:58:08.230,0:58:11.150
where the films of the past [br]are always projected.

0:58:11.970,0:58:14.950
And every night you go home [br]and watch the films and suffer.

0:58:16.210,0:58:20.250
And the future is only a [br]projection of the past,

0:58:21.050,0:58:23.330
but fear and desire.

0:58:25.780,0:58:27.340
Suppose you come to a cinema,

0:58:29.100,0:58:31.340
to a movie,

0:58:33.760,0:58:36.820
and down there you look [br]up here on the screen,

0:58:39.500,0:58:40.580
and there is a story,

0:58:40.780,0:58:42.620
there are people in the screen,

0:58:42.980,0:58:44.560
they are interacting with each other,

0:58:45.220,0:58:46.220
and down there

0:58:46.800,0:58:47.480
you cry.

0:58:49.870,0:58:50.830
You believe that

0:58:52.810,0:58:55.130
what is happening on the screen is real,

0:58:55.670,0:58:57.970
and that is why you shed a real tear,

0:58:58.530,0:59:00.630
and you have real emotion.

0:59:02.270,0:59:03.690
The suffering is real,

0:59:03.830,0:59:04.690
the tear is real.

0:59:05.690,0:59:06.970
But when you come up

0:59:08.410,0:59:09.870
and you touch the screen,

0:59:10.630,0:59:12.390
you don't see any person.

0:59:15.400,0:59:17.220
It's only light, flickering light.

0:59:18.860,0:59:20.280
You cannot talk to people,

0:59:20.740,0:59:22.440
you cannot invite them to

0:59:23.520,0:59:25.420
have tea, you cannot stop them,

0:59:25.520,0:59:26.640
you cannot ask a question,

0:59:27.020,0:59:28.400
because this is not real,

0:59:28.600,0:59:30.120
this is only a movie.

0:59:32.080,0:59:36.320
Something not real and yet [br]can create real suffering.

0:59:38.100,0:59:41.560
The memories of the past are not real,

0:59:42.840,0:59:45.180
not reality, they are only pictures,

0:59:45.860,0:59:47.980
and every time you watch the picture,

0:59:48.540,0:59:49.180
you suffer.

0:59:50.900,0:59:55.660
And that is why we are advised [br]not to go back to the past,

0:59:56.060,0:59:57.540
and live in the past,

0:59:57.660,0:59:58.660
get caught in the past.

0:59:59.420,1:00:04.600
And that is part of the practice of [br]living in the present moment.

1:00:05.480,1:00:05.980
Mindfulness

1:00:06.680,1:00:09.060
is to learn to live in the present moment,

1:00:09.680,1:00:12.320
not to allow ourselves to slip back

1:00:12.900,1:00:15.460
to the past in order to relive

1:00:15.460,1:00:17.320
the past one time,

1:00:17.460,1:00:18.600
two times, three times.

1:00:19.580,1:00:20.940
If you have suffered in the past,

1:00:21.180,1:00:25.960
and if you continue to to suffer,

1:00:30.420,1:00:32.860
if we go back to

1:00:34.160,1:00:34.760
to watch the film,

1:00:35.680,1:00:38.100
we suffer again and again and again.

1:00:40.640,1:00:42.500
Suppose you are a boat person,

1:00:43.820,1:00:48.440
you have crossed the ocean and [br]arrived safely and accepted into

1:00:49.620,1:00:51.340
a third country.

1:00:52.790,1:00:54.080
And you are now safe,

1:00:54.240,1:00:54.920
you have a job.

1:00:56.000,1:00:57.420
But you still have a picture

1:00:58.160,1:01:00.080
of the ocean where

1:01:02.520,1:01:04.860
you navigated as a boat person.

1:01:05.900,1:01:08.020
Every time you see the ocean,

1:01:08.900,1:01:09.440
you suffer,

1:01:10.500,1:01:11.000
because

1:01:11.940,1:01:13.540
at that time you risk

1:01:15.160,1:01:18.140
to sink at any time and devoured by

1:01:19.380,1:01:20.420
the fish.

1:01:23.800,1:01:24.720
Because crossing

1:01:25.360,1:01:27.180
the ocean is very risky,

1:01:28.180,1:01:30.820
and hundreds of thousands of [br]boat people have died in the sea.

1:01:31.780,1:01:33.460
So you still have that memory,

1:01:33.700,1:01:35.140
you still have that picture taken.

1:01:37.000,1:01:39.220
And that picture, every time you look,

1:01:40.020,1:01:41.500
you feel the suffering again.

1:01:42.240,1:01:42.920
But in fact,

1:01:44.660,1:01:45.980
it is only a picture.

1:01:47.260,1:01:48.640
You can get drowned,

1:01:48.780,1:01:49.840
you can die in the ocean,

1:01:50.220,1:01:51.740
but you cannot die in a picture.

1:01:54.990,1:01:57.930
So something not real can create real suffering.

1:01:59.530,1:02:02.330
And that is why we should tell ourselves,

1:02:02.830,1:02:04.850
we should tell the child, the suffering,

1:02:05.230,1:02:06.330
the wounded child in us,

1:02:06.690,1:02:08.790
that she should not suffer anymore.

1:02:09.730,1:02:10.230
We should

1:02:11.230,1:02:12.690
take her hand

1:02:13.890,1:02:16.790
and invite her to come to the present moment,

1:02:17.310,1:02:21.410
and to witness to all the wonders of life [br]that are available in the present moment.

1:02:21.810,1:02:22.890
Come with me, dear one.

1:02:23.750,1:02:24.610
We have grown up.

1:02:25.210,1:02:26.570
We are no longer afraid.

1:02:27.730,1:02:29.590
We can defend ourselves.

1:02:30.410,1:02:31.830
We are no longer vulnerable.

1:02:32.190,1:02:33.110
We are no longer

1:02:34.230,1:02:34.790
fragile.

1:02:36.800,1:02:38.120
Don't be afraid anymore.

1:02:38.300,1:02:39.160
You have to teach

1:02:39.160,1:02:41.160
the child in you.

1:02:41.660,1:02:47.180
You have to invite him or her to come with you [br]and live your life in the present moment.

1:02:47.640,1:02:48.720
That is the practice.

1:02:49.200,1:02:50.410
That is mindfulness.

1:02:51.580,1:02:52.080
Mindfulness

1:02:52.640,1:02:54.680
is not to allow ourselves

1:02:55.400,1:02:56.380
to get lost,

1:02:57.120,1:02:58.020
to be caught

1:02:58.640,1:03:00.240
in the memories of the past.

1:03:01.460,1:03:03.460
Of course, we can study the past,

1:03:03.960,1:03:06.040
but we are grounded in the present moment.

1:03:06.680,1:03:09.880
We are grounded, well grounded in the present moment.

1:03:10.080,1:03:12.410
We can study the past without being

1:03:13.340,1:03:13.940
sucked

1:03:14.840,1:03:16.340
and overwhelmed by the past.

1:03:17.630,1:03:19.400
The same thing is true with the future.

1:03:20.260,1:03:26.180
We can bring the future back to the present moment [br]and study the future and make plans for the future.

1:03:26.540,1:03:28.260
But we don't have to get lost

1:03:29.060,1:03:30.620
in the fear,

1:03:31.260,1:03:33.820
in the uncertainty concerning the future.

1:03:38.060,1:03:40.040
Because the future has not yet come.

1:03:40.780,1:03:41.760
It's only a ghost.

1:03:43.420,1:03:45.560
And the past is already gone.

1:03:45.700,1:03:46.900
It's also a ghost.

1:03:47.200,1:03:47.700
Why,

1:03:47.800,1:03:48.920
to live with ghosts?

1:03:50.320,1:03:54.040
We have to live with reality. [br]And that is right mindfulness.

1:03:57.110,1:03:59.550
So if you have a friend

1:04:01.030,1:04:02.130
who suffers,

1:04:03.290,1:04:05.290
who sheds tears, who has strong emotions,

1:04:06.170,1:04:08.470
when situations are unsafe,

1:04:09.010,1:04:12.530
you have to help him, to help her.

1:04:13.470,1:04:14.450
My dear friend,

1:04:14.750,1:04:16.790
you are on safe ground.

1:04:17.290,1:04:18.990
Everything is okay now.

1:04:19.770,1:04:21.730
Why do you continue to suffer?

1:04:22.530,1:04:23.690
Don't go back to the past.

1:04:23.750,1:04:24.710
It's only a phantom.

1:04:25.910,1:04:27.090
It's unreal.

1:04:36.970,1:04:37.470
And

1:04:37.900,1:04:40.350
every time we are aware

1:04:40.880,1:04:42.130
that these are only

1:04:43.030,1:04:44.670
movies and pictures,

1:04:45.210,1:04:46.070
not reality,

1:04:46.390,1:04:46.890
we are free.

1:04:48.130,1:04:49.730
And that is the practice of mindfulness.

1:04:52.240,1:04:54.220
Yesterday we spoke about

1:04:57.000,1:04:57.720
many

1:04:59.620,1:05:02.520
pairs of opposites as views,

1:05:03.520,1:05:06.720
like the views of being

1:05:08.440,1:05:10.100
and the views of

1:05:11.020,1:05:12.020
non-being,

1:05:18.820,1:05:20.000
the view of birth

1:05:26.360,1:05:27.680
and of death.

1:05:31.930,1:05:33.950
This morning when we speak about

1:05:34.590,1:05:35.350
the cloud

1:05:35.930,1:05:37.290
and the sheet of paper,

1:05:38.150,1:05:42.810
we learned that the nature of the cloud [br]as well as the nature of

1:05:43.690,1:05:47.490
the sheet of paper is the [br]nature of no birth and no death.

1:05:48.510,1:05:49.070
Overcoming

1:05:52.720,1:05:54.620
the notion of birth and death

1:05:55.180,1:05:56.580
and you have non-fear.

1:06:03.700,1:06:05.240
The notion of being

1:06:06.400,1:06:11.280
and the notion of non-being also [br]can create a lot of fear.

1:06:14.990,1:06:16.910
Right view consists in overcoming

1:06:17.780,1:06:20.650
both notions, being and non-being.

1:06:21.740,1:06:23.680
And it is possible to observe,

1:06:23.860,1:06:25.500
to meditate in order to overcome.

1:06:29.230,1:06:29.830
Suppose

1:06:30.680,1:06:32.070
we speak about

1:06:38.040,1:06:39.150
a little flame.

1:07:00.900,1:07:04.000
We speak about the little flame that the

1:07:05.480,1:07:06.760
match can produce.

1:07:11.980,1:07:15.380
And we can do a little meditation on the flame

1:07:18.830,1:07:21.350
about the notion of being and non-being.

1:07:23.110,1:07:26.270
We know that it's possible to [br]help the flame to manifest.

1:07:27.190,1:07:28.350
There are conditions

1:07:29.350,1:07:30.610
so that the flame

1:07:31.890,1:07:34.210
can manifest as a flame.

1:07:35.110,1:07:37.370
Before the sheet of paper appeared,

1:07:38.070,1:07:41.450
we know that the sheet of paper [br]has been there in its condition.

1:07:43.550,1:07:48.370
So we know that the flame is [br]hidden somewhere in the matchbox.

1:07:50.270,1:07:54.490
And we know that the flame is [br]hidden also outside of the matchbox.

1:07:56.190,1:07:58.210
Because out here there is

1:07:58.910,1:07:59.590
oxygen.

1:08:00.810,1:08:04.630
And oxygen is a very important [br]condition for the flame to

1:08:05.630,1:08:06.250
manifest.

1:08:06.490,1:08:07.230
Without oxygen

1:08:11.980,1:08:13.560
the flame cannot manifest.

1:08:15.340,1:08:19.420
And my finger may serve [br]as one of the causes,

1:08:19.960,1:08:22.640
one of the conditions to [br]help the flame manifest.

1:08:23.740,1:08:25.880
So we can already talk to the flame.

1:08:26.920,1:08:28.040
My dear little flame,

1:08:28.540,1:08:30.060
I know you are there somewhere.

1:08:31.100,1:08:32.940
Manifest yourself so that I can see.

1:08:37.010,1:08:39.170
We know that you are already there,

1:08:39.570,1:08:43.490
even if you don't perceive [br]you in the form of a flame.

1:08:45.290,1:08:47.810
So before the manifestation of the flame,

1:08:48.250,1:08:48.790
should we

1:08:49.710,1:08:50.730
qualify it as

1:08:51.330,1:08:52.190
non-existing,

1:08:52.730,1:08:53.230
non-being?

1:09:04.560,1:09:05.260
With our

1:09:06.020,1:09:07.820
practice of looking deeply,

1:09:09.100,1:09:10.660
we see that everything

1:09:11.720,1:09:12.480
manifests

1:09:13.080,1:09:14.300
based on conditions.

1:09:14.300,1:09:14.800
Conditions.

1:09:16.140,1:09:17.320
This flower,

1:09:21.860,1:09:23.460
she comes from a seed,

1:09:24.650,1:09:25.920
from a cutting,

1:09:26.580,1:09:28.340
from the soil, from the sunshine,

1:09:29.600,1:09:31.100
from

1:09:33.080,1:09:34.120
from the cloud,

1:09:34.940,1:09:36.820
from the gardener,

1:09:37.340,1:09:37.840
etc.

1:09:40.220,1:09:43.680
And she is made of non-flower elements.

1:09:45.300,1:09:46.500
If we send back

1:09:46.500,1:09:49.360
the cloud to the sky,

1:09:49.620,1:09:50.420
if we send back

1:09:51.300,1:09:52.840
the soil to the earth,

1:09:53.340,1:09:54.220
if we send back

1:09:55.140,1:09:56.060
the seed,

1:09:56.580,1:09:58.340
there is no flower left.

1:09:59.020,1:10:01.960
So a flower is made only [br]of non-flower elements.

1:10:03.140,1:10:05.180
And looking into the flower you can see

1:10:05.180,1:10:11.660
all the conditions that have [br]come together and help the flower

1:10:12.260,1:10:13.120
to manifest.

1:10:13.700,1:10:15.600
A flower cannot exist

1:10:15.600,1:10:18.580
outside of her conditions.

1:10:19.680,1:10:21.540
So the flame is the same.

1:10:24.000,1:10:25.700
When conditions are sufficient,

1:10:26.760,1:10:27.860
the flame manifests.

1:10:33.680,1:10:37.640
So it is possible for a meditator [br]to already see the flame

1:10:38.180,1:10:39.620
before its manifestation.

1:10:40.520,1:10:41.440
That is why I say,

1:10:41.740,1:10:45.310
my dear flame, I know you are [br]somewhere there already.

1:10:46.200,1:10:47.560
So please manifest.

1:10:49.040,1:10:50.540
And the flame tells us

1:10:51.090,1:10:51.720
it's okay.

1:10:53.500,1:10:54.140
Thay,

1:10:56.340,1:11:01.360
the sangha, if you help me with the last

1:11:02.440,1:11:03.940
condition, I will manifest.

1:11:08.090,1:11:11.310
And then we are providing the last condition,

1:11:11.590,1:11:13.930
which is a movement of my fingers.

1:11:14.950,1:11:15.450
And

1:11:16.410,1:11:17.970
the flame is manifested.

1:11:22.020,1:11:25.720
So you have the tendency to [br]call the flame existing now.

1:11:25.720,1:11:26.220
No,

1:11:27.260,1:11:29.320
the flame is in the realm of being.

1:11:32.070,1:11:35.510
But we tend to think also that before manifesting,

1:11:36.430,1:11:39.570
the flame belongs to the realm of non-being.

1:11:43.750,1:11:45.750
But reality transcends both

1:11:46.310,1:11:47.850
notion of being and non-being.

1:11:48.970,1:11:53.610
Because we already know that [br]before manifesting in its form,

1:11:54.090,1:11:56.770
the flame already is there in its condition.

1:12:01.850,1:12:03.530
So it is very important

1:12:10.830,1:12:12.070
to see,

1:12:15.340,1:12:16.900
to recognize the wrong view.

1:12:17.080,1:12:19.540
Suppose this is representing time.

1:12:21.080,1:12:24.680
And this point represents birth.

1:12:25.520,1:12:27.840
And this point represents death.

1:12:32.230,1:12:33.770
When someone is born

1:12:34.770,1:12:35.390
from B,

1:12:36.910,1:12:40.030
we believe that the segment before B

1:12:42.150,1:12:44.450
belongs to non-being

1:12:44.920,1:12:45.870
of that person.

1:12:46.850,1:12:48.750
That person did not exist

1:12:49.650,1:12:50.330
before B.

1:12:51.930,1:12:54.190
And when that person is born,

1:12:55.170,1:12:57.050
we make a birth certificate.

1:12:57.290,1:12:59.190
We certify that this person existed.

1:13:00.210,1:13:01.090
So this person

1:13:01.810,1:13:03.290
entered the realm of being.

1:13:05.470,1:13:07.130
And 100 years later,

1:13:08.530,1:13:09.270
hopefully, hopefully,

1:13:13.610,1:13:16.430
when that person comes to D,

1:13:17.550,1:13:20.670
then she passes from being to non-being

1:13:22.130,1:13:23.290
once again.

1:13:24.230,1:13:25.950
So that's our idea of

1:13:28.690,1:13:29.530
lifespan.

1:13:31.090,1:13:34.130
We only exist from B and D.

1:13:35.190,1:13:37.290
Before that, it was non-being.

1:13:37.510,1:13:40.590
So our idea is that from non-being,

1:13:40.830,1:13:42.130
we can pass into being.

1:13:43.390,1:13:47.130
And from being, we can pass [br]into non-being again.

1:13:48.030,1:13:50.330
But when we meditate on the cloud,

1:13:50.930,1:13:52.190
we see that it's wrong.

1:13:53.050,1:13:56.370
A cloud has never passed [br]from non-being to being.

1:13:57.450,1:13:59.690
And when the cloud disappears in the sky,

1:14:00.110,1:14:02.370
it does not pass from being to non-being.

1:14:02.770,1:14:03.930
It continues always.

1:14:04.130,1:14:08.290
So the nature of the cloud is [br]the nature of no birth and no death.

1:14:09.190,1:14:12.050
So the nature of your beloved one is like that.

1:14:12.230,1:14:13.650
And you are like that also.

1:14:15.150,1:14:19.690
And when you transcend the notion,

1:14:20.810,1:14:23.570
the view of being and non-being,

1:14:23.970,1:14:24.890
you get the right view.

1:14:26.430,1:14:27.650
You get the right view.

1:14:28.990,1:14:31.610
And that is why we have said

1:14:31.950,1:14:34.850
that right view is the absence of all views,

1:14:35.510,1:14:37.670
including the view of birth and death,

1:14:38.130,1:14:39.430
being and non-being,

1:14:39.990,1:14:41.550
permanence and annihilation.

1:14:56.120,1:14:58.840
Suppose I want

1:15:00.600,1:15:03.440
to light this candle

1:15:05.260,1:15:08.740
using another candle, [br]and I produce another flame.

1:15:13.430,1:15:15.490
And I would like to ask you, my dear friends,

1:15:15.810,1:15:16.550
this question.

1:15:18.090,1:15:18.890
As

1:15:20.550,1:15:21.730
whether this flame,

1:15:22.770,1:15:23.470
second flame,

1:15:25.070,1:15:29.610
is the same flame with the other [br]or a totally different flame.

1:15:34.840,1:15:35.940
That is meditation.

1:15:49.660,1:15:53.900
When you take the family album and

1:15:55.780,1:15:58.860
look for your picture when [br]you were five years old,

1:16:00.240,1:16:01.020
you see that

1:16:01.670,1:16:02.380
the young,

1:16:03.740,1:16:06.960
the little boy or the little girl

1:16:08.780,1:16:10.720
is so different from you now.

1:16:14.000,1:16:16.280
Are you the same with that little girl?

1:16:17.880,1:16:19.740
Or are you a different person?

1:16:20.480,1:16:21.960
You look so different.

1:16:22.820,1:16:25.640
As far as form is concerned,

1:16:26.060,1:16:28.240
feelings, you have very different feelings,

1:16:28.460,1:16:30.440
perception, mental formation and consciousness.

1:16:30.440,1:16:34.420
You are quite different from [br]that little girl, that little boy.

1:16:35.620,1:16:38.200
So are you the same with that little girl,

1:16:38.420,1:16:40.740
or you are a totally different person?

1:16:45.520,1:16:49.140
So that is another set of notions

1:16:53.230,1:16:53.870
called

1:16:56.970,1:16:58.250
sameness, otherness.

1:17:22.900,1:17:23.580
In Chinese, Chinese

1:17:36.960,1:17:38.160
Not one,

1:17:38.760,1:17:40.140
not a different one.

1:17:40.740,1:17:41.600
Not the same,

1:17:42.080,1:17:42.740
not a different,

1:17:43.680,1:17:45.020
totally different one.

1:17:52.800,1:17:55.980
The other day we spoke about the seed of corn

1:17:56.900,1:17:58.660
and the young plant of corn.

1:18:01.970,1:18:03.910
And we can ask the young plant of corn,

1:18:04.070,1:18:05.310
are you the same

1:18:05.930,1:18:07.210
with the seed of corn

1:18:07.990,1:18:09.250
that I planted before?

1:18:09.250,1:18:14.510
Or are you a totally different entity?

1:18:21.260,1:18:22.440
The answer must be

1:18:24.840,1:18:26.200
you are neither the same

1:18:27.720,1:18:29.220
nor a different one.

1:18:31.920,1:18:32.700
You are

1:18:33.260,1:18:36.180
neither the same with that [br]little girl in the picture,

1:18:37.160,1:18:40.900
but you are not entirely a different person.

1:18:42.600,1:18:44.520
So the notion of

1:18:46.320,1:18:47.800
sameness and otherness

1:18:48.940,1:18:53.880
is also a couple of notions that you have to [br]transcend in order to get the right view.

1:19:23.460,1:19:26.380
The other day we spoke about [br]the father and the son.

1:19:29.180,1:19:32.460
The son might believe that he [br]is a totally different person.

1:19:35.470,1:19:40.210
It's like the plant of corn does not believe [br]that he has come from a seed of corn.

1:19:41.070,1:19:45.090
But the hard fact is the son is [br]the continuation of the father.

1:19:46.310,1:19:47.810
And he is his father.

1:19:49.550,1:19:53.950
It's like the plant of corn is the [br]continuation of the seed of corn.

1:19:54.110,1:19:55.330
He is the seed of corn.

1:19:58.580,1:19:59.840
And the fact is that

1:20:01.560,1:20:02.960
the notion of

1:20:03.760,1:20:07.460
sameness and otherness should be [br]transcended for you to see the truth.

1:20:09.480,1:20:10.910
Now we come to a

1:20:12.840,1:20:15.560
pair of notions that is so

1:20:18.620,1:20:19.660
so crucial

1:20:20.300,1:20:21.880
in our studies of

1:20:26.780,1:20:27.740
right view,

1:20:33.540,1:20:34.820
subject and object.

1:20:44.440,1:20:46.100
When we speak of a perception,

1:20:48.560,1:20:49.060
in fact,

1:20:50.640,1:20:54.500
in the Sutra of Mindful Breathing,

1:20:55.300,1:20:59.180
there are four exercises of mindful [br]breathing to help with our perception.

1:21:00.080,1:21:01.780
To correct a perception,

1:21:02.360,1:21:06.080
to transcend all wrong perceptions [br]so that you can get the right view.

1:21:06.980,1:21:09.860
That's the last four [br]exercises of mindful breathing.

1:21:10.760,1:21:14.740
Hopefully we have the time [br]to treat these four last exercises.

1:21:19.080,1:21:22.280
We usually believe that [br]there is a consciousness,

1:21:23.980,1:21:27.320
which is the subject of perception.

1:21:29.080,1:21:30.660
And the world out there

1:21:30.700,1:21:32.780
as the object of our perception.

1:21:33.380,1:21:35.060
And these two things are different.

1:21:38.600,1:21:40.460
There is consciousness in here,

1:21:41.720,1:21:42.360
and there is

1:21:43.010,1:21:44.460
the world out there

1:21:45.420,1:21:46.840
as object of our consciousness.

1:21:47.800,1:21:48.640
And science,

1:21:50.440,1:21:53.400
philosophy and science begin by that.

1:22:00.220,1:22:02.020
And in the Buddha's teaching,

1:22:03.280,1:22:04.300
that is

1:22:05.330,1:22:06.500
the basic error.

1:22:10.120,1:22:11.460
That is the basic error.

1:22:11.800,1:22:12.980
This is very important

1:22:13.800,1:22:15.520
in the teaching of the Buddha.

1:22:20.680,1:22:22.480
When you practice mindful breathing,

1:22:24.280,1:22:25.480
breathing in,

1:22:25.800,1:22:26.640
I'm aware

1:22:27.360,1:22:28.400
of my in-breath.

1:22:31.320,1:22:33.960
You practice in such a way [br]that you are no longer

1:22:34.560,1:22:35.320
an observer.

1:22:37.600,1:22:40.160
You practice in such a way [br]that you calm your in-breath.

1:22:41.800,1:22:43.220
You become a participant,

1:22:44.580,1:22:45.440
no longer

1:22:46.640,1:22:47.160
an

1:22:48.640,1:22:49.680
outside observer.

1:22:54.100,1:22:56.060
In the teaching of the Buddha,

1:22:56.320,1:22:58.200
you see that there are six

1:23:00.760,1:23:03.560
sense organs, which are eyes,

1:23:10.690,1:23:11.890
ears,

1:23:12.710,1:23:13.370
nose,

1:23:14.590,1:23:15.090
tongue,

1:23:17.210,1:23:18.210
body,

1:23:20.650,1:23:21.150
and mind.

1:23:21.850,1:23:24.610
Mind is also

1:23:26.820,1:23:27.440
an organ,

1:23:28.360,1:23:28.860
mental,

1:23:29.680,1:23:30.900
our mental consciousness.

1:23:33.300,1:23:36.060
These five are rather physiological,

1:23:36.560,1:23:37.920
and this is mental.

1:23:37.920,1:23:38.700
Mental.

1:23:39.980,1:23:42.120
And the object of eyes is form,

1:23:45.040,1:23:45.540
sound,

1:23:48.160,1:23:48.660
smell,

1:23:51.660,1:23:52.200
taste,

1:23:55.500,1:23:56.000
touch.

1:23:57.980,1:23:58.480
And,

1:23:59.660,1:24:00.480
please help,

1:24:05.580,1:24:06.080
dharma.

1:24:10.600,1:24:13.400
In Buddhism, Dharma with

1:24:14.360,1:24:17.020
capital D means the teaching of the Buddha.

1:24:19.380,1:24:26.020
And dharma with the little d means object of

1:24:27.440,1:24:28.280
the mind.

1:24:29.640,1:24:31.140
Object of the mind.

1:24:32.080,1:24:34.400
Not an objective reality.

1:24:36.770,1:24:39.150
The world is just an object of mind.

1:24:44.160,1:24:45.400
So the twelve

1:24:54.440,1:24:55.540
include everything.

1:25:03.730,1:25:04.230
In fact,

1:25:04.770,1:25:05.870
we are taught that

1:25:06.410,1:25:09.750
eyes and form bring about eyes consciousness,

1:25:12.740,1:25:14.300
ears consciousness,

1:25:16.200,1:25:17.460
nose consciousness,

1:25:19.720,1:25:20.220
tongue

1:25:24.400,1:25:25.660
consciousness,

1:25:28.160,1:25:29.240
body consciousness,

1:25:31.810,1:25:33.050
and mind consciousness.

1:25:41.910,1:25:43.750
Mind consciousness includes

1:25:45.230,1:25:46.890
object and

1:25:47.690,1:25:48.330
subject.

1:25:51.130,1:25:52.930
When we perceive something,

1:25:58.180,1:26:01.580
that something is the object [br]of our consciousness.

1:26:02.060,1:26:02.880
This is a subject,

1:26:03.200,1:26:03.980
this is object,

1:26:04.500,1:26:05.600
and subject and object,

1:26:06.260,1:26:10.480
they manifest at the [br]same time and together.

1:26:12.690,1:26:13.210
So,

1:26:13.650,1:26:15.290
in the Buddhist literature,

1:26:15.510,1:26:16.690
when you hear the word dharma,

1:26:16.970,1:26:20.010
you have to understand right away [br]that it is the object of mind,

1:26:21.490,1:26:22.130
and not

1:26:23.930,1:26:26.830
an objective reality outside.

1:26:27.790,1:26:30.050
When you see a mountain,

1:26:30.690,1:26:33.670
that mountain is the object [br]of your perception,

1:26:34.090,1:26:34.630
of your mind.

1:26:35.790,1:26:36.670
Not something

1:26:38.350,1:26:40.570
separate from your consciousness.

1:26:40.830,1:26:42.250
This is very important.

1:26:45.250,1:26:47.270
Because to see always,

1:26:48.250,1:26:49.010
to see something,

1:26:49.910,1:26:51.610
always means to see something.

1:26:52.010,1:26:52.890
To hear

1:26:53.470,1:26:56.450
means always to hear something.

1:26:56.830,1:26:58.150
You cannot hear nothing.

1:26:59.310,1:27:00.550
You have to hear something,

1:27:00.690,1:27:01.790
you have to see something,

1:27:01.890,1:27:03.070
you have to think of something.

1:27:04.510,1:27:05.330
And the mind,

1:27:06.010,1:27:06.930
the object of mind,

1:27:07.090,1:27:10.290
can be form, sound, smell, taste, touch,

1:27:11.570,1:27:12.090
whatever,

1:27:14.950,1:27:15.690
an idea,

1:27:16.650,1:27:17.550
an image,

1:27:18.670,1:27:19.610
and so on.

1:27:21.250,1:27:22.790
So if you believe

1:27:22.790,1:27:30.070
that there is a subjective consciousness [br]that exists separately from

1:27:30.350,1:27:33.030
the object of your consciousness,

1:27:35.690,1:27:40.610
if you believe that there is [br]an external world that exists

1:27:41.290,1:27:44.030
separately from your consciousness,

1:27:45.410,1:27:46.410
you are caught

1:27:46.990,1:27:50.230
in a kind of error called double

1:27:51.010,1:27:52.590
grasping,

1:27:54.700,1:27:55.600
double

1:27:56.820,1:27:57.940
grasping.

1:28:01.140,1:28:02.260
[ Nhị thủ, 二取 ]

1:28:06.550,1:28:10.490
Because you are caught by this and by this [br]as two different things.

1:28:12.390,1:28:14.930
So right view is the possibility,

1:28:15.630,1:28:18.310
is possible only when you overcome

1:28:19.250,1:28:23.030
the view of subject and object as two separate

1:28:24.350,1:28:25.070
entities.

1:28:31.550,1:28:35.650
I think modern science is on [br]the verge of touching this truth.

1:28:39.630,1:28:42.210
Many scientists began to speak about

1:28:44.690,1:28:45.860
you can no longer

1:28:46.700,1:28:48.860
remain an observer standing outside.

1:28:49.660,1:28:51.140
You have to go in,

1:28:51.880,1:28:53.020
you have to become

1:28:54.070,1:28:56.280
a participant in order to hope,

1:28:57.750,1:28:59.040
to understand something.

1:29:05.810,1:29:09.030
And the world you think that [br]is something that is not you,

1:29:09.630,1:29:12.770
the world that you observe is yourself.

1:29:17.370,1:29:20.630
The mountain, the river, the sky, the stars,

1:29:22.390,1:29:25.070
everything is the object of your consciousness,

1:29:28.660,1:29:29.540
is your consciousness.

1:29:35.100,1:29:36.220
They say that sometimes

1:29:37.400,1:29:38.980
appear like a wave,

1:29:40.500,1:29:43.320
and sometimes else appear

1:29:44.240,1:29:45.160
like a particle.

1:29:46.260,1:29:48.660
According to our way of inquiry, inquiry,

1:29:51.360,1:29:53.220
if we inquire in such a way

1:29:54.080,1:29:54.940
and then

1:29:55.920,1:29:57.260
in terms of particle,

1:29:57.580,1:29:59.360
it appears to us as a particle.

1:30:00.160,1:30:04.620
But we inquire in terms of wave [br]and then the particle,

1:30:05.800,1:30:09.440
that particle will appear to us as a wave.

1:30:10.740,1:30:13.100
So it is possible

1:30:14.220,1:30:17.620
to call it whether a wave or a particle.

1:30:19.760,1:30:20.560
And that particle

1:30:21.640,1:30:24.220
can be everywhere at the same time.

1:30:27.450,1:30:28.290
It's like your mind.

1:30:35.520,1:30:36.920
There is a well-known British

1:30:39.520,1:30:40.200
astronomer,

1:30:45.870,1:30:46.470
physicist,

1:30:49.020,1:30:51.160
Arthur Stanley Eddington.

1:30:52.360,1:30:54.200
He said something like this.

1:30:55.160,1:30:57.200
We are on a trip to discover

1:30:59.940,1:31:02.480
and we come to a shore.

1:31:03.240,1:31:06.100
We are able to reach a shore of the unknown.

1:31:07.540,1:31:10.420
A place where nobody has been there.

1:31:12.880,1:31:17.720
And we are very surprised to see [br]the footprints of someone left there.

1:31:20.330,1:31:21.050
Before that,

1:31:21.810,1:31:24.170
we didn't believe that anyone has come here,

1:31:24.790,1:31:25.290
because

1:31:26.610,1:31:29.150
this is the territory of the unknown.

1:31:30.090,1:31:33.790
And yet someone has left his footprints there.

1:31:34.330,1:31:35.350
So surprising.

1:31:36.890,1:31:39.530
So we come to have a deep look.

1:31:42.640,1:31:44.680
And we discover

1:31:46.290,1:31:51.430
how strange, it is our own footprints.

1:31:54.570,1:31:55.890
It's our own footprints.

1:31:58.410,1:32:01.390
As in the way a modern physicist said,

1:32:05.980,1:32:06.700
the world,

1:32:07.240,1:32:09.420
the so-called objective world,

1:32:09.920,1:32:10.940
it is our mind.

1:32:11.720,1:32:13.320
It's the object of our mind.

1:32:13.640,1:32:15.660
And the Buddha said it in the very beginning.

1:32:16.780,1:32:18.680
Dharma is the object of mind.

1:32:19.590,1:32:23.040
In the Sutra on the Four Foundations of Mindfulness,

1:32:23.700,1:32:26.280
you study four realms.

1:32:27.500,1:32:28.080
Body,

1:32:29.440,1:32:29.960
feelings,

1:32:30.720,1:32:31.220
mind,

1:32:31.420,1:32:32.460
and object of mind.

1:32:32.780,1:32:33.540
Not reality.

1:32:34.840,1:32:35.340
Not

1:32:37.400,1:32:38.840
objective reality.

1:32:41.950,1:32:43.770
And scientists

1:32:46.170,1:32:49.190
of our time are making

1:32:49.190,1:32:54.470
an effort in order to overcome what we call

1:32:56.110,1:32:57.550
double grasping.

1:32:59.330,1:33:02.070
And if scientists can overcome the double grasping,

1:33:05.000,1:33:05.660
no longer,

1:33:07.120,1:33:10.630
if they no longer discriminate between the

1:33:12.840,1:33:14.280
consciousness in here

1:33:15.170,1:33:18.080
and the reality of the world

1:33:18.080,1:33:19.940
out there,

1:33:20.320,1:33:21.260
and then they have a chance.

1:33:25.530,1:33:26.630
There's a very beautiful

1:33:28.940,1:33:29.590
chapter

1:33:31.100,1:33:34.620
in this book I would like to read to you.

1:33:35.160,1:33:35.840
We need a Pooh

1:33:37.940,1:33:39.160
on this subject.

1:33:39.580,1:33:42.960
I'd like to invite a volunteer to come and read.

1:33:43.660,1:33:46.420
One of you has a good British accent.

1:33:59.080,1:33:59.580
Please.

1:34:03.120,1:34:06.280
Because Pooh bear discovered also some footprints.

1:34:18.110,1:34:23.510
In which Pooh and Piglet go hunting [br]and nearly catch a woozle.

1:34:25.440,1:34:29.980
The piglet lived in a very grand house [br]in the middle of a beech tree.

1:34:30.800,1:34:33.320
And the beech tree was [br]in the middle of the forest.

1:34:34.400,1:34:37.120
And the piglet lived in the middle of the house.

1:34:38.400,1:34:42.300
Next to his house was a [br]piece of broken board which had

1:34:43.220,1:34:45.040
Trespasses W on it.

1:34:46.060,1:34:49.400
When Christopher Robin asked [br]the piglet what it meant,

1:34:49.970,1:34:55.100
he said it was his grandfather's name and [br]had been in the family for a long time.

1:34:56.480,1:34:57.420
Christopher Robin said,

1:34:57.880,1:35:00.640
you couldn't be called Trespasses W.

1:35:01.540,1:35:02.620
And piglet said,

1:35:03.100,1:35:03.600
yes,

1:35:03.980,1:35:04.580
you could.

1:35:05.160,1:35:09.700
Because his grandfather was and [br]it was short for Trespasses Will.

1:35:10.500,1:35:13.160
Which was short for Trespasses William.

1:35:13.920,1:35:18.680
And his grandfather had two names [br]in a case in case he lost one.

1:35:19.240,1:35:24.260
Trespasses after an uncle, [br]and William after Trespasses.

1:35:26.180,1:35:27.820
I've got two names,

1:35:28.300,1:35:29.760
said Christopher Robin carelessly.

1:35:30.980,1:35:31.480
Well,

1:35:31.840,1:35:32.540
there you are.

1:35:32.640,1:35:33.480
That proves it,

1:35:33.800,1:35:34.320
said Piglet.

1:35:35.420,1:35:41.360
One fine winter's day when Piglet was [br]brushing away the snow in front of his house.

1:35:42.060,1:35:43.300
He happened to look up.

1:35:43.920,1:35:45.480
And there was Winnie the Pooh.

1:35:45.480,1:35:49.580
Pooh was walking round and round in a circle.

1:35:50.880,1:35:52.400
Thinking of something else.

1:35:53.320,1:35:54.880
And when Piglet called to him,

1:35:55.220,1:35:56.680
he just went on walking.

1:35:57.520,1:35:58.020
Hello,

1:35:58.360,1:35:59.000
said Piglet.

1:35:59.420,1:36:00.760
What are you doing?

1:36:01.860,1:36:02.380
Hunting,

1:36:02.740,1:36:03.320
said Pooh.

1:36:04.060,1:36:04.860
Hunting what?

1:36:06.100,1:36:10.100
Tracking something, said Winnie the Pooh, [br]very mysteriously.

1:36:11.560,1:36:12.280
Tracking what?

1:36:12.660,1:36:14.080
Said Piglet coming closer.

1:36:15.480,1:36:18.460
That's just, that's just what I ask myself.

1:36:18.960,1:36:20.620
I ask myself what?

1:36:23.490,1:36:25.130
What do you think you will answer?

1:36:26.740,1:36:29.550
I shall have to wait until I catch up with it,

1:36:29.990,1:36:30.930
said Winnie the Pooh.

1:36:32.370,1:36:34.230
Now, look there.

1:36:35.310,1:36:37.610
He pointed to the ground in front of him.

1:36:38.610,1:36:40.090
What do you see?

1:36:41.750,1:36:42.250
Tracks,

1:36:42.610,1:36:43.330
said Piglet.

1:36:44.630,1:36:45.730
Paw marks.

1:36:46.690,1:36:48.710
He gave a little squeak of excitement.

1:36:48.910,1:36:49.410
Oh,

1:36:49.510,1:36:50.010
Pooh,

1:36:50.210,1:36:52.110
do you think it's a woozle?

1:36:53.470,1:36:55.010
It may be,

1:36:55.350,1:36:55.890
said Pooh.

1:36:56.570,1:36:57.910
Sometimes it is.

1:36:58.370,1:37:00.150
And sometimes it isn't.

1:37:00.930,1:37:03.490
You can never tell with paw marks.

1:37:04.830,1:37:06.630
With these few words,

1:37:06.710,1:37:07.810
he went on tracking.

1:37:08.570,1:37:12.270
And Piglet, after watching him for [br]a minute or two, ran after him.

1:37:13.070,1:37:15.270
Winnie the Pooh had come to a sudden stop

1:37:15.270,1:37:19.370
and was bending over the tracks [br]in a puzzled sort of way.

1:37:20.410,1:37:21.510
What's the matter?

1:37:21.910,1:37:22.670
asked Piglet.

1:37:23.490,1:37:26.770
It's a very funny thing, said Bear.

1:37:27.210,1:37:31.430
But there seem to be two animals now.

1:37:34.760,1:37:36.960
This is whatever it was,

1:37:37.380,1:37:40.560
has been joined by whatever it is.

1:37:41.480,1:37:44.820
And the two of them are now proceeding in company.

1:37:46.040,1:37:48.160
Would you mind coming with me,

1:37:48.480,1:37:52.600
Piglet, in case they turn out to be hostile animals?

1:37:57.120,1:38:00.000
Piglet scratched his ear in a nice sort of way

1:38:00.090,1:38:03.020
and said that he had nothing to do until Friday

1:38:03.020,1:38:06.720
and would be delighted to come [br]in case it really was a woozle.

1:38:08.280,1:38:09.320
You mean,

1:38:09.620,1:38:12.500
in case it really is two woozles,

1:38:12.680,1:38:13.460
said Winnie the Pooh.

1:38:14.260,1:38:16.440
And Piglet said that,

1:38:16.720,1:38:18.480
anyhow, he had nothing to do until Friday.

1:38:18.640,1:38:20.060
And so off they went together.

1:38:21.400,1:38:24.840
There was a small spinny of [br]larch trees just here

1:38:24.840,1:38:26.980
and it seemed as if the two woozles,

1:38:27.280,1:38:28.960
if that is what they were,

1:38:29.200,1:38:30.900
had been going round this spinny.

1:38:31.080,1:38:34.260
So round this spinny went [br]Pooh and Piglet after them.

1:38:34.920,1:38:37.100
Piglet, passing the time by telling Pooh

1:38:37.100,1:38:39.980
what his grandfather Trespasses W had done

1:38:39.980,1:38:42.760
to remove stiffness after tracking,

1:38:43.620,1:38:45.700
and how his grandfather Trespasses W

1:38:45.700,1:38:49.420
had suffered in his later years [br]from shortness of breath

1:38:49.420,1:38:51.300
and other matters of interest.

1:38:51.980,1:38:54.720
And Pooh wondering what a grandfather was like

1:38:54.720,1:39:00.760
and if perhaps this was two grandfathers [br]they were after now and if so,

1:39:01.080,1:39:03.860
whether he would be allowed [br]to take one home and keep it

1:39:03.860,1:39:05.760
and what Christopher Robin would say.

1:39:06.800,1:39:09.560
And still the tracks went on in front of them.

1:39:10.740,1:39:11.300
Suddenly,

1:39:11.840,1:39:14.800
Winnie the Pooh stopped and [br]pointed excitedly in front of him.

1:39:15.380,1:39:15.940
Look!

1:39:17.140,1:39:17.640
What?

1:39:17.840,1:39:18.800
said Piglet with a jump.

1:39:19.760,1:39:21.520
And then, to show he hadn't been frightened,

1:39:21.680,1:39:23.420
he jumped up and down once more,

1:39:23.720,1:39:24.800
once or twice more

1:39:24.800,1:39:26.540
in an exercising sort of way.

1:39:27.820,1:39:29.720
The tracks, said Pooh.

1:39:30.320,1:39:33.540
A third animal has joined the other two.

1:39:34.920,1:39:36.300
Pooh! cried Piglet.

1:39:36.580,1:39:38.340
Do you think it's another woozle?

1:39:39.120,1:39:39.800
No,

1:39:40.300,1:39:40.820
said Pooh,

1:39:41.400,1:39:43.400
because it makes different marks.

1:39:44.080,1:39:45.780
It's either two woozles,

1:39:46.300,1:39:48.020
one as it might be whizzle

1:39:48.020,1:39:53.090
or two as it might be whizzles [br]and one if it is woozle.

1:39:54.160,1:39:55.480
Let's continue to follow them.

1:39:56.660,1:40:00.020
So they went on feeling just a little anxious now

1:40:00.020,1:40:04.420
in case the three animals in [br]front of them were of hostile intent.

1:40:06.120,1:40:09.960
And Piglet wished very much [br]that his grandfather T.W.

1:40:10.080,1:40:11.440
were there instead of elsewhere.

1:40:11.980,1:40:14.360
And Pooh thought how nice it would be

1:40:14.360,1:40:17.520
if they met Christopher Robin [br]suddenly but quite accidentally

1:40:17.520,1:40:20.940
and only because he liked [br]Christopher Robin so much.

1:40:21.420,1:40:22.720
And then all of a sudden,

1:40:23.220,1:40:24.640
Winnie the Pooh stopped again

1:40:24.640,1:40:28.180
and licked the tip of his nose in a cooling manner

1:40:28.180,1:40:32.280
for he was feeling more hot and anxious [br]than ever in his life before.

1:40:33.620,1:40:36.840
There were four animals in front of them.

1:40:38.160,1:40:39.280
Do you see, Piglet?

1:40:39.700,1:40:40.680
Look at their tracks,

1:40:41.160,1:40:42.560
three as it were woozles

1:40:42.800,1:40:44.460
and one as it were whizzle,

1:40:44.920,1:40:46.740
another woozle has joined them.

1:40:47.700,1:40:48.720
And so it seemed to be.

1:40:49.400,1:40:52.160
There were the tracks crossing over each other.

1:40:53.400,1:40:56.020
Here, getting quite muddled up with each other there

1:40:56.020,1:40:58.400
but quite plainly every now and then

1:40:58.400,1:41:01.120
the tracks of four sets of paw marks.

1:41:02.420,1:41:05.800
I think, said Piglet when he [br]licked the tip of his nose too

1:41:05.800,1:41:07.940
and found it brought very little comfort.

1:41:08.680,1:41:11.080
I think that I've just remembered something.

1:41:11.420,1:41:14.300
I have just remembered something [br]that I forgot to do yesterday

1:41:14.300,1:41:15.960
and shan't be able to do tomorrow.

1:41:16.240,1:41:18.760
So I suppose I really ought to [br]go back and do it now.

1:41:21.230,1:41:24.550
Well, do it this afternoon and [br]I'll come with you, said Pooh.

1:41:25.850,1:41:29.330
It is the sort of thing you can't do [br]in the afternoon, said Piglet quickly.

1:41:30.090,1:41:32.730
It's a very particular morning thing [br]that has to be done in the morning.

1:41:33.310,1:41:35.200
And if possible between the hours of...

1:41:35.650,1:41:37.150
What would you say the time was?

1:41:38.650,1:41:40.530
About 12, said Winnie the Pooh,

1:41:40.610,1:41:41.270
looking at the sun.

1:41:41.870,1:41:42.910
Between, as I was saying,

1:41:42.990,1:41:44.910
the hours of 12 and 12.05.

1:41:46.410,1:41:49.470
So really, dear old Pooh, if you'll excuse me.

1:41:50.250,1:41:51.010
What's that?

1:41:51.970,1:41:55.330
Pooh looked up at the sky and then [br]as he heard the whistle again

1:41:55.330,1:41:58.050
he looked up into the branches [br]of a big oak tree

1:41:58.230,1:42:00.390
and then he saw a friend of his.

1:42:01.290,1:42:03.290
It's Christopher Robin, he said.

1:42:04.490,1:42:06.890
Ah, then you'll be all right, said Piglet.

1:42:07.270,1:42:08.810
You'll be quite safe with him.

1:42:09.230,1:42:09.730
Goodbye.

1:42:10.250,1:42:13.050
And he trotted off home as quickly as he could,

1:42:13.570,1:42:16.230
very glad to be out of all danger again.

1:42:17.990,1:42:20.970
Christopher Robin came slowly down his tree.

1:42:22.730,1:42:24.110
Silly old bear, he said.

1:42:24.570,1:42:26.090
What were you doing?

1:42:26.750,1:42:29.170
First you went round the spinny twice by yourself

1:42:29.170,1:42:31.310
and then Piglet ran after you

1:42:31.310,1:42:33.610
and you went round again together

1:42:33.610,1:42:36.370
and then you were just going round a fourth time.

1:42:38.940,1:42:40.700
Wait a moment, said Winnie the Pooh,

1:42:40.840,1:42:41.820
holding up his paw.

1:42:42.680,1:42:47.640
He sat down and thought in the most [br]thoughtful way he could think.

1:42:49.610,1:42:52.850
Then he fitted his paw into one of the tracks

1:42:52.850,1:42:56.070
and then he scratched his nose twice and stood up.

1:42:58.730,1:42:59.230
Yes,

1:42:59.570,1:43:00.510
said Winnie the Pooh.

1:43:02.130,1:43:03.750
I see now,

1:43:04.110,1:43:04.870
said Winnie the Pooh.

1:43:05.610,1:43:08.550
I have been foolish and deluded, he said,

1:43:09.210,1:43:12.410
and I'm a bear of no brain at all.

1:43:13.590,1:43:16.050
You're the best bear in all the world,

1:43:16.130,1:43:17.530
said Christopher Robin soothingly.

1:43:18.590,1:43:20.490
Am I, said Pooh, hopefully.

1:43:21.610,1:43:22.870
And then he brightened up suddenly.

1:43:24.490,1:43:25.330
Anyhow, he said,

1:43:25.630,1:43:27.070
it's nearly luncheon time.

1:43:27.630,1:43:28.950
So he went home for it.

1:43:37.370,1:43:41.570
When we meet the terrorist,

1:43:46.620,1:43:49.760
we see that he has the intention to punish,

1:43:50.500,1:43:51.540
to kill.

1:43:57.020,1:43:59.840
And we tell him that it's not good,

1:44:00.140,1:44:00.640
killing.

1:44:10.140,1:44:11.880
But he doesn't listen to us.

1:44:18.810,1:44:22.470
There must be a way of helping him

1:44:22.470,1:44:25.610
to see that killing is not right.

1:44:29.440,1:44:32.900
So the first mindfulness training is to protect life.

1:44:33.640,1:44:34.600
And not to kill.

1:44:38.450,1:44:41.630
But if we just advise people not to kill,

1:44:42.150,1:44:44.270
that may not be enough.

1:44:46.600,1:44:47.940
We have to inspire them.

1:44:50.140,1:44:51.420
We have to help them to understand

1:44:52.840,1:44:56.800
that killing someone is killing yourself.

1:45:00.750,1:45:04.530
If you are inhabited by the insight of interbeing,

1:45:05.850,1:45:10.970
you know that killing someone is killing yourself.

1:45:15.730,1:45:22.370
And that is why the first mindfulness training, [br]not to kill,

1:45:23.070,1:45:24.690
to always protect life,

1:45:25.230,1:45:28.070
should not be just a commandment.

1:45:28.550,1:45:31.370
Someone tells you that it's a good thing to do.

1:45:32.270,1:45:36.350
But you have to understand why you shouldn't do it.

1:45:37.530,1:45:42.970
Because if you touch the insight of interbeing,

1:45:45.640,1:45:49.700
if you are free of the double grasping,

1:45:50.540,1:45:54.160
and you see very clearly that [br]killing him is to kill yourself,

1:45:58.480,1:46:01.120
and the intention to kill is no longer there.

1:46:02.760,1:46:05.160
Until you help the terrorist to see that,

1:46:07.650,1:46:10.230
you cannot transform his anger,

1:46:11.110,1:46:11.850
his suffering.

1:46:14.550,1:46:16.590
Because he thinks that killing and destroying

1:46:16.590,1:46:18.330
is the only way to get a relief.

1:46:18.970,1:46:20.230
You have to punish,

1:46:21.030,1:46:22.430
because that is your enemy.

1:46:23.250,1:46:25.210
That is the enemy of mankind.

1:46:26.230,1:46:28.630
That is the enemy of your civilization,

1:46:29.570,1:46:31.150
and so on.

1:46:33.420,1:46:34.900
So that is why we have to present

1:46:34.960,1:46:37.600
the first mindfulness training in such a way

1:46:37.600,1:46:41.320
that helps people to see that fanaticism,

1:46:42.280,1:46:43.840
to be caught in a view,

1:46:44.780,1:46:47.780
to be caught in an ideology or an idea.

1:46:48.820,1:46:50.200
You can be a killer,

1:46:53.150,1:46:55.190
because you believe that killing is good.

1:46:56.470,1:46:58.010
Killing is something you need.

1:47:00.590,1:47:03.330
And a person who is free from all views,

1:47:04.330,1:47:07.010
a person who is capable of seeing that

1:47:07.010,1:47:08.730
everything is everything else,

1:47:12.640,1:47:15.840
will never have the desire to kill anymore.

1:47:19.020,1:47:20.580
So you don't have to enforce.

1:47:23.170,1:47:25.570
And that is why the mindfulness trainings

1:47:25.570,1:47:27.530
have to be presented in such a way

1:47:28.550,1:47:32.030
that can help the people to [br]get the insight of interbeing.

1:47:32.930,1:47:36.110
They can help the people to see that,

1:47:36.670,1:47:37.790
to be caught in a view,

1:47:38.350,1:47:39.810
whether that is a doctrine,

1:47:40.430,1:47:41.490
an ideology,

1:47:41.810,1:47:42.810
or a dogma.

1:47:44.810,1:47:48.030
You are still caught in the double grasping.

1:47:48.690,1:47:49.910
You are not free,

1:47:50.890,1:47:53.050
and your action cannot be right.

1:47:55.890,1:47:58.610
Otherwise, the person will continue to think,

1:47:59.070,1:48:01.050
to believe that his action is right,

1:48:01.490,1:48:02.850
in the name of God,

1:48:02.850,1:48:06.230
in the name of the best of ideologies,

1:48:06.810,1:48:08.150
in the name of best view.

1:48:09.790,1:48:11.190
And in the Buddhist tradition,

1:48:11.750,1:48:13.110
as we have seen it,

1:48:13.490,1:48:15.810
right view is the absence,

1:48:16.470,1:48:18.590
is the removal of all views.

1:48:20.910,1:48:22.030
So our work,

1:48:22.610,1:48:26.030
our working together for a global ethic,

1:48:28.280,1:48:30.820
should be in the line of thinking that

1:48:30.820,1:48:36.380
our ethic should be an ethic [br]without dogmas, without views.

1:48:37.820,1:48:41.820
And the Prajnaparamita Heart Sutra is the beacon.

1:48:42.780,1:48:44.600
It's the light that shines on it.

1:48:45.140,1:48:47.080
We have to transcend all kinds of views

1:48:47.820,1:48:50.700
in order to have the real insight.

1:48:51.820,1:48:52.660
And with that insight,

1:48:52.940,1:48:54.580
there will be non-discrimination,

1:48:55.500,1:48:56.100
tolerance,

1:48:56.980,1:48:58.000
brotherhood, sisterhood.

1:48:58.920,1:49:02.060
And then the practice of [br]the five mindfulness trainings

1:49:02.060,1:49:03.160
will be true practice.

1:49:03.160,1:49:09.100
Because there is no one [br]imposing the trainings on us,

1:49:09.400,1:49:10.360
asking us to practice.

1:49:10.900,1:49:12.920
Because we see that that is our path,

1:49:13.420,1:49:14.340
that is our joy,

1:49:14.940,1:49:16.020
that is our compassion,

1:49:16.240,1:49:17.020
that is our love.

1:49:18.480,1:49:21.500
So please help with this.

1:49:23.560,1:49:28.260
Sister Pine has been joined with her brother,

1:49:30.160,1:49:30.660
Michelle,

1:49:31.200,1:49:31.700
brother,

1:49:32.380,1:49:33.640
sister Anh Huong.

1:49:39.770,1:49:43.700
And we need those of you who

1:49:48.370,1:49:50.530
have the talent of editing

1:49:50.530,1:49:56.770
in order to work on a revised version [br]of the five mindfulness trainings.

1:50:01.010,1:50:01.850
Where is she?

1:50:16.060,1:50:17.240
In Upper Hamlet.

1:50:20.120,1:50:21.640
Here is Sister Pine.

1:50:25.930,1:50:26.890
Michelle, please come.

1:50:29.970,1:50:30.810
Anh Huong, come.

1:50:32.410,1:50:38.710
And Sister Kinh Nghiem proposed [br]a sister in the Lower Hamlet.

1:50:38.850,1:50:40.330
Her name is

1:50:44.010,1:50:45.310
Tri

1:50:47.260,1:50:47.760
Nghiem.

1:50:47.880,1:50:48.620
Tri Nghiem, come.

1:50:51.630,1:50:52.810
Anh Huong, come.

1:50:55.100,1:50:56.640
We need some more volunteers.

1:51:01.980,1:51:07.160
You know that during the winter retreat we have [br]already worked during three months on this.

1:51:07.900,1:51:10.460
And during the French retreat we have continued.

1:51:12.140,1:51:15.880
And we continue with this retreat,

1:51:16.680,1:51:18.060
collective meditation,

1:51:18.620,1:51:19.680
collective insight,

1:51:20.480,1:51:27.040
in order to offer a new version of the five [br]trainings that can be used by non-Buddhists.

1:51:33.850,1:51:35.190
Is sister Anh Huong here? Please come.

1:51:46.900,1:51:50.460
And we have actually a working version

1:51:52.160,1:51:57.520
of the five trainings,

1:52:05.470,1:52:12.450
so that we can have the input from everyone.

1:52:17.120,1:52:23.540
So the first training and all the other trainings[br]also should include the practice of

1:52:24.200,1:52:27.360
we should not be caught in views,

1:52:32.320,1:52:35.900
in the dualistic way of seeing things,

1:52:39.550,1:52:43.510
so that we can remove all discrimination and fear.

1:52:45.410,1:52:50.290
And that is the foundation of [br]the practice of the training.

1:52:54.050,1:52:55.970
So the training becomes a joy.

1:52:59.250,1:53:01.770
The training becomes our love, our life,

1:53:02.630,1:53:03.850
our happiness.

1:53:04.930,1:53:06.850
And not something we have to do.

1:53:08.330,1:53:17.810
It's like when we refrain from polluting

1:53:19.510,1:53:21.110
the planet,

1:53:21.930,1:53:26.370
when we refrain from eating much

1:53:28.320,1:53:31.440
of the flesh of animals,

1:53:31.960,1:53:34.340
we don't feel that we have to suffer.

1:53:34.740,1:53:42.360
In fact we feel that we are very happy to [br]be able to consume and to live in such a way

1:53:42.840,1:53:48.000
that makes the future for the planet to be possible.

1:53:48.880,1:53:50.640
So that is our love, our joy.

1:53:51.740,1:53:56.260
And the five mindfulness trainings [br]should be presented in such a way.

1:53:56.440,1:53:57.940
Sister Tung Nghiem, you may say something.

1:54:26.860,1:54:28.360
Dear respected teacher,

1:54:28.740,1:54:30.120
dear noble community,

1:54:34.090,1:54:37.270
we enjoyed very much during [br]this past winter retreat,

1:54:38.210,1:54:43.950
listening to Dharma talks of [br]Thay about the global ethic

1:54:43.950,1:54:47.350
and the cream of the Buddhist teaching

1:54:47.350,1:54:51.510
and what we can contribute to a

1:54:54.000,1:54:56.960
to a direction that everyone can say,

1:54:57.280,1:54:58.720
yes, this is the way I want to go.

1:55:02.290,1:55:07.210
And we also had the chance to do [br]the same during the French retreat.

1:55:09.290,1:55:13.190
After the winter retreat we made one draft,

1:55:13.430,1:55:16.270
a new revision in February,

1:55:16.270,1:55:25.530
and then after the French retreat we had [br]a group of monastic and lay practitioners

1:55:25.710,1:55:29.370
who sat together and made a revision in French.

1:55:32.130,1:55:35.390
And very recently, just before this retreat started,

1:55:36.170,1:55:38.110
we made another draft in English.

1:55:39.290,1:55:42.690
So I think this is the working draft [br]that Thay is speaking of now.

1:55:42.690,1:55:48.770
But we are very happy to have [br]so many deep looking friends

1:55:48.950,1:55:53.130
and brothers and sisters here right now [br]who can sit together again

1:55:53.690,1:56:04.650
and find the most inspiring possible words

1:56:04.830,1:56:08.470
for a world that is suffering [br]and looking for a way out.

1:56:09.730,1:56:10.510
Thank you.

1:56:10.720,1:56:11.370
Is

1:56:16.900,1:56:21.260
it possible for your group to report to us [br]from time to time during the retreat?

1:56:21.540,1:56:22.280
Yes, of course, dear Thay.

1:56:22.520,1:56:23.920
And ask for inputs.

1:56:24.600,1:56:25.080
Yes.

1:56:25.080,1:56:26.900
And we also have...

1:56:26.900,1:56:30.060
I heard that there were some other [br]friends in Lower Hamlet, Miriam,

1:56:30.760,1:56:32.160
and I heard Peggy also.

1:56:33.980,1:56:37.720
And I think there were at least one or two [br]other people that I've heard about

1:56:37.720,1:56:38.680
and there may be others.

1:56:39.260,1:56:40.780
Yes. Feel free to invite them.

1:56:43.890,1:56:48.690
So of course, yes, we will be very [br]happy to share our progress with Thay.

1:57:04.200,1:57:06.200
And you are planning to meet when?

1:57:08.490,1:57:10.130
Yes, that's the question.

1:57:11.270,1:57:16.510
When we can meet from the three hamlets.

1:57:18.670,1:57:20.930
I don't know if Thay has an idea for us.

1:57:22.190,1:57:24.910
Thay has also already many ideas.

1:57:31.540,1:57:36.160
I will try to come up with an approach,

1:57:36.500,1:57:42.560
a proposal, and I will send to the other Hamlets [br]for their announcements this evening.

1:57:45.000,1:57:46.110
Okay.