[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.12,0:00:18.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, it all came to life\Nin a dark bar in Madrid,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.29,0:00:24.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as I was stepping into the bar,\NI encountered my colleague from McGill,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.91,0:00:26.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Michael Meaney.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.28,0:00:29.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we're drinking a few beers,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.69,0:00:33.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and like scientists do,\Nhe told me about his work.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.32,0:00:39.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He told me that he is interested\Nin how mother rats
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.33,0:00:42.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lick their pups after they are born.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.63,0:00:49.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I was sitting there and saying,\N"This is where my tax dollars are wasted,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.35,0:00:50.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.43,0:00:53.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on this kind of soft science."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.82,0:00:57.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as the beer got more intense\Nand the alcohol gets into the brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.72,0:01:02.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you become more receptive,\Nand he started telling me
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.38,0:01:08.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the rats, like humans,\Nlick their pups in very different ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.37,0:01:11.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some mothers do a lot of that,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.10,0:01:13.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some mothers do very little,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.34,0:01:15.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and most are in-between.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.93,0:01:17.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what's interesting about it
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.78,0:01:22.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that when he follows these pups\Nwhen they become adults,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.78,0:01:26.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like years in human life,\Nlong after their mother has died,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.95,0:01:29.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they are completely different animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.09,0:01:33.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The animals that were licked\Nand groomed heavily -
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.41,0:01:37.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the high licking and grooming -\Nare not stressed,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.13,0:01:43.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they have different sexual behavior,\Nthey have a different way of living,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.39,0:01:48.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than those that were not treated\Nas intensively by her mother.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.91,0:01:52.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, then I was thinking to myself,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.07,0:01:54.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is this magic?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.09,0:01:56.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How does this work?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.46,0:01:57.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm a biochemist.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.06,0:02:02.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I believe that there are chemical\Nexplanations to nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.04,0:02:07.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was working in a field\Ncalled 'epigenetics,'
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.40,0:02:14.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but before I jumped into that conclusion,\Nwe had to do another experiment.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.27,0:02:18.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Is this genetic?" a geneticist\Nwould like you to think.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.27,0:02:23.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Perhaps the mother\Nhad the 'bad mother' gene
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.30,0:02:27.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that caused her pups to be stressful,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.05,0:02:29.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then it was passed\Nfrom generation to generation;
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.55,0:02:31.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's all determined by genetics.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.24,0:02:35.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or is it possible that something else\Nis going on here?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.98,0:02:39.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In rats, we can ask\Nthis question and answer it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.42,0:02:42.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what we did\Nis a cross-fostering experiment.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.00,0:02:47.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You essentially separate the litter,\Nthe babies of this rat, at birth,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.78,0:02:49.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to two kinds of fostering mothers,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.76,0:02:52.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not the real mothers,\Nbut mothers that will take care of them:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.92,0:02:55.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,high-licking mothers\Nand low-licking mothers.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.22,0:02:59.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can do the opposite\Nwith the low-licking pups.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.62,0:03:01.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the remarkable answer was,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.96,0:03:06.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it wasn't important what gene\Nyou got from your mother.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.14,0:03:11.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was not the biological mother\Nthat defined this property of these rats,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.89,0:03:16.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is the mother\Nthat took care of the pups.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.73,0:03:19.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, how can this work?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.43,0:03:23.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as I told you, I am an epigeneticist.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.05,0:03:26.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am interested in how genes are marked
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.83,0:03:30.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by a chemical mark during embryogenesis,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.41,0:03:33.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during the time we're in\Nthe womb of our mothers,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.24,0:03:37.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and decide which gene\Nwill be expressed in what tissue.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.01,0:03:40.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Different genes are expressed in the brain\Nthan in the liver and the eye.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.99,0:03:43.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we thought,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.09,0:03:49.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is it possible that the mother\Nis somehow reprogramming
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.18,0:03:53.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the gene of her offspring\Nthrough her behavior?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.44,0:03:55.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We spent ten years,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.03,0:03:59.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we found that there\Nis a cascade of biochemical events
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.04,0:04:02.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by which the licking and grooming\Nof the mother, the care of the mother,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.41,0:04:08.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is translated to biochemical signals\Nthat go into the nucleus and into the DNA,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.43,0:04:10.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and program it differently.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.40,0:04:15.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now the animal\Ncan prepare itself for life.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.48,0:04:17.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is life going to be harsh?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.10,0:04:19.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is there going to be a lot of food?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.93,0:04:22.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Are there going to be\Na lot of cats and snakes around?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.47,0:04:24.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or will I live in\Nan upper class neighborhood
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.79,0:04:27.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where all I have to do\Nis behave well and proper,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.51,0:04:30.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that will gain me social acceptance?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.33,0:04:37.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now, one can think about how important\Nthat process can be for our lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.71,0:04:41.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We inherit our DNA from our ancestors.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.69,0:04:45.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The DNA is old;\Nit evolved during evolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.27,0:04:50.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it doesn't tell us if you\Nare going to be born in Stockholm,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.61,0:04:54.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the days are long in summer\Nand short in the winter,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.04,0:04:57.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or in Ecuador, where there are an equal\Nnumber of hours for day and night
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.51,0:05:02.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all year around, and that has such\Nan enormous [impact] on our physiology.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.72,0:05:08.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what we suggest is perhaps\Nwhat happens early in life,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.13,0:05:11.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those signals that come\Nthrough the mother tell the child
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.50,0:05:14.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what kind of social world\Nyou are going to be living in.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.69,0:05:18.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it going to be harsh and you better\Nbe anxious and be stressful?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.13,0:05:21.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or is it going to be an easy world\Nand you have to be different?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.14,0:05:24.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it going to be a world\Nwith a lot of light or a little light?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.59,0:05:28.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it going to be a world\Nwith a lot of food or a little food?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.60,0:05:30.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If there's no food around,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.15,0:05:34.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you better develop your brain\Nto binge whenever you see a meal,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.80,0:05:39.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or store every piece of food\Nthat you have as fat.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.12,0:05:44.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, this is good;\Nevolution has selected this
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.45,0:05:51.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to allow our fixed old DNA to function\Nin a dynamic way in new environments.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.69,0:05:54.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But sometimes things can go wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.99,0:06:00.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, if you're born\Nto a poor family and the signals are
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.47,0:06:04.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'You better binge, you better eat every\Npiece of food you're going to encounter.'
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.01,0:06:07.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now we humans,\Nin our brain, have evolved,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.33,0:06:09.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have changed evolution even faster.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.48,0:06:12.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now you can buy\Na McDonald's [hamburger] for $1.00.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.86,0:06:19.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And therefore, the preparation\Nthat we had by our mothers
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.29,0:06:21.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is turning out to be maladaptive.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.74,0:06:27.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The same preparation that was supposed to\Nprotect us from hunger and famine
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.69,0:06:31.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is going to cause obesity,\Ncardiovascular problems,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.89,0:06:33.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and metabolic disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.80,0:06:37.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, this concept that genes\Ncould be marked by our experience,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.38,0:06:39.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially the early life experience,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.60,0:06:44.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can provide us a unifying explanation\Nof both health and disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.78,0:06:47.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But is it true only for rats?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.16,0:06:50.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem is, we cannot\Ntest this in humans,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.18,0:06:55.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because ethically, we cannot administer\Nchildhood adversity in a random way.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.30,0:06:58.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, if a poor child\Ndevelops a certain property,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.61,0:07:02.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we don't know whether\Nthis is caused by poverty,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.40,0:07:04.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or whether poor people have bad genes.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.27,0:07:07.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, geneticists will try to tell you
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.02,0:07:10.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that poor people are poor\Nbecause their genes made them poor.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.51,0:07:14.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Epigeneticists will tell you\Npoor people are in a bad environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.49,0:07:16.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or impoverished environment
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.51,0:07:19.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that creates that phenotype,\Nthat property.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.77,0:07:26.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we moved to look\Ninto our cousins, the monkeys.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.24,0:07:32.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My colleague Stephen Suomi has been\Nrearing monkeys in two different ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.06,0:07:35.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Randomly separated\Nthe monkey from the mother
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.03,0:07:40.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and reared her with a nurse\Nin surrogate motherhood conditions.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.61,0:07:43.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, these monkeys didn't have a mother,\Nthey had a nurse.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.33,0:07:48.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And other monkeys were reared\Nwith their normal, natural mothers.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.07,0:07:52.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when they were old,\Nthey were completely different animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.74,0:07:55.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The monkeys that had a mother\Nwould not care about alcohol,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.85,0:07:57.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were not sexually aggressive.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.49,0:08:01.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The monkeys that didn't have a mother\Nwere aggressive, were stressed,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.37,0:08:03.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and were alcoholics.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.69,0:08:08.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we looked at their DNA\Nearly after birth,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.37,0:08:11.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see, is it possible\Nthat the mother is marking?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.94,0:08:17.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is a signature of the mother\Nin the DNA of the offspring.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.29,0:08:19.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are day-14 monkeys,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.59,0:08:23.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what you see here is the modern way\Nby which we study epigenetics.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.52,0:08:28.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can now map those chemical marks,\Nwhich we call methylation marks,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.37,0:08:33.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on DNA at a single nucleotide resolution,\Nwe can map the entire genome.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.53,0:08:36.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can now compare the monkey\Nthat had a mother and not.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.66,0:08:38.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here is a visual presentation of this.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.66,0:08:42.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you see is the genes\Nthat got more methylated are red;
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.99,0:08:46.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the genes that got\Nless methylated are green.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.06,0:08:48.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see many genes are changing.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.61,0:08:51.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because not having a mother\Nis not just one thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.34,0:08:52.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if affects the whole way.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.77,0:08:56.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It sends us signals about the whole way\Nyour world is going to look
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.37,0:08:58.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you become an adult,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.15,0:09:03.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can see the two groups of monkeys\Nextremely well separated from each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.30,0:09:06.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How early does this develop?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.74,0:09:08.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These monkeys already\Ndidn't see their mother
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.83,0:09:10.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they had a social experience.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.71,0:09:15.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do we sense our social status\Neven at the moment of birth?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.73,0:09:16.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, in this experiment,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.84,0:09:22.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we took placentas of monkeys\Nthat had different social status.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.31,0:09:27.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's interesting about social rank,\Nis that across all living beings,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.72,0:09:30.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they will structure\Nthemselves by hierarchy.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.97,0:09:32.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Monkey number one is the boss.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.30,0:09:35.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Monkey number four is the peon.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.50,0:09:39.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you put four monkeys in a cage,\Nthere will always be a boss,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.60,0:09:41.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and always be a peon.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.08,0:09:45.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, what's interesting,\Nis that monkey number one
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.93,0:09:49.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is much healthier than monkey number four.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.34,0:09:55.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you put them in a cage,\Nmonkey number one will not eat as much,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.84,0:09:58.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,monkey number four will eat as much.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.81,0:10:02.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what you see here\Nin this methylation mapping,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.88,0:10:05.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the animals that had a high social status,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.62,0:10:08.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,versus the animals\Nthat did not have a high status.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.93,0:10:13.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we are born already knowing\Nthe social information,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.34,0:10:16.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that social information\Nis not bad or good,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.29,0:10:17.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it just prepares us for life
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.64,0:10:22.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we have to program\Nour biology differently
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.09,0:10:25.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we're in a high or low social status.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.09,0:10:28.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But how can you study this in humans?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.61,0:10:31.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can't do experiments;\Nwe can't administer adversity to humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.88,0:10:36.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But God does experiments with humans,\Nand it's called natural disasters.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.97,0:10:42.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the hardest natural disasters\Nin Canadian history
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.32,0:10:44.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,happened in my province of Quebec.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.90,0:10:47.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the ice storm of 1998.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.35,0:10:51.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We lost our entire electrical grid\Nbecause of an ice storm
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.24,0:10:54.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the temperatures were\Nin the dead of winter in Quebec,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.05,0:10:58.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-20 to -30, and there were\Npregnant mothers during that time.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.14,0:11:05.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And my colleague, Suzanne King,\Nfollowed the children of these mothers
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.19,0:11:07.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for 15 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.62,0:11:11.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what happened was\Nthat as the stress increased,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.92,0:11:14.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and here we had objective\Nmeasures of stress:
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.64,0:11:16.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How long you were without power;
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.69,0:11:18.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where did you spend your time?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.99,0:11:24.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Was it in your mothers-in-law apartment\Nor in some posh country home?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.23,0:11:26.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All these added up\Nto a social stress scale
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.59,0:11:31.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can ask the question,\Nhow did the children look?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.30,0:11:35.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It appears that as stress increases,\Nthe children develop more autism,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.93,0:11:41.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they develop more metabolic diseases,\Nand they develop more autoimmune diseases.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.92,0:11:44.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we would map the methylation state
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.14,0:11:49.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and again, you see the green genes\Nbecoming red as stress increases.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.92,0:11:53.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The red genes becoming green\Nas stress increases,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.34,0:11:58.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an entire rearrangement of the genome\Nin response to stress.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.69,0:12:01.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, if we can program genes,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.92,0:12:06.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we are not just the slaves\Nof the history of our genes,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.25,0:12:09.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they can be programmed,\Ncan we deprogram them?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.78,0:12:13.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because epigenetic causes\Ncan cause diseases like cancer,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.90,0:12:18.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,metabolic disease\Nand mental health diseases.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.33,0:12:21.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's talk about cocaine addiction.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.85,0:12:24.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cocaine addiction is a terrible situation,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.84,0:12:28.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can lead to death\Nand to loss of human life.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.85,0:12:35.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We ask the question,\Ncan we reprogram the addicted brain
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.08,0:12:40.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make that animal non-addicted anymore?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.61,0:12:46.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We used a cocaine addiction model\Nthat recapitulates what happens in humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.94,0:12:51.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In humans, you're in high school,\Nsome friends suggest you use some cocaine,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.58,0:12:53.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you take cocaine, nothing happens.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.67,0:12:57.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Months pass by; something reminds you\Nof what happened the first time,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.80,0:13:00.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a pusher pushes cocaine,\Nand you become addicted,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.69,0:13:02.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and your life has changed.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.55,0:13:03.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In rats, we do the same thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.99,0:13:08.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My colleague Gal Yadid, he trains\Nthe animals to get used to cocaine,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.64,0:13:11.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then for one month, no cocaine.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.85,0:13:15.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then he reminds them of the party\Nwhen they saw cocaine the first time
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.36,0:13:18.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,via cue - the colors of the cage\Nwhen they saw cocaine,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.41,0:13:20.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they go crazy.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.07,0:13:23.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They will press the lever\Nto get cocaine till they die.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.31,0:13:28.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We first determined that the difference\Nbetween these animals
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.79,0:13:31.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that during that time,\Nwhen nothing happens,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.41,0:13:34.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's no cocaine around,\Ntheir epigenome is rearranged,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.98,0:13:38.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their genes are re-marked\Nin a different way,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.10,0:13:39.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when the cue comes,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.61,0:13:44.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their genome is ready\Nto develop this addictive phenotype.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.88,0:13:51.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we treated these animals with drugs\Nthat either increase DNA methylation,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.66,0:13:53.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was the epigenetic mark to look at,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.68,0:13:57.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or decrease epigenetic markings.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.37,0:14:00.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we found that\Nif we increase methylation,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.65,0:14:05.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these animals go even crazier,\Nthey have even more craving for cocaine.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.02,0:14:10.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if we reduce the DNA methylation,\Nthe animals are not addicted anymore,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.63,0:14:12.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have reprogrammed them.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.28,0:14:16.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the fundamental difference between\Nan epigenetic drug and any other drug
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.92,0:14:19.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that with epigenetic drugs
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.06,0:14:23.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we essentially remove\Nthe science of experience,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.44,0:14:25.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and once they're gone,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.45,0:14:28.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they will not come back\Nunless you have the same experience,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.43,0:14:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so the animal now is reprogrammed.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.10,0:14:34.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, when we visited the animals\N30 days, 60 days longer,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.25,0:14:37.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is, in human terms,\Nmany years of life,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.32,0:14:43.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were still not addicted\Nby a single epigenetic treatment.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.69,0:14:51.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what we learned about DNA:\Nthe DNA is not just a sequence of letters,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.15,0:14:52.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not just a script.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.34,0:14:56.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DNA is a dynamic movie.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.56,0:15:01.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our experiences are being written\Ninto that movie, which is interactive.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.52,0:15:06.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're like watching a movie of your life,\Nwith the DNA, with your remote control.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.88,0:15:10.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can remove an actor, and add an actor.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.38,0:15:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, in spite of the deterministic\Nnature of genetics,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.00,0:15:20.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have control\Nof the way your genes look.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.79,0:15:23.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this has a tremendous\Noptimistic message.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.98,0:15:27.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the ability to now encounter\Nsome of the deadly diseases
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.53,0:15:33.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like cancer, mental health,\Nwith a new approach,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.39,0:15:35.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking at them as maladaptation,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.98,0:15:42.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that if we can epigenetically intervene,\Nreverse the movie by removing an actor
Dialogue: 0,0:15:42.67,0:15:45.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and setting up a new narrative.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:46.32,0:15:50.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what I told you today is that our DNA
Dialogue: 0,0:15:50.26,0:15:56.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is really a combination of two components,\Ntwo layers of information.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.35,0:16:00.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One layer of information is old,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.07,0:16:03.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,evolved from millions\Nof years of evolution;
Dialogue: 0,0:16:03.53,0:16:07.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is fixed and very hard to change.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.69,0:16:11.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other layer of information\Nis the epigenetic layer,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.56,0:16:14.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is open and dynamic,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:15.40,0:16:19.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sets up a narrative\Nthat is interactive.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:19.87,0:16:24.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, even though\Nwe are determined by our genes,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:25.14,0:16:27.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have a degree of freedom
Dialogue: 0,0:16:28.17,0:16:32.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can set up our life\Nto a life of responsibility.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:32.39,0:16:33.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:33.86,0:16:35.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)