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No Turning Back:

West Antarctic Glaciers in Irreversible Decline --

Presented by Science@NASA

Over the years,

as temperatures around the world have ratcheted upward,

climate change researchers have kept a wary eye on one place

perhaps more than any other:

The West Antarctic Ice Sheet,

and particularly the fastest melting part of it,

the glaciers that flow into the Amundsen Sea.

In that region,

six glaciers hang in a precarious balance,

partially supported by land,

and partially floating in waters just offshore.

There's enough water frozen in the ice sheet

that feeds these icy giants

to raise global sea levels by 4 feet-

if they were to melt.

That's troubling because the glaciers are melting.

Moreover, a new study finds that

their decline appears to be irreversible.

'We've passed the point of no return,'

says Eric Rignot,

a glaciologist working jointly at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory

and the University of California, Irvine.

Rignot and colleagues

have used 19 years of satellite radar data

to map the fast-melting glaciers.

In their paper,

which has been accepted for publication

in Geophysical Research Letters,

they conclude that

'this sector of West Antarctica

is undergoing a marine ice sheet instability

that will significantly contribute to sea level rise'

in the centuries ahead.

A key concept in the Rignot study is the

'grounding line'-

the dividing line between land and water underneath a glacier.

Because virtually all melting occurs

where the glaciers' undersides touch the ocean,

pinpointing the grounding line is crucial

for estimating melt rates.

The problem is,

grounding lines are buried under thousands of feet of glacial ice.

'It's challenging for a human observer

to figure out where they are,' Rignot explains.

'There's nothing obvious that sticks out on the surface to say,

'This is where the glacier goes afloat.''

To find the hidden grounding lines,

they examined radar images of the glaciers

made by the European Space Agency's Earth Remote Sensing satellites

from 1992 to 2011.

Glaciers flex in response to tides.

By analyzing the flexing motions,

they were able to trace the grounding lines.

This led to a key discovery.

In all the glaciers they studied,

grounding lines were rapidly retreating away from the sea.

'In this sector,

we are seeing retreat rates

that we don't see anywhere else on Earth,' Rignot says.

Smith Glacier's line moved the fastest,

retreating 22 miles upstream.

The other lines retreated from 6 to 19 miles.

As the glaciers melt and lose weight,

they float off the land where they used to sit.

Water gets underneath the glacier

and pushes the grounding line inland.

This, in turn,

reduces friction between the glacier and its bed.

The glacier speeds up,

stretches out and thins,

which drives the grounding line to retreat farther inland.

This is a positive feedback loop

that leads to out of control melting.

The only natural factor that can slow or stop this process

is a 'pinning point' in the bedrock --

a bump or projection that snags the glacier from underneath

and keeps it from sliding toward the sea.

To investigate this possibility,

the researchers made a novel map of the bed beneath the glaciers

using radar and other data from satellites

and NASA's airborne IceBridge mission.

The map revealed that the glaciers had already floated off

many of their small pinning points.

In short, there seems to be no turning back.

'At current melt rates,' concludes Rignot,

'these glaciers will be 'history' within a few hundred years.'

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