[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.70,0:00:25.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.97,0:00:28.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.56,0:00:33.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.85,0:00:37.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.65,0:00:41.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.28,0:00:57.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A cofounder of the social, news and entertainment website reddit has been found dead.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.81,0:01:02.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He certainly was a prodigy, although he never kind of thought of himself like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.28,0:01:04.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was totally unexcited
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.92,0:01:09.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about starting businesses and making money.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.90,0:01:13.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a profound sense of lost in Highland Park,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.27,0:01:15.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aaron Swartz's hometown,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.20,0:01:18.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as loved ones say good-bye to one of the Internet's brightest lights.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.39,0:01:21.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Freedom, open access and computer activists are mourning his loss.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.84,0:01:25.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"An astonishing intellect", if you talk to people who knew him.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.70,0:01:27.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was killed by the government
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.03,0:01:29.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and MIT betrayed all of its basic principles.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.100,0:01:35.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They wanted to make an example out of him.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.18,0:01:39.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Governments have insatiable desire to control.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.05,0:01:43.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was potentially facing 35 years in prison and a one million dollar fine.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.48,0:01:50.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Raising questions of prosecutorial zeal, and I would say even misconduct.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.39,0:01:56.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have you looked into that particular matter and reached any conclusions?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.40,0:02:00.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Growing up, you know, I slowly had this process of realizing
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.92,0:02:03.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that all the things around me, that people had told me
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.56,0:02:06.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were just the natural way things were, the way things always would be
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.71,0:02:09.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They weren't natural at all, there were things that could be changed
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.42,0:02:11.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there were things that more importantly were wrong and should change.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.82,0:02:14.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And once I realized that, there was really kind of no going back.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.32,0:02:21.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Internet's Own Boy.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.27,0:02:27.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Welcome to story reading time.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.05,0:02:33.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The name of the book is "Paddington at the fair".
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.57,0:02:37.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, he was born in Highland Park and grew up here.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.43,0:02:40.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aaron came from a family of three brothers, all extraordinarily bright.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.78,0:02:44.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, the box is tipping over...
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.53,0:02:48.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we were all, you know, not the best behaved children.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.71,0:02:51.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, three boys running around all the time, causing trouble.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.75,0:02:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hey, no, no no!
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.00,0:02:56.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Aaron!\N- What?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.23,0:03:01.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I've come to the realization that Aaron learned how to learn at a very young age.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.71,0:03:05.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight...
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.46,0:03:09.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Knock, knock!\N- Who's there?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.55,0:03:11.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Aaron.\N- Aaron who?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.43,0:03:13.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Aaron Funnyman.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.14,0:03:15.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He knew what he wanted, and he always wanted to do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.58,0:03:18.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He always accomplished what he wanted.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.61,0:03:21.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His curiosity was endless.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.89,0:03:25.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's a little picture of what the planets are.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.12,0:03:32.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And each planet has a symbol. Mercury symbol, Venus symbol, Earth symbol, Mars symbol...
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.77,0:03:40.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One day he said to Susan: what's this free family entertainment downtown Highland Park?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.93,0:03:43.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was three at the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.40,0:03:45.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She said: what are you talking about?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.63,0:03:50.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He said: Look, it says here on the refrigerator, "Free family entertainment downtown Highland Park".
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.06,0:03:54.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She was floored and astonished that he could read.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.01,0:03:59.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's called "My Family Seder".
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.76,0:04:04.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That Seder night is different from all other nights.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.13,0:04:08.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I remember once, we were at the University of Chicago Library.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.85,0:04:12.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I pulled a book off the shelf that was from like 1900.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.15,0:04:16.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And showed to him, and said: you know, this is an extraordinary place.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.06,0:04:22.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We all were curious children, but Aaron really liked learning and really liked teaching.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.100,0:04:27.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what we're going to learn is ABC backwards.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.94,0:04:31.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Z, Y, X, W, V, U, T...
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.06,0:04:35.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I remember he came home from his first Algebra class.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.62,0:04:38.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was like: Noah, let me teach you Algebra!
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.83,0:04:41.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm like: what is Algebra?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.27,0:04:43.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he was always like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.29,0:04:48.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now let's press click button, there! Now it's got that!
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.90,0:04:52.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now it's in pink!
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.78,0:04:56.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When he was about two or three years old, and Bob introduced him to computers,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.78,0:04:59.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then he just took off, like crazy on them.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.82,0:05:03.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(baby talk)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.69,0:05:09.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We all had computers, but Aaron really took to them, really took to the Internet.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.70,0:05:12.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Working at the computer?\N- Naah..
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.96,0:05:16.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- How c... mommy, why is nothing working?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.01,0:05:18.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He started programming from a really young age.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.67,0:05:26.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I remember the first program that I wrote with him was in Basic, and it was a Star Wars trivia game.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.54,0:05:30.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He sat down with me in the basement, where the computer was,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.36,0:05:35.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for hours, programming this game.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.35,0:05:38.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem that I kept having with him is that there was nothing that I wanted done.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.66,0:05:44.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to him, there was always something to do, always something that programming could solve.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.02,0:05:50.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The way Aaron always saw it, is that programming is magic.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.90,0:05:54.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can accomplish these things that normal humans can't.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.98,0:05:58.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aaron made an ATM, using, like, a MacIntosh and, like, a cardboard box.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.06,0:06:02.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One year for Halloween, I didn't know what I wanted to be,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.37,0:06:06.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he thought it would be really really cool if I dressed up like his new favorite computer,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.85,0:06:10.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which at the time was the original iMac.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.01,0:06:13.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, he hated dressing up for Halloween but he loved convincing other people
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.43,0:06:16.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to dress up in these things that he wanted to see.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.28,0:06:22.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Host Aaron, stop! Guys, come on, look at the camera!
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.19,0:06:30.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He made this website called The Info, where people could just fill in information.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.72,0:06:34.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm sure someone out there knows everything about gold, gold leafing.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.99,0:06:38.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why they don't write about that on this website? And then other people can come at a later point
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.72,0:06:43.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and read that information, and edit the information if they thought it was bad.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.35,0:06:46.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not too dissimilar from Wikipedia, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.23,0:06:50.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this was before Wikipedia begun, and this is developed by a 12 year old,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.47,0:06:58.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in his room, by himself, running on this tiny server, using ancient technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.45,0:07:06.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the teachers response was, like: This is a terrible idea, you cant' just let anyone author the encyclopedia.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.98,0:07:12.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The whole reason we have scholars is to write these books for us. How did you have such a terrible idea?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.48,0:07:20.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Me and my other brother will go, like: Oh, you know, Wikipedia is cool, but we had that in our house, like, five years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.78,0:07:25.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aaron's website, theinfo.org, wins a school competition
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.60,0:07:32.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hosted by the Cambridge-based web design firm ArsDigita.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.76,0:07:38.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We all went to Cambridge when he won the ArsDigita prize
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.09,0:07:40.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we had no clue what Aaron was doing.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.51,0:07:44.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was obvious that the prize was really important.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.37,0:07:48.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aaron soon became involved with online programming communities,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.17,0:07:51.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then in the process of shaping a new tool for the web.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.44,0:07:55.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He comes up saying to me, like: Ben, there's this really awesome thing that I'm working on.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.54,0:07:57.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You need to hear about it!
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.71,0:07:59.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm like: yeah, what is it?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.74,0:08:02.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he says: It's a thing called RSS.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.89,0:08:05.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he explains me what RSS is.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.03,0:08:11.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm like: why is that useful, Aaron? Is any site using it, like why would I want to use it?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.27,0:08:16.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is this mailing list for people who are working on RSS, and XML more generally.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.89,0:08:24.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's a person on it named Aaron Swartz, who is combative but very smart and who had lots of good ideas
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.27,0:08:28.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he'd never come to face-to-face meetings, and they said,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.63,0:08:32.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know, when are you gonna come to any of these face-to-face meetings?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.31,0:08:37.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he said: you know, I don't think my mom would let me. I'm.. I've just turned 14.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.80,0:08:42.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So their first reaction was, well, you know, this person, this colleague we'we been working with all year is...
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.67,0:08:46.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was 13 years old while we were working with him, and he's only 14 now.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.97,0:08:51.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And their second reaction was: Christ, we really want to meet him! That's extraordinary!
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.34,0:08:53.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was part of the committee that drafted RSS.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.78,0:08:59.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What he was doing was to help build the plumming for modern hypertext.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.15,0:09:06.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The piece that he was working on, RSS, was a tool that you can use to get summaries
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.06,0:09:08.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of things that are going on on other web pages.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.68,0:09:13.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most commonly, you would use this for a blog. You might have 10 or 20 people's blogs you wanna read.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.36,0:09:18.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You use their RSS feeds, these summaries of what's going on on those other pages
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.38,0:09:22.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to create a unified list of all the stuff that's going on.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.61,0:09:27.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aaron was really young, but he understood the technology and he saw that it was imperfect
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.78,0:09:31.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and looked for ways to help make it better.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.64,0:09:39.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So his mom started bundling him on planes in Chicago, we'd pick him up in San Francicso.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.96,0:09:45.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'd introduce him to interesting people to argue with, and we'd marvle at his horriffic eating habits.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.36,0:09:51.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He only ate white food, only like steamed rice and not fried rice 'cause that wasn't sufficiently white
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.07,0:09:53.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and white bread, and so on...
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.70,0:09:59.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you kind of marvled at the quality of the debate emerging from this,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.26,0:10:01.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what appeared to be a small boy's mouth.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.74,0:10:05.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you'd think, this is a kid that's really going to get somewhere if he doesn't die of scurvy.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.06,0:10:06.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aaron, you're up!
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.69,0:10:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think the difference is that now you can't make companies like dotcoms.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.00,0:10:15.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can't have companies that just sell dog food over the Internet, or sell dog food over cell phones.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.72,0:10:18.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there's still a lot of innovation going on.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.19,0:10:21.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think that maybe if you don't see the innovation, maybe your head is in the sand!
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.42,0:10:24.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He takes on this, like an alpha nerd personality, where he's
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.70,0:10:28.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sort of like: "I'm smarter than you, and because I'm smarter than you I'm better than you,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.61,0:10:30.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I can tell you what to do".
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.88,0:10:35.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's an extension of, like, him being kind of like a twerp.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.31,0:10:39.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you aggregate all these computers together and now they're solving big problems
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.01,0:10:43.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like searching for aliens and trying to cure cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.11,0:10:48.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I first met him on IRC, or Internet Relay Chat.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.47,0:10:53.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He didn't just write code, he also got people excited about solving problems he got.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.49,0:10:55.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was a connector.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.62,0:10:58.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The free culture movement, he had a lot of this energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.75,0:11:03.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think Aaron was trying to make the world work. He was trying to fix it.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.16,0:11:08.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He had a very kind of strong personality, that definitely ruffled feathers at times.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.64,0:11:13.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It wasn't necesarily the case that he was always comfortable in the world
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.40,0:11:17.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the world wasn't always comfortable with him.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.99,0:11:22.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aaron got into high school and he was really just sick of school.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.100,0:11:27.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He didn't like it, he didn't like any of the classes that were being thaught, he didn't like the teachers.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.93,0:11:30.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aaron really knew how to get information.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.92,0:11:34.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was like: "I don't need to go to this teacher to learn how to do geometry.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.82,0:11:37.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can just read the geometry book.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.03,0:11:41.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I don't need to go to this teacher to learn their version of American history,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.18,0:11:45.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like I have like three historical compilations here, I could just read them.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.40,0:11:49.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm not interested in that, I'm interested in the web".
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.33,0:11:53.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was very frustrated with school, I thought the teachers didn't know what they were talking about.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.37,0:11:57.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were domineering and controlling, the homework was kind of a sham
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.02,0:12:01.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it was all just like all about a way to pen students all together and force them to do busy work.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.10,0:12:05.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, you know, I started reading books about the history of education
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.30,0:12:07.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how this educational system was developed.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.85,0:12:11.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, you know, alternatives to it and ways that people could actually learn things
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.22,0:12:15.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as opposed to just regurgitating facts that teachers told them.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.24,0:12:19.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that kind of led me down this path of questioning things, once I questioned the school I was in,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.43,0:12:24.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I questioned the society that built the school, I questioned the businesses that the schools were training people for,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.36,0:12:28.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I questioned the government that set up this whole structure.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.73,0:12:32.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the thing he was most passionate about was copyright, especially in those early days.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.34,0:12:37.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Copyright has always been something kind of a burden on the publishing industry and on readers,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.87,0:12:43.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it wasn't an eccessive burden, it was a reasonable institution to have in place,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.48,0:12:46.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make sure that people got paid.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.04,0:12:53.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What Aaron's generation experienced was the collision between this antique copyright system
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.08,0:12:57.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this amazing new thing we were trying to build, the Internet and the Web.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.12,0:13:01.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These things collided, and what we got was chaos.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.45,0:13:06.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He then met Harvard's Law professor Lawrence Lessig,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.06,0:13:09.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who was then challenging copyright law in the Supreme Court.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.33,0:13:13.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The young Aaron Swartz flew to Washington to listen to the Supreme Court hearings.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.28,0:13:17.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am Aaron Swartz and I'm here to listen to the LD, to see the LD document.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.89,0:13:23.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why did you fly out here from Chicago and come all this way to see the LD argument?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.49,0:13:27.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a more difficult question...
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.23,0:13:33.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know. It's very exciting to see the Supreme Court,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.97,0:13:38.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially in such a prestigious case as this one.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.67,0:13:47.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lessig was also moving forward with a new way to define copyright on the Internet.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.04,0:13:49.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was called Creative Commons.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.36,0:13:53.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the simple idea of Creative Commons is to give people, creators,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.56,0:13:58.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a simple way to mark their creativity with the freedoms they intended to carry.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.69,0:14:04.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if copyright is all about "All rights reserved", then this is a kind of a "Some rights reserved" model.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.58,0:14:09.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want a simple way to say to you: here is what you can do with my work,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.24,0:14:13.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even if there are other things which you need to get my permission before you could do.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.72,0:14:16.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Aaron's role was the computer part.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.50,0:14:21.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like how do you architect the licenses so they'll be simple and understandable
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.22,0:14:24.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and expressed in a way so that machines can process it.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.64,0:14:29.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And people were like: why do you have this 15 years old kid writing the specifications for Creative Commons?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.99,0:14:32.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Don't you think that's a huge mistake?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.16,0:14:35.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they're like: the biggest mistake we would have is not listening to this kid.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.03,0:14:39.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He barely is not even tall enough to even get over the podium.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.71,0:14:43.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it was this movable podium so it was this embarrassing thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.10,0:14:45.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where once he put his screen up nobody could see his face.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:46.87,0:14:51.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you come to our website here, and you go to "Choose license",
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.26,0:14:56.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it gives you this list of options, it explains what it means, and you got three simple questions:
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.74,0:15:00.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you want to require attribution?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.22,0:15:03.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you want to allow commercial uses of your work?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.51,0:15:06.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you want to allow modifications of your work?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.59,0:15:12.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was floored, just completely flabbergasted that these adults regarded him as an adult.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.25,0:15:16.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Aaron stood up there in fromt of a whole audience full of people and just started talking
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.43,0:15:20.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the platform that he'd created for Creative Commons.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.93,0:15:23.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they were all listening to him. Just...
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.37,0:15:28.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was sitting at the back, thinking: he's just a kid, why are they listening to him?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.89,0:15:30.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they did...
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.44,0:15:33.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I don't think I comprehended it fully.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.33,0:15:37.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Though critics have said it does little to ensure artists get paid for their work,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.22,0:15:40.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the success of Creative Commons has been enormous.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.57,0:15:46.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Currently on the website Flickr alone, over 200 million people use some form of Creative Commons license.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.41,0:15:56.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He contributed through his technical abilities, and yet it was not simply a technical matter to him.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.65,0:16:01.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aaron often wrote candidly in his personal blog:
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.52,0:16:06.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think deeply about things, and I want others to do likewise.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.72,0:16:11.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I work for ideas and learn from people. I don't like excluding people.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.43,0:16:15.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm a perfectionist, but I won't let that get in the way of publication.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:15.64,0:16:19.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Except for education and entertainment, I'm not going to waste my time
Dialogue: 0,0:16:19.66,0:16:21.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on things that won't have an impact.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:21.65,0:16:26.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I try to be friends with everyone, but I hate it when you don't take me seriously.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:26.16,0:16:32.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't hold grudges, it's not productive, but I learn from my experience.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:32.09,0:16:37.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to make the world a better place.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:41.10,0:16:46.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2004 Swartz leaves Highland Park and enrolls in Stanford University.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:46.40,0:16:52.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He'd had all enterocolitis, which was very troubling and we were concerned about him taking his medication.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:52.74,0:16:57.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He got hospitalized and he would take this cocktail of pills every day.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.22,0:17:01.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one of these pills was a steroid which daunted his growth,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:01.09,0:17:04.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and made him feel different from any of the other students.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:04.78,0:17:07.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aaron, I think, shows up at Stanford ready to do scholarship
Dialogue: 0,0:17:07.83,0:17:12.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and finds himself in effectively a baby-sitting program for overachieving high-schoolers
Dialogue: 0,0:17:12.80,0:17:20.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who in four years are meant to become captains of industry and 1%'ers
Dialogue: 0,0:17:20.83,0:17:25.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think it just made him bananas.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:26.08,0:17:29.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2005, after only one year of college,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:29.20,0:17:35.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Schwartz was offered a spot at a new start-up incubation firm called Y Combinator, lead by Paul Graham.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:36.43,0:17:39.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's like: hey, I have this idea for a a website!
Dialogue: 0,0:17:39.85,0:17:43.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Paul Graham likes him enough, and says: yeah, sure!
Dialogue: 0,0:17:43.17,0:17:46.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Suddenly he drops out of school, moves to this appartment...
Dialogue: 0,0:17:46.67,0:17:49.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this used to be Aaron's appartment when he moved here.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:49.60,0:17:55.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have vague memories of my father telling me how difficult it was to get a lease
Dialogue: 0,0:17:55.40,0:17:58.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'cause Aaron had no credit and he dropped out of college.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:58.74,0:18:04.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aaron lived in what's now the living-room and some of the posters are leftovers from when Aaron lived here.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:04.99,0:18:09.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the library... there are more books, but a lot of them are Aaron's.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:11.55,0:18:17.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aaron's Y Combinator site was called infogami, a tool to build websites.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:17.51,0:18:21.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But infogami struggles to find users, and Swartz eventually
Dialogue: 0,0:18:21.10,0:18:25.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,merges his company with another Y Combinator project in need of help.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:25.04,0:18:29.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a project headed by Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian, called reddit.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:29.92,0:18:34.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That we were, starting from almost nothing. No users, no money, no code,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:34.49,0:18:37.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and growing day by day into a hugely popular website.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:37.66,0:18:39.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it showed no signs of letting up,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:39.85,0:18:44.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,first we had 1000 users, then 10000, then 20000 and on, and on... It was just incredible...
Dialogue: 0,0:18:44.37,0:18:49.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reddit becomes huge and it's a real sort of geeky corner of the Internet.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:52.64,0:19:01.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a lot of humor, there's a lot of art, and there's just people who flocked to the site
Dialogue: 0,0:19:01.22,0:19:07.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and made that site the main site they go to every morning to get their news.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:07.88,0:19:12.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reddit kind of just borders on chaos at some levels,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:12.01,0:19:19.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so on the one hand it's a place where people discuss news of the day, technology, politics and issues,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:19.37,0:19:24.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet there is a lot of kind of Not Safe For Work material, offensive material,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:24.82,0:19:29.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are some sub-reddits where trolls find a welcome home
Dialogue: 0,0:19:29.72,0:19:33.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so, in that sense reddit has been kind of home to controversy as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:33.93,0:19:36.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It kind of sits on that edge of chaos.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:36.79,0:19:41.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reddit catches the attention of the corporate magazine giant Conde Nast,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:41.08,0:19:42.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who makes an offer to buy the company.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:42.94,0:19:46.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some large amount of money, large enough that my dad was getting bugged with questions
Dialogue: 0,0:19:46.94,0:19:51.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about like: "How do I store this money?"
Dialogue: 0,0:19:51.30,0:19:54.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Like a lot of money...\N- Like a lot of money.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:54.27,0:20:00.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like probably more than a million dollars, but I don't actually know.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:00.32,0:20:03.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- And he's how old at the time?\N- 19 - 20...
Dialogue: 0,0:20:05.16,0:20:11.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it was in this apartment, they sat around \Non what predated these couches
Dialogue: 0,0:20:11.20,0:20:14.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hacking on reddit, and when they sold reddit
Dialogue: 0,0:20:14.76,0:20:18.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they threw a giant party, and then all flew\Nout to California the next day
Dialogue: 0,0:20:18.64,0:20:20.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and left the keys with me.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:24.26,0:20:28.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was funny, you know, he'd just sold his start up so we all presumed \Nhe was the richest person around
Dialogue: 0,0:20:28.63,0:20:33.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but he said "Oh no, I'll take this tiny little\Nshoe-box sized room that's all I need."
Dialogue: 0,0:20:33.92,0:20:36.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was barely larger than a closet.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:36.15,0:20:42.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The idea of him spending his money on\Nfancy objects just seemed implausible.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:42.58,0:20:45.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He explains it as "I like living in \Napartments so I'm not going to spend money on
Dialogue: 0,0:20:45.96,0:20:47.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a new place to live, I'm not going to buy a\Nmansion. And I like wearing jeans \N
Dialogue: 0,0:20:50.02,0:20:52.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a t-shirt, so I'm not going to spend \Nany more money on clothes.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:20:52.05,0:20:54.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's really no big deal."
Dialogue: 0,0:20:54.08,0:20:57.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is a big deal to Swartz is how traffic \Nflows on the internet.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:58.14,0:21:00.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what commands our attention.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:00.84,0:21:04.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the old system of broadcasting, you're\Nfundamentally limited by the amount of
Dialogue: 0,0:21:04.25,0:21:08.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,space in the airwaves. You can only send out\Nten channels over the airwaves, TV.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:08.58,0:21:10.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or even with cable, you had 500 channels.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:11.00,0:21:15.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the Internet, everybody can have a channel. \NEveryone can get a blog, or a Myspace page.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:15.69,0:21:18.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everyone has a way of expressing themselves. \N
Dialogue: 0,0:21:18.27,0:21:21.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you see now isn't a question of who gets\Naccess to the airwaves,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:21.28,0:21:25.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a question of who gets control over the \Nways you find people.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:25.33,0:21:29.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You start seeing power centralising in sites \Nlike Google, they are sort of gate-keepers that tell you
Dialogue: 0,0:21:29.29,0:21:30.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where on the internet you want to go.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:30.99,0:21:34.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The people who provide you your sources\Nof news and information.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:34.27,0:21:38.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's not only certain people have \Na licence to speak, now everyone has
Dialogue: 0,0:21:38.31,0:21:40.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a licence to speak. It's a question of\Nwho gets heard.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:45.20,0:21:49.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After he started working in San Francisco \Nat Condé Nast he comes into the office
Dialogue: 0,0:21:49.81,0:21:53.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they want to give him a computer with all\Nthis crap installed on it.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:53.79,0:21:57.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And say he can't install any new things \Non his computer.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:57.27,0:21:59.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which to developers is outrageous.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:59.38,0:22:02.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From the first day he was complaining\Nabout all the stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:05.32,0:22:11.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Gray walls, gray desks, gray noise. The first\Nday I showed up here I simply couldn't take it.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:11.15,0:22:15.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By lunchtime I had literally locked myself \Nin a bathroom stall and started crying.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:15.48,0:22:18.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can't imagine staying sane with someone\Nbuzzing in my ear all day\N
Dialogue: 0,0:22:18.28,0:22:21.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let alone getting any actual work done. \N
Dialogue: 0,0:22:21.58,0:22:24.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nobody else seems to get work done either
Dialogue: 0,0:22:24.09,0:22:27.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everybody's always coming into our room to \Nhang out and chat, or invite us to play \N\N
Dialogue: 0,0:22:27.59,0:22:29.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the new video game system that Wired is testing."
Dialogue: 0,0:22:32.97,0:22:39.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He really had different aspirations that were\Npolitically oriented. And Silicon Valley just
Dialogue: 0,0:22:39.67,0:22:47.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doesn't really quite have that culture that orients\Ntechnical activity for the purposes of political goals.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:47.54,0:22:49.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aaron hated working for a corporation.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:49.61,0:22:53.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They all hate working for Condé Nast, but Aaron\Nis the only one who is not going to take it.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:53.69,0:22:55.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Aaron basically gets himself fired.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:55.90,0:22:58.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By not showing up to work, ever.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:01.18,0:23:05.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was set to be a messy break-up. \NBoth Alexis Ohanian and Steve Huffman
Dialogue: 0,0:23:05.45,0:23:08.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,declined to be interviewed for this film.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:09.25,0:23:15.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He rejected the business world. One of the \Nreally important things to remember about\N
Dialogue: 0,0:23:15.89,0:23:22.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that choice when Aaron decided to leave start-up\Nculture is that he was also leaving behind
Dialogue: 0,0:23:22.66,0:23:31.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the things that had made him famous and well-loved.\NHe was at risk of letting down fans.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:31.42,0:23:34.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He got to where he was supposed to be going, \Nand had the self-awareness
Dialogue: 0,0:23:34.18,0:23:43.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the self-awareness and the orneriness to realize\Nthat he had climbed the mountain of shit to pluck
Dialogue: 0,0:23:43.05,0:23:45.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the single rose and discovered that he'd lost \Nhis sense of smell.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:45.85,0:23:50.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And rather than sit there and insist that it \Nwasn't as bad as it seemed,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:50.40,0:23:53.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he did get the rose in any event.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:53.69,0:23:57.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He climbed back down again. Which is pretty cool.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:58.03,0:24:01.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The way Aaron always saw it is that \Nprogramming is magic.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:01.73,0:24:07.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can accomplish these things that normal\Nhumans can't by being able to program.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:07.11,0:24:13.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you had magical powers, would you use \Nthem for good, or to make you mountains of cash?
Dialogue: 0,0:24:15.01,0:24:18.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Swartz was inspired by one of the visionaries\Nhe had met as a child.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:18.48,0:24:22.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The man who had invented the World Wide Web,\NTim Berners-Lee.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:22.39,0:24:25.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the 1990s, Berners-Lee was arguably sitting on
Dialogue: 0,0:24:25.94,0:24:29.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the most lucrative inventions of \Nthe 20th century. \N
Dialogue: 0,0:24:29.26,0:24:36.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But instead of profiting from the invention \Nof the World Wide Web he gave it away for free.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:36.07,0:24:39.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is the only reason the Worl WIde Web exists today.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:41.12,0:24:45.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aaron is certainly deeply influenced by TIm. \N
Dialogue: 0,0:24:45.26,0:24:50.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tim is certainly a very prominent early\Ninternet genius, who doesn't in any sense\N
Dialogue: 0,0:24:50.93,0:24:55.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cash out. He's not at all interested in how he's\Ngoing to figure out how to make a billion dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:55.86,0:24:57.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People were saying, ah there's money to be made there,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:57.83,0:25:00.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so there would have been lots of little webs.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:00.64,0:25:02.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of one big one.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:02.14,0:25:05.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one little web, all sorts of webs, doesn't \Nwork. Because you can't follow links
Dialogue: 0,0:25:05.98,0:25:08.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from one to the other.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:10.17,0:25:14.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You had to have the critical masses, the \Nthing was the entire planet, so
Dialogue: 0,0:25:14.11,0:25:16.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not going to work unless the whole planet\Ncan get on board.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:24.14,0:25:29.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I feel very strongly that it's not enough to\Nlive in the world as it is, to just take
Dialogue: 0,0:25:29.23,0:25:34.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what you're given and follow the things that\Nadults told you to do, and that your parents
Dialogue: 0,0:25:34.73,0:25:39.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,told you to do, and that society tells you to do. \NI think you should always be questioning.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:39.04,0:25:43.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I take this very scientific attitude, that \Neverything you've learned is just provisional,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:43.40,0:25:49.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's always open to recantation or refutation or \Nquestioning. And I think the same applies to society.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:49.27,0:25:54.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once I realised that there were real serious problems, \Nfundamental problems that I could do something
Dialogue: 0,0:25:54.04,0:25:58.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to address, I didn't see a way to forget that,\NI didn't see a way not to.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:02.60,0:26:04.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We just started spending a lot of time,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:26:04.83,0:26:06.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just kind of as friends.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:08.91,0:26:11.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We would just talk for hours, into the night.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:14.39,0:26:18.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I definitely should have understood that he was\Nflirting with me. I think to some degree\N
Dialogue: 0,0:26:18.11,0:26:23.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was like, this is a terrible idea, and impossible, \Nand qtherefore I will pretend it is not happening.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:25.16,0:26:28.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As my marriage was breaking down and I was\Nreally stuck without anywhere to go, \N
Dialogue: 0,0:26:28.94,0:26:32.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We became roommates. And I brought my daughter over.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:34.08,0:26:37.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We moved in and furnished the house, and it \Nwas really peaceful.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:37.25,0:26:40.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My life had not been peaceful for a while, and\Nreally neither had his.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:46.50,0:26:55.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were extremely close from the beginning\Nof our romantic relationship.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:55.08,0:26:57.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were in constant contact.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:57.63,0:27:02.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we're both really difficult people to deal with.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:04.50,0:27:12.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a very Ally McBeal discussion he confessed he\Nhad a theme song, and I made him play it for me.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:12.34,0:27:16.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was Extraordinary Machine, by Fiona Apple.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:16.50,0:27:25.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it was just that sense of being a little\Nbit embattled that the song has. \N
Dialogue: 0,0:27:25.13,0:27:27.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it also had this hopefulness to it.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:27:27.84,0:27:34.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ By foot it's a slow climb. But I'm good\Nat being uncomfortable so I can't stop...
Dialogue: 0,0:27:34.42,0:27:36.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,changing all the time ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:27:36.69,0:27:44.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In many ways, Aaron was tremendously optimistic\Nabout life. Even when he didn't feel it, \N
Dialogue: 0,0:27:44.48,0:27:47.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he could be tremendously optimistic about life.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:47.04,0:27:49.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ Extraordinary machine ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:27:53.24,0:27:58.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- What are you doing?\N(Quinn) - Flicker has video now.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:59.73,0:28:01.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Swartz threw his energy into a string of new
Dialogue: 0,0:28:01.74,0:28:04.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,projects involving access to public information.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:04.73,0:28:08.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Including an accountability webside called\NWatchdog.net
Dialogue: 0,0:28:08.19,0:28:10.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a project called The Open Library.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:10.99,0:28:15.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the open library project is a website\Nyou can visit at openlibrary.org
Dialogue: 0,0:28:15.30,0:28:19.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the idea is to be a huge wiki, an \Neditable website with one page per book.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:19.78,0:28:23.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for every book ever published we want\Nto have a webpage about it that combines
Dialogue: 0,0:28:23.91,0:28:29.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the information from publishers, from\Nbooksellers, from libraries, from readers\N
Dialogue: 0,0:28:29.55,0:28:34.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,onto one site. And then gives you links where\Nyou can buy it, borrow it, or browse it.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:34.59,0:28:39.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I love libraries. I'm the kind of person who \Ngoes to a new city and immediately seeks out the library
Dialogue: 0,0:28:39.96,0:28:44.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the dream of Open Library, \Nis building this website where both you can leap
Dialogue: 0,0:28:44.05,0:28:49.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from book to book, from person to author, \Nfrom subject to idea. Go through this vast tree
Dialogue: 0,0:28:49.30,0:28:53.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of knowledge that's been embedded and lost \Nin big physical libraries. That's hard to find,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:53.96,0:28:59.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not very well accessible online. It's really \Nimportant because books are our cultural legacy.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:59.09,0:29:01.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Books are the place people go to write things down.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:01.28,0:29:05.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to have all that swallowed up by one\Ncorporation is kind of scary.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:06.73,0:29:10.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How can you bring public access to \Nthe public domain?
Dialogue: 0,0:29:10.77,0:29:14.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It may sound obvious that you'd have public\Naccess to the public domain, but \N
Dialogue: 0,0:29:14.83,0:29:21.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in fact it's not true. So the public domain \Nshould be free to all. But it's often locked up.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:29:21.38,0:29:26.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's often guard cages. It's like having\Na national park but with a moat around it,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:26.76,0:29:33.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and gun turrets pointed out, in case somebody\Nmay want to come and enjoy the public domain.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:33.24,0:29:39.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the things Aaron was particularly interested in\Nwas bringing public access to the public domain.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:39.46,0:29:42.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is one of the things that got him \Ninto so much trouble.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:46.25,0:29:52.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I had been trying to get access to federal\Ncourt records in the United States.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:54.46,0:29:59.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I discovered was a puzzling system, \Ncalled Pacer. Which stands for\N
Dialogue: 0,0:29:59.82,0:30:03.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Public Access to Court Electronic Records.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:03.12,0:30:07.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I started Googling, and that's when I ran\Nacross Carl Malamud.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:08.89,0:30:14.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Access to legal materials in the U.S. is a\N$10 billion per year business.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:14.100,0:30:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pacer is just this incredible abomination\Nof government services. It's 10 cents a page, it's this
Dialogue: 0,0:30:23.00,0:30:27.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most braindead code you've ever seen. You \Ncan't search it, you can't bookmark anything. \N
Dialogue: 0,0:30:27.47,0:30:31.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've got to have a credit card.\NAnd these are public records.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:31.89,0:30:37.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,U.S. district courts are very important, it's\Nwhere a lot of our seminal litigation starts.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:37.43,0:30:44.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Civil rights cases, patent cases, all sorts of stuff. Journalists,\Nstudents, citizens and lawyers all need
Dialogue: 0,0:30:44.37,0:30:50.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,access to Pacer and it fights them every \Nstep of the way. People without means \N
Dialogue: 0,0:30:50.07,0:30:55.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can't see the law as readily as people\Nthat have that gold American Express card. \N
Dialogue: 0,0:30:55.25,0:30:58.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a poll tax on access to justice.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:58.38,0:31:03.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know the law is the operating system of our democracy and you have to pay to see it?
Dialogue: 0,0:31:08.50,0:31:10.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, that's not much of a democracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:10.94,0:31:18.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They make about 120 million dollars a year on the Pacer system and it doesn't cost anything near that, according to their own records.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:19.16,0:31:20.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, it's illegal.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:20.58,0:31:31.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The E-government Act of 2002 states that the courts may charge only to the extent necessary, in order to reimburse the costs of running Pacer.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:32.10,0:31:39.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As the founder of Public.Resource.Org, Malamud wanted to protest the Pacer charges.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:39.91,0:31:43.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He started a program called the Pacer Recycling Project,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:43.28,0:31:50.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where people could upload Pacer documents that they already paid for to a free database so others could use them.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:51.04,0:31:56.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Pacer people were getting a lot of flack from Congress and others about public access,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:57.09,0:32:02.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so they put togheter a system in 17 libraries across the country that was free Pacer access.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:02.98,0:32:09.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, that's one library every 22,000 square miles, I believe, so it wasn't like pretty convenient.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:09.12,0:32:13.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I encouraged volunteers to join the so-called Thumb Drive Court,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:13.35,0:32:18.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and download docs from the public access libraries, upload them to the Pacer recycling site.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:18.46,0:32:24.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People take a thumb drive to one of these libraries and they downloaded a bunch of documents and they sent it to me.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:24.90,0:32:26.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, it was just a joke.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:26.55,0:32:31.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, when you clicked on Thumb Drive Court, there was a Wizard of Oz [movie clip],
Dialogue: 0,0:32:50.31,0:32:53.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know, the Munchkin singing, so a videoclip came up:
Dialogue: 0,0:32:53.62,0:32:55.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ We represent the lollipop guild. ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:32:55.81,0:32:59.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But of course I get this phone calls from Steve Shultz and Aaron, saying:
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gee, we'd like to join the Thumb Drive Court.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Around that time I ran into Aaron at a conference.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This really is something that has to be a collaboration between a lot of different people.,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I approached him and said:
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hey, I am thinking about an intervention about the Pacer problem.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Schultz had already developed a program that could automatically download Pacer documents from the trial libraries.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Swartz wanted to take a look.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I showed him the code and I didn't know what would come next,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but as it turns out, over the course of the next few hours at that conference,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he was off sitting in a corner, improving my code, recruiting a friend of his
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that lived near one of these libraries to go into the library and to begin to test his improved code,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at which point the folks at the courts realized something is not going quite according to plan.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And data started to come in, and come in, and come in and soon there was 760 GB of Pacer docs about 20 million in pages.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Using information retrieved from the trial libraries, Swartz was conducting mass automated parallel downloading of the Pacer system.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was able to acquire nearly 2.7 million Federal Court documents, almost
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,