[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.66,0:00:05.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want you to imagine two couples\Nin the middle of 1979
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.34,0:00:08.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the exact same day,\Nat the exact same moment,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.64,0:00:10.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each conceiving a baby, OK?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.94,0:00:13.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So two couples each conceiving one baby.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.22,0:00:16.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I don't want you to spend too\Nmuch time imagining the conception,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.51,0:00:19.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because if you do,\Nyou're not going to listen to me,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.39,0:00:21.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so just imagine that for a moment.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.23,0:00:25.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in this scenario,\NI want to imagine that, in one case,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.42,0:00:27.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the sperm is carrying a Y chromosome,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.62,0:00:29.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meeting that X chromosome of the egg.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.67,0:00:32.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the other case,\Nthe sperm is carrying an X chromosome,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.87,0:00:35.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meeting the X chromosome of the egg.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.16,0:00:37.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Both are viable; both take off.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.75,0:00:39.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll come back to these people later.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.82,0:00:43.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I wear two hats in most of what I do.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.87,0:00:47.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As the one hat, I do history of anatomy.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.10,0:00:50.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm a historian by training,\Nand what I study in that case
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.00,0:00:53.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the way that people\Nhave dealt with anatomy --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.61,0:00:56.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meaning human bodies, animal bodies --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.26,0:00:58.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how they dealt with bodily fluids,\Nconcepts of bodies;
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.00,0:01:00.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how have they thought about bodies.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.73,0:01:05.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other hat that I've worn\Nin my work is as an activist,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.71,0:01:07.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a patient advocate --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.59,0:01:09.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or, as I sometimes say,\Nas an impatient advocate --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.00,0:01:12.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for people who are patients of doctors.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.26,0:01:15.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In that case, what I've worked with\Nis people who have body types
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.00,0:01:17.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that challenge social norms.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.94,0:01:20.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So some of what\NI've worked on, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.12,0:01:22.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is people who are conjoined twins --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.19,0:01:23.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two people within one body.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.24,0:01:26.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of what I've worked on\Nis people who have dwarfism --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.98,0:01:29.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so people who are much\Nshorter than typical.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.29,0:01:33.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a lot of what I've worked on\Nis people who have atypical sex --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.34,0:01:37.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so people who don't have the standard male\Nor the standard female body types.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.39,0:01:40.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as a general term,\Nwe can use the term "intersex" for this.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.00,0:01:43.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Intersex comes\Nin a lot of different forms.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.56,0:01:46.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll just give you a few examples\Nof the types of ways you can have sex
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.00,0:01:49.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that isn't standard for male or female.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.36,0:01:50.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in one instance,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.00,0:01:54.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can have somebody\Nwho has an XY chromosomal basis,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.46,0:01:56.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that SRY gene on the Y chromosome
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.00,0:02:00.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tells the proto-gonads,\Nwhich we all have in the fetal life,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.43,0:02:01.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to become testes.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.64,0:02:04.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in the fetal life,\Nthose testes are pumping out testosterone.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.78,0:02:09.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But because this individual\Nlacks receptors to hear that testosterone,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.99,0:02:12.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the body doesn't react\Nto the testosterone.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.09,0:02:15.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is a syndrome called\Nandrogen insensitivity syndrome.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.69,0:02:18.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So lots of levels of testosterone,\Nbut no reaction to it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.58,0:02:22.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a consequence, the body develops\Nmore along the female typical path.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.50,0:02:24.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the child is born,\Nshe looks like a girl.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.81,0:02:27.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She is a girl, she is raised as a girl.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.93,0:02:32.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's often not until she hits puberty\Nand she's growing and developing breasts,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.50,0:02:34.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but she's not getting her period,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.10,0:02:36.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that somebody figures\Nout something's up here.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.29,0:02:38.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they do some tests and figure out
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.08,0:02:40.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that, instead of having\Novaries inside and a uterus,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.58,0:02:43.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she has testes inside,\Nand she has a Y chromosome.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.05,0:02:44.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now what's important to understand
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.77,0:02:47.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is you may think of this\Nperson as really being male,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.28,0:02:48.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they're really not.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.53,0:02:50.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Females, like males,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.62,0:02:53.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have in our bodies something\Ncalled the adrenal glands.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.30,0:02:54.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're in the back of our body.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.88,0:02:58.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the adrenal glands make androgens,\Nwhich are a masculinizing hormone.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.33,0:03:01.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most females like me --\NI believe myself to be a typical female --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.46,0:03:03.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't actually know\Nmy chromosomal make-up,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.64,0:03:05.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I think I'm probably typical --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.35,0:03:07.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most females like me\Nare actually androgen-sensitive.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.86,0:03:10.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're making androgen,\Nand we're responding to androgens.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.60,0:03:12.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The consequence is that somebody like me
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.72,0:03:15.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has actually had a brain\Nexposed to more androgens
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.76,0:03:19.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the woman born with testes\Nwho has androgen insensitivity syndrome.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.16,0:03:20.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So sex is really complicated --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.71,0:03:22.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not just that intersex people
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.38,0:03:24.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are in the middle\Nof all the sex spectrum --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.48,0:03:26.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in some ways,\Nthey can be all over the place.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.60,0:03:27.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another example:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.78,0:03:30.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a few years ago I got a call\Nfrom a man who was 19 years old,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.71,0:03:32.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who was born a boy, raised a boy,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.60,0:03:35.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had a girlfriend,\Nhad sex with his girlfriend,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.21,0:03:36.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had a life as a guy,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.90,0:03:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and had just found out\Nthat he had ovaries and a uterus inside.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.53,0:03:42.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What he had was an extreme form
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.30,0:03:44.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a condition called\Ncongenital adrenal hyperplasia.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.01,0:03:46.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He had XX chromosomes,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.96,0:03:50.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the womb, his adrenal glands\Nwere in such high gear
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.72,0:03:54.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it created, essentially,\Na masculine hormonal environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.36,0:03:56.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as a consequence,\Nhis genitals were masculinized,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.93,0:04:00.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his brain was subject to the more typical\Nmasculine component of hormones.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.46,0:04:03.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he was born looking like a boy --\Nnobody suspected anything.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.72,0:04:06.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it was only when he had\Nreached the age of 19
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.46,0:04:10.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he began to have enough medical\Nproblems from menstruating internally,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.07,0:04:13.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that doctors figured out that, in fact,\Nhe was female, internally.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.93,0:04:17.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, so just one more quick example\Nof a way you can have intersex.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.49,0:04:21.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some people who have XX chromosomes\Ndevelop what are called ovotestis,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.40,0:04:25.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is when you have ovarian tissue\Nwith testicular tissue wrapped around it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.16,0:04:27.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we're not exactly sure\Nwhy that happens.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.31,0:04:30.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So sex can come\Nin lots of different varieties.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.16,0:04:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reason that children\Nwith these kinds of bodies --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.03,0:04:37.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether it's dwarfism,\Nor it's conjoined twinning,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.82,0:04:39.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or it's an intersex type --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.17,0:04:41.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are often "normalized" by surgeons
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.57,0:04:45.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not because it actually leaves them\Nbetter off in terms of physical health.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.64,0:04:48.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In many cases, people are actually\Nperfectly healthy.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.64,0:04:51.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reason they're often subject\Nto various kinds of surgeries
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.71,0:04:54.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is because they threaten\Nour social categories.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.55,0:04:57.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our system has been based\Ntypically on the idea
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.35,0:05:00.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a particular kind of anatomy\Ncomes with a particular identity.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.70,0:05:03.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we have the concept\Nthat what it means to be a woman
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.33,0:05:04.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to have a female identity;
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.74,0:05:08.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what it means to be a black person\Nis, allegedly, to have an African anatomy
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.00,0:05:10.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of your history.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.12,0:05:14.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we have\Nthis terribly simplistic idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.92,0:05:16.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when we're faced with a body
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.58,0:05:19.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that actually presents us\Nsomething quite different,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.54,0:05:22.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it startles us in terms\Nof those categorizations.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.35,0:05:26.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we have a lot of very romantic ideas\Nin our culture about individualism.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.32,0:05:29.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And our nation's really founded on\Na very romantic concept of individualism.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.98,0:05:31.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can imagine how startling then it is
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.91,0:05:35.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you have children who are born\Nwho are two people inside of one body.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.27,0:05:40.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where I ran into the most heat\Nfrom this most recently
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.30,0:05:43.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was last year when South African runner,\NCaster Semenya,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.19,0:05:46.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had her sex called into question\Nat the International Games in Berlin.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.77,0:05:49.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I had a lot of journalists\Ncalling me, asking me,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.62,0:05:51.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Which is the test they're going to run
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.52,0:05:54.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will tell us whether or not\NCaster Semenya is male or female?"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.00,0:05:58.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I had to explain to the journalists\Nthere isn't such a test.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.32,0:06:02.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, we now know\Nthat sex is complicated enough
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.19,0:06:03.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we have to admit:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.95,0:06:07.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nature doesn't draw the line\Nfor us between male and female,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.66,0:06:10.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or between male and intersex\Nand female and intersex;
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.60,0:06:12.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we actually draw that line on nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.19,0:06:17.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we have is a sort of situation\Nwhere the farther our science goes,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.88,0:06:20.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more we have to admit to ourselves\Nthat these categories
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.84,0:06:23.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we thought of as stable\Nanatomical categories,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.55,0:06:27.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that mapped very simply\Nto stable identity categories
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.24,0:06:29.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are a lot more fuzzy than we thought.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.40,0:06:31.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's not just in terms of sex.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.38,0:06:32.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's also in terms of race,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.00,0:06:35.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which turns out to be\Nvastly more complicated
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.44,0:06:37.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than our terminology has allowed.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.56,0:06:40.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As we look, we get into all sorts\Nof uncomfortable areas.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.67,0:06:42.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We look, for example, about the fact
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.52,0:06:46.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we share at least 95 percent\Nof our DNA with chimpanzees.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.86,0:06:48.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What are we to make of the fact
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.58,0:06:52.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we differ from them\Nonly, really, by a few nucleotides?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.08,0:06:54.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as we get farther\Nand farther with our science,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.54,0:06:56.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we get more and more\Ninto a discomforted zone,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.76,0:07:00.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we have to acknowledge\Nthat the simplistic categories we've had
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.06,0:07:02.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are probably overly simplistic.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.66,0:07:06.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're seeing this\Nin all sorts of places in human life.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.30,0:07:08.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the places\Nwe're seeing it, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.53,0:07:10.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in our culture,\Nin the United States today,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.56,0:07:13.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is battles over the beginning\Nof life and the end of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.37,0:07:14.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have difficult conversations
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.00,0:07:18.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about at what point we decide\Na body becomes a human,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.16,0:07:21.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such that it has a different\Nright than a fetal life.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.15,0:07:23.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have very difficult\Nconversations nowadays --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.70,0:07:26.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,probably not out in the open\Nas much as within medicine --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.47,0:07:28.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the question\Nof when somebody's dead.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.75,0:07:31.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the past, our ancestors\Nnever had to struggle so much
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.40,0:07:33.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with this question\Nof when somebody was dead.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.52,0:07:35.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At most, they'd stick\Na feather on somebody's nose,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.94,0:07:38.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if it twitched,\Nthey didn't bury them yet.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.11,0:07:39.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If it stopped twitching, you bury them.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.99,0:07:41.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But today, we have a situation
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.45,0:07:43.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we want to take\Nvital organs out of beings
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.78,0:07:45.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and give them to other beings.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.39,0:07:46.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as a consequence,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.88,0:07:49.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have to struggle\Nwith this really difficult question
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.50,0:07:51.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about who's dead,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.16,0:07:53.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this leads us\Nto a really difficult situation
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.53,0:07:56.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we don't have such simple\Ncategories as we've had before.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.53,0:07:59.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now you might think that all this\Nbreaking-down of categories
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.67,0:08:01.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would make somebody like me really happy.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.68,0:08:04.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm a political progressive,\NI defend people with unusual bodies,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.75,0:08:07.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I have to admit to you\Nthat it makes me nervous.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.21,0:08:08.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Understanding that these categories
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.93,0:08:12.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are really much more unstable\Nthan we thought makes me tense.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.04,0:08:15.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It makes me tense from the point of view\Nof thinking about democracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.32,0:08:17.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in order to tell you\Nabout that tension,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.50,0:08:20.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have to first admit to you\Na huge fan of the Founding Fathers.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.64,0:08:23.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know they were racists,\NI know they were sexist,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.27,0:08:24.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they were great.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.47,0:08:29.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, they were so brave and so bold\Nand so radical in what they did,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.61,0:08:34.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I find myself watching that cheesy\Nmusical "1776" every few years,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.10,0:08:37.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's not because of the music,\Nwhich is totally forgettable.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.13,0:08:40.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's because of what happened in 1776\Nwith the Founding Fathers.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.49,0:08:42.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Founding Fathers were,\Nfor my point of view,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.79,0:08:44.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the original anatomical activists,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.87,0:08:46.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is why.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.50,0:08:49.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What they rejected\Nwas an anatomical concept
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.80,0:08:51.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and replaced it with another one
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.36,0:08:54.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was radical and beautiful\Nand held us for 200 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.71,0:08:56.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So as you all recall,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.45,0:08:59.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what our Founding Fathers were\Nrejecting was a concept of monarchy,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.88,0:09:03.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the monarchy was basically based\Non a very simplistic concept of anatomy.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.54,0:09:07.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The monarchs of the old world\Ndidn't have a concept of DNA,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.21,0:09:09.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they did have a concept of birthright.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.36,0:09:11.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They had a concept of blue blood.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.06,0:09:14.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They had the idea that the people\Nwho would be in political power
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.27,0:09:17.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should be in political power\Nbecause of the blood being passed down
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.47,0:09:21.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from grandfather to father\Nto son and so forth.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.79,0:09:24.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Founding Fathers rejected that idea,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.19,0:09:26.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they replaced it\Nwith a new anatomical concept,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.86,0:09:30.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that concept\Nwas "all men are created equal."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.72,0:09:34.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They leveled that playing field\Nand decided the anatomy that mattered
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.10,0:09:38.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the commonality of anatomy,\Nnot the difference in anatomy,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.54,0:09:41.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that was a really radical thing to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.56,0:09:43.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now they were doing it in part
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.04,0:09:45.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they were part\Nof an Enlightenment system
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.35,0:09:47.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where two things were growing up together.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.38,0:09:49.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that was democracy growing up,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.68,0:09:52.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it was also science\Ngrowing up at the same time.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.77,0:09:56.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's really clear, if you look\Nat the history of the Founding Fathers,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.27,0:09:58.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of them were very\Ninterested in science,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.58,0:10:01.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they were interested\Nin the concept of a naturalistic world.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.63,0:10:04.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were moving away\Nfrom supernatural explanations,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.14,0:10:07.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they were rejecting things\Nlike a supernatural concept of power,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.40,0:10:11.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where it transmitted because\Nof a very vague concept of birthright.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.48,0:10:13.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were moving\Ntowards a naturalistic concept.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.79,0:10:16.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you look, for example,\Nin the Declaration of Independence,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.87,0:10:19.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they talk about nature and nature's God.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.60,0:10:21.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don't talk about God\Nand God's nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.81,0:10:25.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're talking about the power of nature\Nto tell us who we are.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.74,0:10:28.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So as part of that,\Nthey were coming to us with a concept
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.00,0:10:31.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was about anatomical commonality.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.73,0:10:34.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in doing so, they were really\Nsetting up in a beautiful way
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.89,0:10:36.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Civil Rights Movement of the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.82,0:10:40.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They didn't think of it that way,\Nbut they did it for us, and it was great.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.39,0:10:42.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what happened years afterwards?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.06,0:10:45.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happened was women, for example,\Nwho wanted the right to vote,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.52,0:10:48.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,took the Founding Fathers' concept\Nof anatomical commonality
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.91,0:10:51.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being more important\Nthan anatomical difference
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.14,0:10:53.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and said, "The fact that we have\Na uterus and ovaries
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.70,0:10:56.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not significant enough\Nin terms of a difference
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.48,0:10:58.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to mean that we shouldn't\Nhave the right to vote,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.80,0:11:02.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the right to full citizenship,\Nthe right to own property, etc."
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.50,0:11:04.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And women successfully argued that.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.58,0:11:06.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Next came the successful\NCivil Rights Movement,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.00,0:11:09.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we found people like Sojourner Truth
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.14,0:11:11.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,talking about, "Ain't I a woman?"
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.44,0:11:15.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We find men on the marching lines\Nof the Civil Rights Movement
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.40,0:11:16.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,saying, "I am a man."
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.78,0:11:21.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, people of color\Nappealing to a commonality of anatomy
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.20,0:11:23.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over a difference of anatomy,\Nagain, successfully.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.91,0:11:26.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We see the same thing\Nwith the disability rights movement.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.29,0:11:29.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem is, of course,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.47,0:11:31.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that, as we begin to look\Nat all that commonality,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.88,0:11:35.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have to begin to question\Nwhy we maintain certain divisions.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.32,0:11:38.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mind you, I want to maintain\Nsome divisions,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.08,0:11:39.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anatomically, in our culture.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.77,0:11:43.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, I don't want to give a fish\Nthe same rights as a human.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.47,0:11:46.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't want to say\Nwe give up entirely on anatomy.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.08,0:11:47.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't want to say a five-year-old
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.77,0:11:50.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should be allowed to consent\Nto sex or consent to marry.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.43,0:11:52.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there are some anatomical divisions
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.42,0:11:55.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that make sense to me\Nand that I think we should retain.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.75,0:11:58.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the challenge is trying\Nto figure out which ones they are
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.67,0:12:01.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and why do we retain them,\Nand do they have meaning.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.30,0:12:05.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's go back to those two beings\Nconceived at the beginning of this talk.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.12,0:12:06.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have two beings, both conceived
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.00,0:12:10.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the middle of 1979\Non the exact same day.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.52,0:12:14.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's imagine one of them, Mary,\Nis born three months prematurely,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.29,0:12:16.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so she's born on June 1, 1980.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.82,0:12:20.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Henry, by contrast, is born at term,\Nso he's born on March 1, 1980.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.59,0:12:23.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Simply by virtue of the fact
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.40,0:12:25.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Mary was born\Nprematurely three months,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.88,0:12:30.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she comes into all sorts of rights\Nthree months earlier than Henry does --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.15,0:12:34.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the right to consent to sex,\Nthe right to vote, the right to drink.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.39,0:12:36.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Henry has to wait for all of that,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.05,0:12:39.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not because he's actually\Nany different in age, biologically,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.08,0:12:41.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,except in terms of when he was born.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.99,0:12:45.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We find other kinds of weirdness\Nin terms of what their rights are.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.17,0:12:47.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Henry, by virtue of being\Nassumed to be male --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.39,0:12:49.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,although I haven't told you\Nthat he's the XY one --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.80,0:12:53.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by virtue of being assumed to be male\Nis now liable to be drafted,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.00,0:12:55.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which Mary does not need to worry about.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.96,0:12:59.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mary, meanwhile, cannot in all the states\Nhave the same right
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.76,0:13:01.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Henry has in all the states,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.38,0:13:02.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,namely, the right to marry.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.89,0:13:05.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Henry can marry, in every state, a woman,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.68,0:13:08.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but Mary can only marry today\Nin a few states, a woman.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.22,0:13:12.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we have these anatomical\Ncategories that persist,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.14,0:13:15.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are in many ways\Nproblematic and questionable.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.91,0:13:17.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the question to me becomes:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.65,0:13:23.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do we do, as our science\Ngets to be so good in looking at anatomy,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.67,0:13:26.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we reach the point\Nwhere we have to admit
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.26,0:13:29.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a democracy\Nthat's been based on anatomy
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.16,0:13:30.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might start falling apart?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.88,0:13:34.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't want to give up the science,\Nbut at the same time,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.63,0:13:37.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it feels sometimes like the science\Nis coming out from under us.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.80,0:13:38.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So where do we go?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.83,0:13:43.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It seems like what happens in our culture\Nis a sort of pragmatic attitude:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.93,0:13:47.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"We have to draw the line somewhere,\Nso we will draw the line somewhere."
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.40,0:13:50.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But a lot of people get stuck\Nin a very strange position.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.11,0:13:54.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for example, Texas has at one point\Ndecided that what it means to marry a man
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.00,0:13:57.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to mean that you don't have\Na Y chromosome,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.42,0:14:00.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what it means to marry a woman\Nmeans you have a Y chromosome.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.51,0:14:03.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In practice they don't test people\Nfor their chromosomes.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.26,0:14:04.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is also very bizarre,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.77,0:14:07.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of the story I told you\Nat the beginning
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.11,0:14:08.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about androgen insensitivity syndrome.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.94,0:14:12.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we look at one of the Founding Fathers\Nof modern democracy,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.50,0:14:13.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dr. Martin Luther King,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.70,0:14:16.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he offers us something of a solution\Nin his "I have a dream" speech.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.93,0:14:20.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He says we should judge people\N"based not on the color of their skin,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.22,0:14:22.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but on the content of their character,"
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.12,0:14:23.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,moving beyond anatomy.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.66,0:14:26.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I want to say, "Yeah, that sounds\Nlike a really good idea."
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.67,0:14:28.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in practice, how do you do it?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.35,0:14:31.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do you judge people based\Non the content of character?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.83,0:14:32.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I also want to point out
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.01,0:14:36.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I'm not sure that is how we should\Ndistribute rights in terms of humans,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.84,0:14:40.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because, I have to admit, that there\Nare some golden retrievers I know
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.17,0:14:43.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are probably more deserving of social\Nservices than some humans I know.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.77,0:14:47.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I also want to say there are probably\Nalso some yellow Labradors that I know
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.39,0:14:50.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are more capable of informed,\Nintelligent, mature decisions
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.44,0:14:53.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about sexual relations\Nthan some 40-year-olds that I know.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.18,0:14:57.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how do we operationalize\Nthe question of content of character?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.39,0:14:59.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It turns out to be really difficult.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.34,0:15:00.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And part of me also wonders,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.84,0:15:02.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what if content of character
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.74,0:15:05.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,turns out to be something\Nthat's scannable in the future --
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.72,0:15:09.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,able to be seen with an fMRI?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.05,0:15:10.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do we really want to go there?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.10,0:15:12.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not sure where we go.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.46,0:15:15.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I do know is that it seems\Nto be really important
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.04,0:15:17.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to think about the idea\Nof the United States being in the lead
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.00,0:15:20.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of thinking about this issue of democracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.03,0:15:22.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've done a really good job\Nstruggling with democracy,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.76,0:15:25.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think we would do\Na good job in the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.12,0:15:27.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't have a situation\Nthat Iran has, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.75,0:15:30.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where a man who's sexually\Nattracted to other men
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.07,0:15:31.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is liable to be murdered,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:31.29,0:15:33.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unless he's willing\Nto submit to a sex change,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.48,0:15:35.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which case he's allowed to live.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.91,0:15:37.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't have that kind of situation.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.72,0:15:41.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm glad to say we don't have\Nthe kind of situation with --
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.05,0:15:43.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a surgeon I talked to a few years ago
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.05,0:15:45.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who had brought over a set\Nof conjoined twins
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.51,0:15:48.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to separate them,\Npartly to make a name for himself.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.45,0:15:51.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when I was on the phone with him,\Nasking why he'll do this surgery --
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.92,0:15:55.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this was a very high-risk surgery --\Nhis answer was that, in this other nation,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:55.67,0:15:59.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these children were going to be treated\Nvery badly, and so he had to do this.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.33,0:16:02.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My response to him was, "Well,\Nhave you considered political asylum
Dialogue: 0,0:16:02.50,0:16:04.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of a separation surgery?"
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.14,0:16:06.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The United States has offered\Ntremendous possibility
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.61,0:16:08.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for allowing people\Nto be the way they are,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:09.00,0:16:12.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without having them have\Nto be changed for the sake of the state.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:12.72,0:16:14.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I think we have to be in the lead.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:14.92,0:16:17.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, just to close,\NI want to suggest to you
Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.40,0:16:19.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I've been talking\Na lot about the Fathers.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:19.96,0:16:21.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I want to think\Nabout the possibilities
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.00,0:16:24.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what democracy might look like,\Nor might have looked like,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.93,0:16:26.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we had more involved the mothers.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:27.38,0:16:30.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I want to say something\Na little bit radical for a feminist,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:30.45,0:16:34.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is that I think that there may be\Ndifferent kinds of insights
Dialogue: 0,0:16:34.32,0:16:36.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can come from different\Nkinds of anatomies,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:36.59,0:16:39.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,particularly when we have\Npeople thinking in groups.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:39.24,0:16:41.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For years, because\NI've been interested in intersex,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:41.77,0:16:44.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've also been interested\Nin sex-difference research.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:44.27,0:16:46.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one of the things\Nthat I've been interested in
Dialogue: 0,0:16:46.64,0:16:49.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is looking at the differences\Nbetween males and females
Dialogue: 0,0:16:49.27,0:16:51.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of the way they think\Nand operate in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:51.93,0:16:54.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what we know\Nfrom cross-cultural studies
Dialogue: 0,0:16:54.03,0:16:55.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that females, on average --
Dialogue: 0,0:16:55.89,0:16:57.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not everyone, but on average --
Dialogue: 0,0:16:58.00,0:17:02.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are more inclined to be very attentive\Nto complex social relations
Dialogue: 0,0:17:02.92,0:17:04.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to taking care of people
Dialogue: 0,0:17:04.52,0:17:06.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are, basically,\Nvulnerable within the group.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:07.52,0:17:09.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so if we think about that,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:09.75,0:17:11.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have an interesting situation in hands.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:11.78,0:17:13.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Years ago, when I was in graduate school,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:13.76,0:17:16.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of my graduate advisors\Nwho knew I was interested in feminism --
Dialogue: 0,0:17:16.99,0:17:19.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I considered myself\Na feminist, as I still do,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:19.25,0:17:20.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,asked a really strange question.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:20.82,0:17:23.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He said, "Tell me what's feminine\Nabout feminism."
Dialogue: 0,0:17:23.75,0:17:26.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I thought, "Well, that's the dumbest\Nquestion I've ever heard.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:26.95,0:17:29.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Feminism is all about undoing\Nstereotypes about gender,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:29.54,0:17:31.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so there's nothing\Nfeminine about feminism."
Dialogue: 0,0:17:31.63,0:17:33.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the more I thought about his question,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:33.68,0:17:36.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more I thought there might be\Nsomething feminine about feminism.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:36.92,0:17:39.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is to say, there might be\Nsomething, on average,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:39.66,0:17:42.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,different about female\Nbrains from male brains
Dialogue: 0,0:17:42.55,0:17:47.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that makes us more attentive\Nto deeply complex social relationships,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:47.64,0:17:50.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and more attentive\Nto taking care of the vulnerable.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:50.50,0:17:52.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So whereas the Fathers\Nwere extremely attentive
Dialogue: 0,0:17:53.02,0:17:56.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to figuring out how to protect\Nindividuals from the state,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:56.86,0:18:00.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's possible that if we injected\Nmore mothers into this concept,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:00.73,0:18:04.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we would have is more of a concept\Nof not just how to protect,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:04.36,0:18:06.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but how to care for each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:06.70,0:18:09.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And maybe that's where\Nwe need to go in the future,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:09.30,0:18:11.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we take democracy beyond anatomy,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:11.53,0:18:15.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to think less about the individual body\Nin terms of the identity,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:15.09,0:18:17.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and think more about those relationships.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:17.46,0:18:20.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that as we the people\Ntry to create a more perfect union,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:20.95,0:18:23.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're thinking about what we do\Nfor each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:23.87,0:18:25.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:25.04,0:18:27.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)