0:00:01.036,0:00:02.430 [music] 0:00:04.707,0:00:05.752 Narrator: We are many. 0:00:08.568,0:00:10.316 [sounds of fighting] 0:00:10.316,0:00:12.493 We create different worlds, 0:00:15.642,0:00:18.810 but mankind shares the same desires. 0:00:20.209,0:00:25.762 Now, the riches of a new world pour out across the planet. 0:00:26.700,0:00:28.204 [sound of jewels falling on table] 0:00:28.204,0:00:34.976 creating new desires, new wealth, and new conflicts 0:00:35.392,0:00:39.218 that will give birth to a connected world. 0:00:43.418,0:00:46.817 Amidst the chaos of an unforgiving planet, 0:00:46.817,0:00:52.527 most species will fail, but for one, all the pieces will fall into place, 0:00:54.851,0:01:00.068 and a set of keys will unlock the path for mankind to triumph. 0:01:02.146,0:01:06.956 This is our story, The Story of All of Us. 0:01:14.533,0:01:16.488 1579 0:01:17.181,0:01:21.279 The Pacific Ocean off the coast of South America 0:01:23.156,0:01:27.828 A ship on a mission that launches a new age of piracy, 0:01:28.952,0:01:33.947 small, fast, armed with 18 cannons, 0:01:34.948,0:01:39.693 at the helm, an Englishman, Francis Drake, 0:01:43.586,0:01:50.033 farmer's son, fearless navigator, and the most successful pirate in history. 0:01:53.919,0:02:02.712 In his sights, a Spanish Galleon, loaded with a metal so valuable, it would change the world. 0:02:05.984,0:02:12.292 Drake's secret partner in crime is the English Queen, Elizabeth the First. 0:02:13.169,0:02:18.620 Loades: Drake was given letters of reprisal, signed by the British Crown, 0:02:18.620,0:02:25.539 which meant that he could go and raid Spanish shipping. What he did was piracy! 0:02:25.554,0:02:26.563 [cannon shot] 0:02:26.563,0:02:30.770 Narrator: He's already plundered over 70 Spanish ships. 0:02:32.047,0:02:36.535 The King of Spain has put a price on his head. 0:02:36.597,0:02:42.395 Ten million dollars today. Dead or alive. 0:02:44.596,0:02:52.843 The Spanish ship, the Cacafuego, heads for the coast of Panama with the most valuable cargo ever seen at sea. 0:02:53.812,0:03:03.519 In its hold, 26 tons of silver from the Americas, worth 30 million dollars today. 0:03:07.197,0:03:11.501 Barrels thrown off the stern slowed Drake's ship down. 0:03:13.149,0:03:18.940 Loads: So he was gaining on her very slowly, very slightly, imperceptibly, 0:03:18.940,0:03:26.310 and not looking like a foreign threat, and why would they expect one? There were no foreign ships in the Pacific. 0:03:26.310,0:03:34.430 Narrator: Disguised as a harmless Spanish merchant, Drake's ship has been chasing the Cacafuego for 14 days. 0:03:36.092,0:03:41.075 Machowicz: Nothing worked better than deception. You could do the unexpected. 0:03:41.075,0:03:51.177 If you can set up your enemy, so they think one thing while you do another thing, you're going to gain an advantage on the battlefield. 0:03:52.572,0:03:55.915 Narrator: But Drake can't risk an all-out attack. 0:03:57.362,0:04:03.799 Machowicz: Instead of going to flat out war with another vessel, where he takes the chance of sinking that vessel 0:04:03.846,0:04:12.623 or having his vessel sank, he wants to get as close as possible, so that he can seize that vessel whole. 0:04:12.623,0:04:18.973 [sounds of waves crashing and boards creaking] 0:04:18.973,0:04:22.715 Narrator: His plan: a surgical strike from close quarters, 0:04:23.439,0:04:27.039 to take out the Spanish Galleon's main mast. 0:04:29.116,0:04:37.185 Machowicz: Success on the battlefield, whether it's land or sea, is all about stacking the right advantage in your favor 0:04:37.185,0:04:42.725 at the right time, so when the moment comes [snaps finger], you execute perfectly. 0:04:42.725,0:04:53.163 [a man yelling and sounds of drums] 0:04:57.517,0:04:58.861 [FIre!] 0:04:58.984,0:05:01.140 [sounds of cannon ball being lit and fired] 0:05:01.155,0:05:04.169 Narrator: Two cannon balls chained together 0:05:04.184,0:05:06.322 [sound of the cannon balls hitting the ship] 0:05:06.352,0:05:09.780 [boards falling] 0:05:10.072,0:05:12.476 Narrator: smashed through the mast. 0:05:13.538,0:05:19.815 Loades: Now, she couldn't flee even if she tried; she was incapacitated. 0:05:19.815,0:05:25.176 [sounds of footsteps walking down stairs] 0:05:25.237,0:05:28.737 Narrator: The richest pirate haul the world had ever seen, 0:05:30.445,0:05:36.791 enough to pay off England's entire national debt and fund its government for a year. 0:05:37.653,0:05:46.101 American silver: the key to a new global economy that transforms lives in every corner of the planet. 0:05:50.440,0:05:58.009 Narrator: In 50 years, the Spanish and Portuguese have carved out vast new empires in the New World, 0:05:58.809,0:06:03.174 from New Mexico in the north to Argentina in the south, 0:06:06.405,0:06:15.530 and high in the Andes in South America, a discovery that will launch a new era in the story of mankind: 0:06:19.378,0:06:23.242 Potosi, a mountain made of silver, 0:06:25.104,0:06:27.209 [lava erupting] 0:06:29.240,0:06:34.394 Formed when continental plates collide 170 million years ago, 0:06:34.841,0:06:45.634 the Andes are the richest source of silver in the world. Magma from the earth's crust pushes rich silver veins towards the surface, 0:06:48.389,0:06:53.105 creating, in Potosi, silver veins up to 12 feet thick. 0:06:56.690,0:07:03.573 In the next 300 years, Potosi will supply 80% of all the silver in the world. 0:07:04.512,0:07:13.205 Wunderlich: We put a great value on that, which is rare. You can take silver and break it up into small bits, so that they become a standard value currency. 0:07:13.205,0:07:20.840 With that, you can purchase, and you trade with other societies, and it's going to increase the wealth of the entire world. 0:07:22.580,0:07:27.508 Narrator: But within 20 years, the richest silver ore is mined out, 0:07:28.124,0:07:31.581 leaving Spanish engineers with a problem. 0:07:34.566,0:07:39.771 The remaining ore is too low grade for the silver to be extracted using heat. 0:07:41.126,0:07:42.389 [music] 0:07:45.589,0:07:51.888 Mann: The Spaniards had never encountered it in anything like silver ore before and didn't know how to refine it. 0:07:51.888,0:07:55.112 The techniques that they actually used just ended up boiling away the silver. 0:07:58.313,0:08:02.460 Narrator: The riches of America trapped inside its rocks, 0:08:05.845,0:08:10.277 but in 1553, a man arrives with a secret formula, 0:08:11.553,0:08:14.546 the key that unlocks the wealth of the new world. 0:08:16.546,0:08:18.778 Bartolome' Medina 0:08:21.685,0:08:25.522 experimenter, innovator, entrepreneur, 0:08:30.368,0:08:36.725 a textile trader from Spain. He's traveled 5,000 miles to make his fortune. 0:08:40.249,0:08:45.459 His idea will build new cities and empires, create new ways of living, 0:08:46.090,0:08:52.455 launch new conflicts, and help define some of the man-made wonders of the world: 0:09:00.702,0:09:05.348 a chemical formula for extracting silver using mercury, 0:09:05.532,0:09:09.859 [sound of water swishing] 0:09:10.013,0:09:14.526 but at first, the method that worked in Europe fails. 0:09:18.786,0:09:26.747 Medina doesn't realize that the silver-bearing rocks of the Andes have fewer traces of copper than those of Europe, 0:09:27.563,0:09:30.282 essential for the formula to work. 0:09:31.022,0:09:35.523 For months he experiments, searching for a solution. 0:09:40.333,0:09:50.429 Medina: I suffered mental anguish. I begged Our Lady to enlighten and guide me, so that I might be successful. 0:09:52.936,0:09:56.734 [voices and crushed rocks hitting water] 0:10:01.934,0:10:09.359 Meigs: Medina was an entrepreneur, who saw a problem, and fiddled and experimented until he came up with a solution. 0:10:10.130,0:10:16.168 [sound of rain] 0:10:19.106,0:10:29.004 Narrator: Finally, a breakthrough: the missing ingredient, a common substance used to tan leather, copper sulfate, 0:10:32.081,0:10:37.716 reacting with Mercury, the missing catalyst that separates the silver from its impurities. 0:10:37.716,0:10:42.611 [Medina cheering] 0:10:42.611,0:10:50.190 Narrator: The key that turns the minds of Potosi into the richest source of silver mankind has ever known. 0:10:53.884,0:10:59.914 Meigs: What Medina did was he made those silver mines in South America dramatically more productive, 0:11:01.884,0:11:06.246 and the flow of silver going to the global train just took off overnight. 0:11:07.108,0:11:10.653 Narrator: 220 tons of silver mine each year. 0:11:11.331,0:11:15.967 Potosi becomes the busiest industrial complex in the world. 0:11:21.689,0:11:30.522 In each year, in three giant furnaces, the Spanish mint 2.5 million silver coins. 0:11:32.617,0:11:35.746 peso de ocho: pieces of eight, 0:11:36.439,0:11:39.462 the world's first universal currency. 0:11:43.262,0:11:46.777 Silver becomes the key to mankind's prosperity. 0:11:48.086,0:11:52.761 Mann: These Spanish coins are seen everywhere in the world. They unite the world in a web of commerce. 0:11:53.238,0:11:57.348 Narrator: A single coin worth the equivalent of $80 today, 0:11:57.918,0:12:02.171 legal tender in the USA until 1857. 0:12:03.972,0:12:13.104 The scroll and pillars of the Spanish Royal Crest inspires one of the world's most potent symbols, the dollar sign. 0:12:13.874,0:12:21.171 Mann: The result is extraordinary. The entire world's economy is affected, as this silver just explodes out of the Americas, 0:12:21.172,0:12:28.199 crosses the Pacific, crosses into Europe, and there is an enormous burst of prosperity. 0:12:28.738,0:12:31.062 This is the true beginning of globalization. 0:12:32.339,0:12:40.915 Narrator: Spanish fleets ship 50 thousand tons of silver out of the Americas, creating a new Atlantic trade. 0:12:42.284,0:12:49.241 Wunderlich: Suddenly, we have mass quantities coming onto the market, which is going to really transform all of European trade 0:12:49.241,0:12:53.581 and what we see as a whole new blooming economy in Europe. 0:12:56.151,0:13:12.519 Narrator: New trading centers rise: Seville, Lisbon, London, and on the coast of a small new country, the Netherlands, the world's richest and busiest trading city: 0:13:14.038,0:13:20.308 Amsterdam, a city of new wealth and new desires, 0:13:21.816,0:13:32.271 about to trigger the world's most extraordinary boom and bust and gamble its future on a flower, the tulip. 0:13:36.716,0:13:38.737 [yelling and fighting] 0:13:40.138,0:13:43.694 Amsterdam, 1639 0:13:44.233,0:13:48.272 [sounds of fighting and cheering] 0:13:52.531,0:13:55.282 a city flushed with new money. 0:13:57.866,0:14:11.193 A century after the Spanish conquest of the New World, the riches of the Americas and an explosion of global trade have turned the Netherlands into the richest nation on the planet. 0:14:12.330,0:14:15.785 The Dutch control over the half the world's shipping, 0:14:18.172,0:14:22.101 more new millionaires than anywhere else on Earth, 0:14:23.824,0:14:26.959 the highest income per head in Europe, 0:14:27.883,0:14:29.962 [Sounds of yelling] 0:14:34.192,0:14:36.846 a city in love with gambling. 0:14:41.476,0:14:45.493 Caught up in the excitement, Jan van Goyen 0:14:48.492,0:14:53.729 struggling artist, looking for a new way to make his fortune. 0:14:56.051,0:15:05.598 Hejeebu: In a wealthy city, a city of great merchants and great enterprises, he's a guy on the move, and he wants to get in on this action. 0:15:06.599,0:15:16.620 Narrator: New wealth drives the demand for new luxuries, and one exotic import has captured the public's imagination: 0:15:18.035,0:15:19.509 the tulip. 0:15:22.263,0:15:29.995 Imported from Turkey, the patterns of the most exotic tulips are created by a virus that attacks only some bulbs, 0:15:30.764,0:15:33.252 making them rare and hard to cultivate. 0:15:37.514,0:15:49.585 Today, the tulip bulb sells for about 50 cents but, in Holland in 1636, the rarest bulbs are selling for 100 times their weight in gold. 0:15:53.693,0:15:58.200 Amsterdam's merchants are inventing new ways of making money. 0:15:59.478,0:16:10.738 The birth of speculation, in the back rooms of taverns, tulip merchants sell, not flowers or bulbs but, the rights to next year's harvest, 0:16:12.108,0:16:14.414 the world's first futures market. 0:16:15.739,0:16:19.097 Hejeebu: Today, all agricultural products are sold at futures markets. 0:16:19.296,0:16:23.589 You can buy crops that have not been harvested yet. 0:16:23.805,0:16:29.363 Similarly, tulips were bought in advance of their delivery date. 0:16:30.978,0:16:37.415 Narrator: In one month, in November 1636, the price of tulip shares has quadrupled. 0:16:38.954,0:16:41.287 Van Goyen sees an opportunity. 0:16:41.871,0:16:46.243 Narrator Van Alst: Until now ,if you weren't nobility or you weren't a great merchant, you weren't wealthy, 0:16:46.259,0:16:49.541 but here's a chance for the common people to become wealthy. 0:16:49.756,0:16:52.322 [people talking] 0:17:00.384,0:17:06.932 Narrator: Confident of a quick return, Van Goyen invests all his savings in tulip shares. 0:17:09.853,0:17:14.543 [Sounds of drums beating, people talking and money being dropped] 0:17:23.038,0:17:30.793 By the beginning of December, the price of tulip bulbs reaches ten times their price a month before. 0:17:32.439,0:17:34.780 A bubble has started to inflate. 0:17:36.288,0:17:39.969 By December 12th, the price doubles again. 0:17:42.415,0:17:49.997 At an auction in nearby Leiden, the seven penniless orphans of an innkeeper pin their hopes for the future 0:17:50.779,0:17:54.583 on their dead father's small collection of tulip bulbs. 0:17:54.644,0:17:59.074 [voices, music] 0:18:04.932,0:18:11.775 In less than a hour, each child earns 40 times the annual income of an average craftsman. 0:18:12.098,0:18:16.263 [cheering] 0:18:19.387,0:18:22.828 Tulips turn orphans into millionaires, 0:18:23.920,0:18:26.793 and the price continues to rise. 0:18:28.024,0:18:31.220 Holland is gripped by tulip mania. 0:18:31.911,0:18:41.444 Brands: If you watch price of tulips go up and up and up, you start to think you're a fool if you don't get on that escalator and ride it up. 0:18:45.754,0:18:51.196 Narrator: Three days later, Van Goyen, like many others, buys more tulip shares. 0:18:54.305,0:19:03.514 Brands: He may well know that a tulip is only worth a tulip and not worth a fortune, but, if other people think it's worth a fortune, then you'll make a lot of money. 0:19:04.266,0:19:09.079 Narrator: By January 1637, the price has doubled again. 0:19:15.630,0:19:18.293 [people auctioning ] 0:19:19.306,0:19:26.235 Narrator: Now, a few wise investors decide to sell their shares and make fortunes. 0:19:27.034,0:19:35.722 Hebeeju: Everything in financial markets is about timing, the time you enter a contract and the timing you get out. 0:19:36.723,0:19:43.917 Narrator: Van Goyen hangs on to his, confident that the market will continue to rise and rise. 0:19:46.163,0:19:55.582 Hebeeju: I can see myself in his shoes. He saw the orphans getting rich; he thought he would like to be in the mix himself, 0:19:55.582,0:20:03.334 that if he didn't get in, that he'd missed the boat, he missed his chance. Unfortunately, his timing was off. 0:20:05.165,0:20:11.552 Narrator: Suddenly, on February 3rd 1637, at a auction in a city of Harlem, 0:20:14.566,0:20:19.091 a consignment of tulip bulbs goes unsold. 0:20:19.720,0:20:21.627 [yelling] 0:20:23.393,0:20:28.510 Within days, investors panic and rush to sell their shares, 0:20:33.015,0:20:35.273 but there are no buyers. 0:20:39.380,0:20:40.938 Prices crash. 0:20:41.676,0:20:47.647 Tulips once sold for 5,000 guilders, now worthless. 0:20:49.339,0:20:53.651 From Boom to Bust, 0:20:54.901,0:21:00.104 and Dutch investors discover a truth that mankind is still learning today, 0:21:01.258,0:21:06.233 that the value of investments can go down as well as up. 0:21:06.755,0:21:15.557 Hebeeju: Booms and Bust have been with us since trade has been with us, but what's special about the tulip mania is the fact that people like Van Goyen, 0:21:15.588,0:21:27.778 nonspecialist, nontraders, not qualified to understand the value of the bulb, they're getting involved in this trade, 0:21:27.778,0:21:31.640 and frankly, they're not in a position to absorb the risk. 0:21:33.440,0:21:35.793 Narrator: Van Goyen is ruined. 0:21:40.746,0:21:50.385 He never makes his fortune but, in painting his way out of debt, over 1,200 pictures and 800 drawings, 0:21:53.707,0:21:58.185 he becomes one of Holland's most prolific and greatest artists. 0:22:03.679,0:22:10.465 New wealth transforms society in Europe, with new desires and new temptations. 0:22:14.218,0:22:20.718 Leading one group of religious radicals to reject this world as corrupt and ungodly 0:22:21.518,0:22:31.010 and set out on a journey that will transform the future of a continent, North America. 0:22:35.811,0:22:43.789 They call themselves, Pilgrims. They arrive in the New World in search of religious freedom. 0:22:44.836,0:22:56.178 Brands:: The Pilgrims rejected the society they were in. They believed that the only way to preserve their religious belief, pristine, was to get away, 0:22:56.178,0:23:07.149 to go somewhere where they wouldn't be bothered and, most importantly, where their children wouldn't be tempted by what they had seen in Holland and England. 0:23:09.550,0:23:21.763 Male Pilgrim speaking: The great hope, an inward zeal we had, of laying some great foundation for advancing the gospel of the Kingdom of Christ in these remote parts of the world. 0:23:23.255,0:23:28.198 Brands: America represented a clean slate because, to their way of thinking, it was empty. 0:23:28.614,0:23:36.739 [sounds of wind, water dripping and digging] 0:23:39.830,0:23:43.490 Narrator: But within months, the Pilgrims are struggling to survive. 0:23:44.767,0:23:51.168 They land at the start of a bitter New England winter. Their crops fail. 0:23:52.445,0:23:56.697 malnutrition, starvation, disease. 0:24:01.247,0:24:07.728 [somber music] 0:24:08.836,0:24:19.240 102 men, women, and children make the crossing. Six months later, 50 of them are dead. 0:24:21.439,0:24:29.796 [ashes to ashes, dust to dust, Lord who watches in Heave be thine name, thy kingdom come, thy will be done on Earth as it is in Heaven] 0:24:29.811,0:24:34.575 [Gives us this day our daily bread. Forgive us our trespasses as we forgive those who trespass - fade] 0:24:38.866,0:24:40.013 [gunshots] 0:24:40.245,0:24:46.066 Male Pilgrim speaking: That'll do, Father. That'll do. Cover them up. Get the women back to camp. 0:24:48.667,0:24:54.313 Narrator: The Pilgrims bury their dead at first light to hide how weaken they've become 0:24:56.821,0:25:00.229 because the land they've settled on is not empty. 0:25:01.861,0:25:03.896 It belongs to the Wabanaki. 0:25:08.835,0:25:15.685 An encounter between two worlds is about to shape the future of mankind. 0:25:22.991,0:25:27.860 In New England, 50 pioneers prepare to fight for their lives. 0:25:28.783,0:25:31.954 The future of a continent hangs in the balance. 0:25:33.015,0:25:39.598 Not all are Pilgrims. Among them, a soldier, Miles Standish. 0:25:42.722,0:25:47.738 brave, impulsive, the group's military commander 0:25:48.616,0:25:53.685 [pilgrims talking and getting ready to fight] 0:25:57.593,0:26:02.585 Standish: Is there somebody out there? Get the gate in place. Now! Now! Now! Ladies, get inside. 0:26:21.699,0:26:24.066 [intense music] 0:26:44.821,0:26:47.737 Native American: Welcome, Englishmen. Welcome. 0:26:49.215,0:26:57.298 Narrator: 3,000 miles from home, the first Native American the Pilgrims encounter greets them in their own language. 0:27:01.466,0:27:03.475 [soft music] 0:27:27.907,0:27:35.447 Narrator: Samoset, a Wabanaki Chief, his English learned from earlier visitors to this coast. 0:27:36.076,0:27:46.635 Van Alst: If we think back to how fearful the English are of being here, here's what they might think is a sign from God: he actually speaks our language. 0:27:46.635,0:27:55.974 It could have been a really violent encounter, and Samoset should get a lot more credit for kinda bringing things down a notch. 0:28:01.974,0:28:10.657 Narrator: The next day, Samoset brings another English speaking warrior, Squanto. 0:28:14.150,0:28:21.325 diplomat, politician, the man who will teach the Pilgrims to survive in the New World 0:28:28.987,0:28:31.968 Squanto has spent a year in Europe. 0:28:37.476,0:28:46.536 Kidnapped and sold as a slave in Spain, he wins his freedom and makes his way to London, where he learns English. 0:28:49.521,0:28:57.023 Hired as a interpreter for English merchants, he eventually earns his passage back home. 0:29:01.946,0:29:05.601 William Bradford, Governor of the Pilgrims, writes: 0:29:07.171,0:29:13.636 Squanto was a special instrument sent of God and never left until he died. 0:29:18.222,0:29:23.781 Narrator: He guides the Pilgrims through his world, brokering friendships, alliances, 0:29:24.853,0:29:27.596 their survival guide in their new world. 0:29:30.181,0:29:35.472 Van Alst: He taught them what he and his people had learned in isolation over the millennia. 0:29:37.749,0:29:44.649 Narrator: The crops the Pilgrims bring from Europe have failed in poor sandy soil. 0:29:49.512,0:29:53.981 Squanto teaches them to fish and use their catch as fertilizer. 0:29:54.827,0:30:03.610 Bourdain: It surely must of come as a revelation to see people using fish to make the soil more productive. 0:30:04.748,0:30:08.614 To the early Pilgrims, it must have been quite a surprise. 0:30:12.153,0:30:14.850 Narrator: And a crop they had never seen before: 0:30:17.990,0:30:27.066 Corn, the key to their survival and still today, the most widely grown crop in the Americas. 0:30:29.329,0:30:31.123 William Bradford records: 0:30:32.338,0:30:37.701 We set some 20 acres of corn, according to the manner of the Indians, 0:30:39.623,0:30:48.854 and now, we began to gather up the small harvest. We were well recovered in health and had all things in plenty. 0:30:50.747,0:30:57.520 Brands: They discovered, perhaps to their surprise, that the Indians weren't simply savages, who simply hunted and fished. 0:30:57.551,0:31:04.325 They had grown crops. There was an exchange of ideas, each side and from the other, 0:31:04.477,0:31:09.702 and it seemed like a productive enterprise on behalf of both sides. 0:31:10.425,0:31:16.180 Narrator: A moment of cooperation, all too rare in the story of the New World. 0:31:18.073,0:31:25.649 Brands: The Pilgrims were important for what they represented, in terms of Europe's preparation to 0:31:25.649,0:31:30.301 essentially explode out across the Atlantic and reproduce itself, 0:31:31.409,0:31:35.060 not only in North America and South America and other parts of the world as well. 0:31:35.937,0:31:42.755 Narrator: Ten percent of all Americans today are descended from these first fifty pioneers. 0:31:47.848,0:31:57.033 Thousands more will follow. Within 100 years, they found great trading cities that rivaled those of Europe. 0:31:58.480,0:32:02.400 Charleston, Philadelphia, New York, Boston. 0:32:05.215,0:32:10.308 50 pioneers, who turned their backs on a world devoted to making money, 0:32:12.293,0:32:18.776 lay the foundations of the United States, the greatest trading nation of the future. 0:32:21.423,0:32:32.827 But while corn and cooperation transforms North America, a new commodity sweeping the world, sugar, changes the destiny of another continent. 0:32:34.611,0:32:48.018 Africa; meaning one woman, a warrior queen, into a desperate struggle for her kingdom and her people. 0:32:52.374,0:32:54.569 Ndongo, Central Africa. 0:32:57.922,0:33:00.744 Today, part of northern Angola. 0:33:02.021,0:33:10.040 In a struggle for resources that shapes the world we live in today, one woman fights to keep hold of her kingdom. 0:33:11.301,0:33:13.759 Queen Nzingha Mbande 0:33:16.928,0:33:20.562 skillful strategist, warrior queen 0:33:23.086,0:33:27.747 Gates: Nzinga was a ferocious woman, who was a ruler, but she was very complicated. 0:33:30.918,0:33:41.727 Narrator: Queen Nzinga confronts a formidable enemy, the Portuguese. They want her territory and her people as slaves. 0:33:44.881,0:33:54.734 Portuguese plantations in the New World need a work force, to produce a new crop changing mankind's taste: sugar. 0:33:59.688,0:34:03.771 Humans are drawn to sweetness more than any other flavor. 0:34:06.541,0:34:11.281 Today, we eat up to half our body weight in sugar every year. 0:34:16.389,0:34:23.032 In the Americas and Caribbean, the Spanish and Portuguese lay out vast new plantations of sugar cane. 0:34:25.569,0:34:34.651 Morris: People always want a luxurious food that tastes good, and the hunt for luxury has driven the exploration of the world in the spread of trade networks. 0:34:35.560,0:34:42.914 Narrator: Agriculture on a new industrial scale driving the demand for labor and a new commodity: 0:34:45.684,0:34:47.000 human beings. 0:34:49.139,0:34:56.686 Like many African rulers, Queen Nzinga has been selling captives and prisoners of war to the Portuguese. 0:34:57.778,0:35:04.527 Gates: The African slave trade was a conspiracy, unfortunately, between average Europeans and African elites. 0:35:05.958,0:35:12.450 Nzinga was a slave trader herself, like many of the monarchs in Africa at that time, 0:35:12.450,0:35:19.852 but she sold slaves, other Africans, captives in war, to defend herself against the encroachment of the Portuguese. 0:35:22.314,0:35:24.539 Narrator: But as the sugar trade expands, 0:35:24.553,0:35:28.107 so does the demand for more African slaves. 0:35:29.184,0:35:32.443 Her former trading partners have turned against her. 0:35:37.261,0:35:40.306 They now want her people as slaves. 0:35:44.031,0:35:50.424 In a mountain stronghold, she prepares to defend her kingdom and her people, 0:35:52.024,0:35:57.337 against her, not just the Portuguese, but their new African allies. 0:35:58.137,0:36:04.904 Painter: She was up against warlords, who were taking advantage of a market for people. 0:36:04.904,0:36:08.029 They were human traffickers, and they were armed. 0:36:09.549,0:36:15.574 Narrator: With Queen Nzinga,her sisters, Princesses Mukambu and Kifunji. 0:36:16.503,0:36:29.863 [voices] 0:36:33.188,0:36:38.040 [fighting, shooting] 0:37:02.981,0:37:07.939 Narrator: The Ndongo are outnumbered, surrounded 0:37:07.939,0:37:12.029 [screaming] 0:37:14.229,0:37:19.034 Princess Mukumbu and Kifunji enslaved. 0:37:25.804,0:37:33.703 Over three centuries, European slave traders will transport 15 million Africans to the New World, 0:37:34.872,0:37:37.772 the majority from Central Africa. 0:37:39.402,0:37:46.307 Gates: It's one the most horrendous, painful moments, in modern human history, 0:37:46.323,0:37:50.522 both for Europeans and for black Africans. 0:37:57.338,0:38:00.637 Narrator: But Queen Nzinga herself escapes. 0:38:02.622,0:38:05.870 For the twenty years, until her death, 0:38:06.484,0:38:13.976 she will fight on and negotiate and bargain to keep Ndongo free from Portuguese rule. 0:38:16.268,0:38:22.323 Gates: I am fascinated that there was a woman, who was as powerful in the history of Africa as Queen Nzinga. 0:38:24.522,0:38:31.616 Enormously complicated and enormously brilliant diplomatic figure in African history. 0:38:33.909,0:38:38.642 Narrator: 250 years later, slavery will be abolished. 0:38:39.377,0:38:40.768 [man: "and forever free."] 0:38:43.600,0:38:50.801 Narrator: But mankind's taste for sugar transforms the face and civilization of two continents. 0:38:51.985,0:38:58.518 Today, almost a fifth of the population of the Americas can trace their roots back to Africa. 0:39:00.486,0:39:04.982 And while a New World economy transforms lives in Africa, 0:39:06.198,0:39:10.493 across the globe in India, the riches of the Americas 0:39:11.338,0:39:15.216 help turn its ruler into the wealthiest man on earth. 0:39:16.354,0:39:17.909 [yelling] 0:39:19.012,0:39:24.318 and help build one of the most epic monuments on the planet. 0:39:29.935,0:39:31.459 Narrator: 1631 0:39:32.549,0:39:36.108 Morhampur Fortress, Central India 0:39:36.263,0:39:38.180 [clapping] 0:39:40.241,0:39:45.188 The world's richest man, on campaign to consolidate his power, 0:39:46.342,0:39:47.771 Shah Jahan. 0:39:50.817,0:39:53.553 emperor of 100 million people. 0:39:54.553,0:39:57.812 His name means "King of the World." 0:39:59.889,0:40:06.082 Hebeeju: Shah Jahan was the king of kings. During the Mughals' golden age, 0:40:06.082,0:40:09.643 he expanded the reach of the Empire. 0:40:11.028,0:40:13.818 Narrator: Shah Jahan's wealth is legendary. 0:40:15.664,0:40:19.997 A chronicler describes just one of his treasure houses: 0:40:21.318,0:40:23.152 750 pounds of pearls, 0:40:23.920,0:40:26.281 275 pounds of emeralds, 0:40:26.788,0:40:28.579 three silver thrones, 0:40:29.146,0:40:31.288 100 gold and silver chairs, 0:40:32.073,0:40:34.147 100,000 silver plates. 0:40:38.700,0:40:44.201 Narrator: Contributing to this wealth, a string of trading ports along India's coast, 0:40:44.798,0:40:50.979 drawing thousands of European merchants, flush with American silver. 0:40:52.132,0:40:59.282 Hebeeju: Silver just opened so many doors for them, at long last. They had a trading currency, 0:40:59.282,0:41:06.342 they had something that the Asians wanted. They could acquire textiles, cotton,silk, spices, 0:41:06.342,0:41:09.730 pepper, cinnamon, exotic Asian commodities. 0:41:10.545,0:41:14.682 Narrator: 100 tons of silver pours into India each year. 0:41:17.006,0:41:21.558 generating millions in taxes, paid to one man, 0:41:24.466,0:41:25.851 Shah Jahan. 0:41:31.375,0:41:37.307 A renegade nobleman, Khan Jahan Lodi, has rebelled and been hunted down. 0:41:43.647,0:41:45.819 Now, he pays the price. 0:42:15.804,0:42:22.335 With the Emperor on campaign, his favorite wife in labor with their 14th child, 0:42:24.134,0:42:26.773 her name, Mumtaz Mahal, 0:42:27.234,0:42:29.226 "the jewel of the palace." 0:42:30.608,0:42:37.267 Hebeeju: He had many, many, many wives, but she was his first among women. 0:42:38.449,0:42:43.835 His chroniclers praise her as the inspiration behind the throne. 0:42:44.881,0:42:54.070 [screaming out, crying] 0:42:54.823,0:42:58.496 [Jahan speaking] 0:42:59.170,0:43:01.441 Narrator: But her life is in danger. 0:43:04.425,0:43:06.212 She's losing blood. 0:43:20.723,0:43:26.938 Neither Shah Jahan's wealth nor power can save the woman he loves. 0:43:27.380,0:43:30.636 [crying out, grieving] 0:43:31.297,0:43:41.287 Hebeeju: Here's this man who has the world in his hand. Here's the man who has riches that can't be counted, 0:43:43.580,0:43:49.973 and he's lost his beloved. He has lost what he cannot hold. 0:43:56.003,0:44:01.369 Narrator: In grief, Shah Jahan commissions a tomb for his beloved wife, 0:44:02.799,0:44:11.608 hundreds of tons of white marble, encrusted with jewels, costing the equivalent of $70 million today, 0:44:13.162,0:44:17.054 a lasting monument to the power of silver. 0:44:21.623,0:44:23.367 the Taj Mahal. 0:44:30.336,0:44:38.432 Global trade and wealth on a vast new scale creates some of mankind's most iconic structures, 0:44:41.571,0:44:53.850 bigger, taller, will spend the next 350 years, building monuments to our economic power and our connected world. 0:44:58.343,0:45:01.828 The riches of a New World, unlocked, 0:45:03.719,0:45:08.273 a new global currency, launching pirates across oceans, 0:45:09.256,0:45:12.218 new commodities, new desires, 0:45:14.956,0:45:20.308 and new conflicts, transforming every continent on the planet. 0:45:21.431,0:45:28.051 Mann: That kind of globalization that we are in now, where bank collapses in Iceland can ripple across the American Midwest, 0:45:28.174,0:45:30.528 that all begins in the 16th century, 0:45:30.851,0:45:34.242 and it begins with the creation this universal currency. 0:45:35.812,0:45:41.120 Narrator: Now, pioneers push further into the open spaces of the world. 0:45:42.197,0:45:43.924 New adventures, 0:45:48.033,0:45:51.953 discoveries, and an age of revolutions 0:45:53.708,0:45:58.185 that will launch mankind into the modern world.