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Okay, ladies and gentlemen, welcome.

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There is a question


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which has puzzled me for quite a while,

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and that is, Why do our PowerPoints
look the way they look?

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Or rather, How on earth, can we accept
that they look the way they look?

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How can you do that?

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And do you know

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what's even more intellectually
challenging for me to understand?

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It's, How can a person sit over here
in this meeting room with 10 others,

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observing this dismally bad PowerPoint

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filled with charts,
graphical elements, page numbers,

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fading away five, seven minutes,
thinking of other things?

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You know the feeling,
the boredom, the waste of time?

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This person, after 40 minutes,

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he or she will stand up, a bit dazed,

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trotting off to his own office,
coming to his own computer,

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flipping it up, going like, 'Oh my god,
I've got a presentation tomorrow,

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and I do have a PowerPoint to build.'

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(Laughter)

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Now, what is the chance that this person
will build an equally bad PowerPoint

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as the one that he or she
was herself tortured by

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in the other conference room?

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Is that a big chance?

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Yeah.

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Now, what is that?

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Why do we do that? Is that vengeance?

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Is that where you go like,
'You did that to me.

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Phew! I'm going to do it to you.
You got it coming, bro'?

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Is that the case? I don't think so.

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I don't think that's got to do
with vengeance, intelligence.

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I think it's got to do
with something else.

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Now, my passion in life is the brain,

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and an even bigger passion
that is presentation skills.

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And I love combining these two.

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And about four years ago,

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I got so, so upset I blew my top

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because the way
that we do neural executions

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all over our boardrooms today is just -

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it's not fair to our intelligence
as being Homo sapiens.

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So I thought there's got to be something
we can do about this,

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so I searched the world,
I looked for seminars,

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I looked for training programs,
I looked for books

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that could solve this question for me,

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but there was none to be found.

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So I thought, 'Well,
I'll just do as Franz Kafka said,

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"If it isn't written, write it yourself."'

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And four years later,

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I have the great honour
to stand here in front of you.

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What am I talking about?

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What are the PowerPoints I'm referring to?

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They can look like this.

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Now, this is one of the top three
universities in the world,

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advising their students and their teachers
on how to build great PowerPoints.

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I received this from a customer,

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and you've got to be semi-blind

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in order to even have something
like this in the company.

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I love this one.

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This one was awarded the prize
of being the worst PowerPoint

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delivered by a public CEO in 2010.

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It's a nice prize to pick up, isn't it?

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'Oh yes, thank you.'

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(Laughs)

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Well done, mate.

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And then you're like,
'This is bad. Can it get worse?'

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Yes, it can.

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(Laughter)

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Now, this is the UN in Afghanistan,

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the US military describing
the situation in the area.

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And, well, there are no comments on that.

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But then we get this one.

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'My god, David Phillips,
this has got to be the thing.

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This has got limited amounts of text.

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It's got a supporting image.

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It's got a clear headline.

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This is the truth.'

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Well, the thing is,


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if you recognise yourself in any of these,

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which I think you do, nodding away,

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I want to make you aware of the following:

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that if you've delivered a presentation
with something like that behind you,

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90% of what you said

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was gone within 30 seconds.

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And then you go, 'No, no, no way, Jose,

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that is way - I know it's bad,
but it can't be that bad,

85
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can it now, really?'

86
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Well, just let me give you an example
of really how bad your working memory is,

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and mine, for that case.

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I want you to imagine this situation.

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You're at the train station,
waiting for the train.

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You can see it coming on the horizon.

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You're fiddling away, you finally
find where you put your ticket.

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And you take it out, and you go,
'Car five, seat 42. Got it.'

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Have you?

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(Laughter)

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You have absolutely no idea
where you're going to sit, do you?

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So, you're like, 'Is this only me, or ...
Well, I'll check. Five, 42.'

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You put it down again.

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Have you got it?

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No, you haven't got it.

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You'll do this on an average of six times
before you sit down.

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I've seen people in the train go,

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'Five, 42, five, 42.
Yes, this is my seat, check.'

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Now, the bad news
in the situation is this:

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you do not have a separate
working memory for PowerPoint

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and a separate working
memory for train tickets.

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It's the same dismally bad
working memory for both activities.

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So, I might be harsh when I say this,

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but there is one man on this earth

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who knows more about the brain
than anybody else,

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one of the most leading neurologists
called John Medina,

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and he puts it like this.

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[If companies would have
as little respect for business

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as they have for presentations,

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the majority would go bankrupt.]

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And it's with his words that I welcome you
to 'How to Avoid Death by PowerPoint'.

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Now, my objective for this evening,
for these 18 minutes,

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is to give you five design principles

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that will cognitively and psychologically
optimise your PowerPoint slides.

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And if you haven't used them before,

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they will make a tremendous difference

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to every PowerPoint you'll be delivering
from this day and on.

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So, let's start.

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The first one of these five
is one message.

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I received this from a customer,

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and I said, 'Hey, we've got
a lot of issues in here,

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but let's start with the first one.

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You've got two messages.

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Let's move one of them out of the way,
and just bring one message per slide.'

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So, why should we only
have one message per slide?

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Well, I'll give you
this beautiful example.

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You're at this nice party,
you've got the music going boom-boom,

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you've got this person
you're chatting away to,

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you're having a good time.

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(Imitates chatter)

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And then you hear your name;
you hear your name spoken somewhere.

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Your entire attention
is now diverted in that direction,

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and with this person,
you're just nodding away

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hoping that you're nodding
in the right instances, yeah?

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Yes, yes, yes.

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After a minute, this one
stops talking about you,

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so you divert your attention
straight again.

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Now, that person will then say,
'Well, don't you agree?'

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And don't we just love that situation?

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We have got no clue
what they've been talking about.

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The same thing goes for PowerPoint.

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If you've got more than one message,

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the chance is big they will be focusing
on this one and not that one,

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or that one and not this one.

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Just make it simple for human beings.

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Have one message per slide.

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We are extremely limited
to understanding more.

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Let's move on. Go to working memory.

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I've already given you this bad vibe
that your working memory is bad,

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and I'm afraid I'm not coming
with better news.

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I'm coming with worse news,
and it goes like this.

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This equation has the basis
of John Sweller and Mayer,

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and they come to the conclusion

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that there is something in our brain
called 'the redundancy effect',

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and it works like this.

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If you have text, sentences
on your PowerPoint,

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and you persist with the annoying idea
of speaking at the same time,

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what will be remembered by the audience

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is zero.

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(Laughter)

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Or very close to zero.

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Now, why is that?
How does that come about?

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Well, it can't look like this.
It's just not practical.

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You can't stand and have this
and talk at the same time.

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So, what are you supposed to do?

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Well, use PowerPoint
for what it's supposed to be used for.

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Pick it like this, pull down your text
into the documentation field,

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and use the area up there
for the presentation material:

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short, sweet bits of text and an image.

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That is what enhances your image.

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That is what enhances your message.

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So use PowerPoint
as it's supposed to be used.

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Come to the third
of these five principles,

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and that's size.

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Before I go into that,

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I want to make you aware the following.

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Every time you open your eyes
for the rest of your life,

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you will focus on four things:

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moving objects, signalling colours,
like red, orange and yellow,

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contrast-rich objects and big objects
for the rest of your life.

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Give you a practical example of that.

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Imagine yourself being home
with a friend, a really good friend.

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Now, the television is on,
but the sound is off.

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You're having a great conversation,

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but do you find it easy
to not look at the television?

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No. Why not?

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Because it's got moving objects,

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it's got signalling colours,
it's high in contrast,

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and they're usually very big these times.

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So, why not use this to our benefit?

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If you look at this,
where is your attention drawn to

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without you even having a chance
of controlling it?

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It's going to the big three all the time.

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Have a look at the practical situation;
have a look at this.

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Where are your eyes drawn to?

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I can see that they're drawn
constantly to the headline.

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Now, how often is the headline
the most important part in a PowerPoint?

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It's very rare.

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Even so, every PowerPoint template
is built like this,

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where the headline is the biggest object,
and the content is the smallest -

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going absolute opposite
to our biological reactions.

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So, what does this look like
if we just show you an example?

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Well, now I've reduced the title,
and it looks like this.

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Do you see how your eyes
now fall down into the content?

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Now they're sucked into the headline,

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(Laughter)

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and now they're falling down
into the content.

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So I can control exactly where you are,

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but why do people build PowerPoints

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where people will be spending
70% of the time on the headline

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when it's not the most important part?

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So, what I want you
to take with you from this

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00:10:29,447 --> 00:10:31,566
is the most important part
of your PowerPoint

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should also be the biggest, nothing else.

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Moving on to number four, contrast.

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Contrast controls your focus.

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So, what does that look like?

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For instance, if I show you
a list like this,

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your eyes are over the place

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because you don't really know
what to focus on.

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So, I'll use a built-in functionality
into PowerPoint, which goes like this.

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I'll show you the first subject,
I'll take it away with contrast,

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and I'll show you the second one,

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and I'll do it again and again
and again and again.

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You're now following
exactly the white spot.

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If I do this - dun-dun-dun-dun -

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I can see your eyes just wobbling around,

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and you're a bit like a kitten going after
a little laser pointer on the wall,

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going like, 'Where is it?
I've got it. I've got it.'

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Because you're following
where the white spot is, and not the rest.

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Now, this is a beautiful example.

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Please do use this.

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Use it because you can show
amazing big tables like this

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if you use the effect of contrast,
the principle of contrast.

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Look what this looks like.

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Your eyes are all over the place;
you don't know what to focus on,

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but I just apply
the principle of contrast,

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and it looks like that, and suddenly,
you know exactly what to focus on.

243
00:11:40,074 --> 00:11:41,817
Here, they're all over the place,

244
00:11:41,817 --> 00:11:44,211
and here, they're exactly
where I want them.

245
00:11:45,801 --> 00:11:49,117
Now, there's a big,
major drawback with PowerPoints,

246
00:11:49,117 --> 00:11:53,249
and that is that the majority
of companies on this earth today,

247
00:11:53,543 --> 00:11:57,157
they persist in having
white backgrounds in PowerPoint.

248
00:11:57,157 --> 00:11:58,957
Look at that.

249
00:11:58,957 --> 00:12:00,876
Oh, it's bright, it's shiny.

250
00:12:00,876 --> 00:12:04,955
Could you tell me who has
the highest contrast, me or the screen?

251
00:12:04,955 --> 00:12:06,189
Well, the screen.

252
00:12:06,189 --> 00:12:08,244
Who's usually the biggest,
me or the screen?

253
00:12:08,244 --> 00:12:09,449
Well, the screen.

254
00:12:09,449 --> 00:12:13,277
So the only option I have
is dress myself up in signalling colours

255
00:12:13,277 --> 00:12:14,287
(Laughter)

256
00:12:14,287 --> 00:12:18,006
and jump around on stage
in order to balance that problem out,

257
00:12:18,746 --> 00:12:21,295
and that is obviously not
a good corporate strategy

258
00:12:21,295 --> 00:12:23,169
in the long term, would it be?

259
00:12:23,169 --> 00:12:26,765
I think the long-term strategy
is to just switch it around.

260
00:12:26,765 --> 00:12:29,450
PowerPoint is not supposed
to have white backgrounds.

261
00:12:29,450 --> 00:12:31,568
If I do this, your eyes relax.

262
00:12:31,568 --> 00:12:32,758
You focus on me.

263
00:12:32,758 --> 00:12:33,977
I'm the biggest object.

264
00:12:33,977 --> 00:12:36,249
I'm the most contrast-rich object.

265
00:12:37,199 --> 00:12:38,215
I got your focus.

266
00:12:38,215 --> 00:12:39,938
Why is that important?

267
00:12:40,900 --> 00:12:45,054
It's important because I am,
I always have been,

268
00:12:45,054 --> 00:12:48,011
and I always will be the presentation.

269
00:12:48,652 --> 00:12:51,065
That is my visual aid.

270
00:12:56,895 --> 00:13:01,752
Moving into the last principle,
and that is objects.

271
00:13:03,336 --> 00:13:06,786
Now, this is one
of the most severe principles,

272
00:13:06,786 --> 00:13:07,916
and it goes like this.

273
00:13:07,916 --> 00:13:10,010
How many objects do I have here?

274
00:13:10,010 --> 00:13:12,741
If you count them quickly,
you'll see that I've got 16.

275
00:13:12,741 --> 00:13:14,987
Do you see this little beauty
at the end as well

276
00:13:14,987 --> 00:13:17,400
which goes 'page 12 of 95'?

277
00:13:17,762 --> 00:13:19,039
What is that?

278
00:13:19,039 --> 00:13:20,802
Why do we do that?

279
00:13:20,802 --> 00:13:22,302
That only creates anxiety.

280
00:13:22,302 --> 00:13:26,487
If anything, you are, 'Oh my god,
I can't take 83 more of those.'

281
00:13:26,487 --> 00:13:27,890
(Laughter)

282
00:13:28,390 --> 00:13:30,907
But, it can also create hope

283
00:13:31,347 --> 00:13:32,789
because imagine ...

284
00:13:33,339 --> 00:13:36,159
imagine when it's 90 out of 95.

285
00:13:36,159 --> 00:13:40,008
'Oh, I can see the lights;
I can see the end of the tunnel.'

286
00:13:42,517 --> 00:13:44,741
Kidding aside, don't do that.

287
00:13:45,521 --> 00:13:47,866
Now, there are so many ideas out there

288
00:13:47,866 --> 00:13:51,258
on how many objects
you're supposed to have in PowerPoint,

289
00:13:51,698 --> 00:13:54,437
and once and for all,
I just want to put my foot down

290
00:13:54,437 --> 00:13:57,456
and state to you
that this is the perfect amount.

291
00:13:57,456 --> 00:14:00,130
In order to do that,
I want you to just feel it yourself.

292
00:14:00,130 --> 00:14:02,640
How many objects are you supposed to have?

293
00:14:02,640 --> 00:14:06,018
And we're going to do that
by showing you a couple of balls.

294
00:14:06,018 --> 00:14:07,516
I'll throw up the balls.

295
00:14:07,516 --> 00:14:09,825
I want you to nod to me
when you've counted them.

296
00:14:09,825 --> 00:14:12,057
Simple instruction. You with me?

297
00:14:12,447 --> 00:14:13,655
Cool, here we go.

298
00:14:13,655 --> 00:14:14,708
Boom.

299
00:14:16,789 --> 00:14:19,793
Alright, takes you about two seconds.

300
00:14:19,793 --> 00:14:21,433
Good. Well done.

301
00:14:21,433 --> 00:14:22,719
Your next set of balls.

302
00:14:22,719 --> 00:14:25,121
Count them, and nod to me
when you've counted them.

303
00:14:25,121 --> 00:14:26,251
Here we go.

304
00:14:27,206 --> 00:14:28,461
Excellent. Yeah.

305
00:14:28,461 --> 00:14:30,781
That took you about 1.2 seconds
if you're normal,

306
00:14:30,781 --> 00:14:33,309
which about 90% of you seem to be.

307
00:14:33,309 --> 00:14:34,469
(Laughter)

308
00:14:34,469 --> 00:14:37,139
We'll have the third
set of balls, the last one.

309
00:14:37,139 --> 00:14:39,511
Look at this, nod to me
when you've counted them.

310
00:14:40,285 --> 00:14:42,785
Oh, what was that?

311
00:14:43,187 --> 00:14:47,240
I just pressed the button,
and you nodded simultaneously.

312
00:14:47,469 --> 00:14:51,358
That will, if you are normal,
take you 0.2 seconds,

313
00:14:51,358 --> 00:14:53,201
two-tenths of a second.

314
00:14:53,201 --> 00:14:57,682
This will take you 1.2,
this will take you two-tenths of a second.

315
00:14:57,682 --> 00:15:00,007
And for anyone of you who -
you're good at math,

316
00:15:00,007 --> 00:15:05,005
you'll find out that that number
is approximately 500% difference.

317
00:15:05,639 --> 00:15:07,873
How is that even remotely possible?

318
00:15:07,873 --> 00:15:10,481
There are only two objects in difference.

319
00:15:11,121 --> 00:15:13,548
Well, might I suggest the following:

320
00:15:13,548 --> 00:15:15,623
this one you have to count,

321
00:15:15,623 --> 00:15:17,480
and this one you see.

322
00:15:17,480 --> 00:15:19,207
Could that be correct?

323
00:15:20,037 --> 00:15:22,577
So what you've just experienced
is the following:

324
00:15:22,577 --> 00:15:24,801
that the cognitive process of counting

325
00:15:24,801 --> 00:15:30,258
takes 500% longer time,
requires 500% more energy resources

326
00:15:30,803 --> 00:15:34,406
to execute than just seeing.

327
00:15:36,674 --> 00:15:41,482
So, what I want you
to keep in mind at all times,

328
00:15:41,962 --> 00:15:44,915
what I want you to keep
in your head is this:

329
00:15:44,915 --> 00:15:45,915
[Sex]

330
00:15:45,915 --> 00:15:48,519
which is the Swedish number for this:

331
00:15:48,519 --> 00:15:49,539
[Six]

332
00:15:49,539 --> 00:15:51,185
(Laughter)

333
00:15:51,185 --> 00:15:53,718
The magical number is six.

334
00:15:53,718 --> 00:15:56,348
It's not five, it's not seven, it's six.

335
00:15:57,188 --> 00:15:59,151
And I want to make you aware of this.

336
00:15:59,151 --> 00:16:01,486
When you go into
a presentation in the future,

337
00:16:01,486 --> 00:16:04,204
and you've built this amazing PowerPoint,

338
00:16:04,544 --> 00:16:08,080
if you've got more than seven objects,
or seven or more objects,

339
00:16:08,080 --> 00:16:10,438
you have to be aware
that all the people in there,

340
00:16:10,438 --> 00:16:13,800
they have to use 500% more energy
and cognitive resources

341
00:16:13,800 --> 00:16:16,212
to understand what's in your PowerPoint.

342
00:16:16,212 --> 00:16:17,349
Now, how do you think

343
00:16:17,349 --> 00:16:19,826
their energy-saving brain
by nature behaves?

344
00:16:19,826 --> 00:16:24,437
Will it go like, 'Ooh, I'll easily
invest 500% more cognitive resources

345
00:16:24,437 --> 00:16:26,073
to understand this weird slide'

346
00:16:26,073 --> 00:16:27,233
or, 'I won't'?

347
00:16:28,303 --> 00:16:29,615
'I won't.'

348
00:16:29,615 --> 00:16:32,396
And you've just incurred
death by PowerPoint.

349
00:16:33,906 --> 00:16:36,010
Now what does this look like in real life?

350
00:16:36,010 --> 00:16:37,929
Well, have a look at this.

351
00:16:37,929 --> 00:16:40,546
Sixteen objects - can we agree
that that's too many?

352
00:16:40,546 --> 00:16:42,174
Yes, we can.

353
00:16:42,174 --> 00:16:44,946
So, what does it look like
if we reduce it?

354
00:16:44,946 --> 00:16:47,269
Look at this. We go from this to this.

355
00:16:48,240 --> 00:16:51,246
And this is where your brain goes, 'Ahh'.

356
00:16:52,026 --> 00:16:54,885
And this is where your brain goes, 'Ugh'.

357
00:16:55,835 --> 00:16:57,075
Ahh.

358
00:16:57,075 --> 00:16:58,160
(Laughter)

359
00:16:58,860 --> 00:17:00,170
Ugh.

360
00:17:01,697 --> 00:17:04,506
And I assume that in the future

361
00:17:04,506 --> 00:17:10,329
when you deliver PowerPoints
to your colleagues, to your fellow people,

362
00:17:10,329 --> 00:17:14,956
you want them to go, 'Ahh'

363
00:17:14,956 --> 00:17:16,742
when you show them your slides.

364
00:17:16,742 --> 00:17:20,512
You don't want them to go, 'Ugh'.

365
00:17:23,638 --> 00:17:27,199
Now, there is - have you seen this movie,

366
00:17:27,199 --> 00:17:30,225
'The Rain Man' by Dustin Hoffman?

367
00:17:30,225 --> 00:17:31,238
Seen that?

368
00:17:31,238 --> 00:17:32,595
It's a beauty, isn't it?

369
00:17:33,135 --> 00:17:35,947
He comes into this cafeteria,
and somebody drops toothpicks,

370
00:17:35,947 --> 00:17:38,590
and he goes like, 'Boom, 247.'

371
00:17:38,918 --> 00:17:40,529
It's amazing, isn't it?

372
00:17:40,529 --> 00:17:42,899
His perceptive limit is here.

373
00:17:43,639 --> 00:17:45,189
Your perceptive limit

374
00:17:45,189 --> 00:17:47,441
(Laughter)

375
00:17:47,441 --> 00:17:48,731
is here.

376
00:17:50,161 --> 00:17:51,831
Now, what amazes me

377
00:17:51,831 --> 00:17:56,616
is that whichever country I go to,
whichever company I see,

378
00:17:56,616 --> 00:17:58,995
it seems like they build PowerPoints

379
00:17:58,995 --> 00:18:04,981
in the hope that all their fellow
colleagues are autistic or savants,

380
00:18:04,981 --> 00:18:06,266
(Laughter)

381
00:18:06,266 --> 00:18:08,923
which obviously is not the case.

382
00:18:11,411 --> 00:18:16,916
So, but then you go like this,
'But, David, my god.

383
00:18:16,920 --> 00:18:19,886
This means that I have
to have more slides.'

384
00:18:20,226 --> 00:18:22,166
(Laughter)

385
00:18:23,952 --> 00:18:26,278
'Yes, that is entirely correct.

386
00:18:26,278 --> 00:18:28,608
You have understood me clearly.'

387
00:18:28,968 --> 00:18:30,683
I want to make one thing clear here,

388
00:18:30,683 --> 00:18:33,774
and that is that the amount of slides
in your PowerPoint

389
00:18:33,774 --> 00:18:37,227
has never been the problem.

390
00:18:38,562 --> 00:18:44,453
It is the amount of objects per slide
which has been the problem.

391
00:18:45,041 --> 00:18:46,136
The stupid idea

392
00:18:46,136 --> 00:18:48,865
that corporate organisations
all over the world -

393
00:18:48,865 --> 00:18:51,187
they've come up
with limitations going like,

394
00:18:51,187 --> 00:18:53,517
'Ooh, we've got this clever idea:

395
00:18:53,517 --> 00:18:55,989
You can't use 40 slides.
You can only use four.'

396
00:18:55,989 --> 00:18:57,639
So what do people do?

397
00:18:57,645 --> 00:18:58,845
(Laughter)

398
00:18:58,852 --> 00:19:01,057
Well, they take the content
of the rest 36,

399
00:19:01,057 --> 00:19:03,759
and they jam it in the first four.

400
00:19:03,759 --> 00:19:07,122
My god, is that counterproductive or what?

401
00:19:07,122 --> 00:19:09,675
And we call ourselves intelligent.

402
00:19:11,726 --> 00:19:12,754
No, no.

403
00:19:12,754 --> 00:19:14,708
Alright, so compared -

404
00:19:14,708 --> 00:19:19,071
I started off with 95 of those.

405
00:19:19,481 --> 00:19:22,958
We ended up with 135 of these.

406
00:19:23,503 --> 00:19:26,071
And yes, it gave an immediate result

407
00:19:26,071 --> 00:19:28,578
to the application
that we were working for.

408
00:19:30,556 --> 00:19:32,683
So, to summarise this.

409
00:19:33,023 --> 00:19:35,858
Let's have some fun
and do a cross-examination

410
00:19:35,858 --> 00:19:37,864
because obviously
I have to prove my point.

411
00:19:37,864 --> 00:19:40,521
Do you remember
more than 90% of what I said?

412
00:19:41,051 --> 00:19:42,645
I'm not going to be that harsh.

413
00:19:42,645 --> 00:19:44,588
Let's do a crossword instead.

414
00:19:45,268 --> 00:19:46,708
It's going to go like this.

415
00:19:46,708 --> 00:19:48,023
Words are going to come up.

416
00:19:48,023 --> 00:19:51,706
I'm going to ask you to scream them out
as loud as you can as we go along.

417
00:19:51,817 --> 00:19:54,719
How many messages
are you supposed to have per slide?

418
00:19:54,719 --> 00:19:55,764
(Audience) One.

419
00:19:55,764 --> 00:19:56,767
One. Very good.

420
00:19:56,767 --> 00:19:58,341
(Laughter)

421
00:19:58,341 --> 00:20:00,892
I think you were looking
for a different word there.

422
00:20:00,892 --> 00:20:02,492
(Laughter)

423
00:20:03,012 --> 00:20:05,362
What can we use to steer our focus?

424
00:20:05,362 --> 00:20:06,366
(Audience) Contrast.

425
00:20:06,366 --> 00:20:07,378
Yes, and another one?

426
00:20:07,378 --> 00:20:08,401
(Audience) Size.

427
00:20:08,401 --> 00:20:09,424
Well done.

428
00:20:09,424 --> 00:20:12,063
What should we avoid using
if speaking at the same time?

429
00:20:12,063 --> 00:20:13,066
(Audience) Sentences.

430
00:20:13,066 --> 00:20:14,079
Beautiful.

431
00:20:14,079 --> 00:20:16,420
And what kind of background
should we have?

432
00:20:16,420 --> 00:20:18,408
We should have dark.

433
00:20:18,408 --> 00:20:19,936
And finally, now you can say it.

434
00:20:19,936 --> 00:20:21,886
How many objects per slide?

435
00:20:21,886 --> 00:20:24,526
Six. That is magnificent.

436
00:20:24,526 --> 00:20:25,606
Thank you very much.

437
00:20:25,606 --> 00:20:27,996
(Applause) (Cheers)