[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.04,0:00:01.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hi, I'm John Green,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.48,0:00:02.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is CrashCourse:\NWorld History
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.01,0:00:05.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and today we’re going to talk\Nabout a relationship.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.03,0:00:06.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, not you,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.02,0:00:06.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,college girlfriend.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.73,0:00:09.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, not that kind of relationship either.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.06,0:00:09.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No. STAN,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.56,0:00:10.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,THIS IS A HISTORY CLASS.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.01,0:00:13.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We’re gonna talk about the\Nrelationship between a city,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.22,0:00:13.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Venice,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.07,0:00:15.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and an empire,\Nthe Ottomans,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.03,0:00:19.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in doing so we will return t\No an old theme in this show:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.70,0:00:24.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How studying history can make you\Na better boyfriend and/or girlfriend.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.07,0:00:25.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Probably or,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.04,0:00:25.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I’m not here to judge.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.01,0:00:26.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mr. Green,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.60,0:00:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no offense,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.00,0:00:30.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you don’t really seem like an\Nexpert in how to get girls to like you.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.03,0:00:31.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here’s something amazing, Me From the Past.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.60,0:00:34.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know that girl, Sarah, in 10th grade\Nwho’s super super smart?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.03,0:00:35.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah, she’s really hot.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.33,0:00:37.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She’s like three or four leagues\Nhotter than I am.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.03,0:00:38.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,YEAH, I MARRIED HER.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.06,0:00:40.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So shut up and listen.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.01,0:00:41.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[music intro]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.01,0:00:42.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[music intro]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.15,0:00:43.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[music intro]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.15,0:00:44.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[music intro]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.15,0:00:45.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[music intro]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.15,0:00:46.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[music intro]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.15,0:00:48.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ten minutes from now,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.15,0:00:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I’m hoping you’ll understand how\None mutually beneficial relationship,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.00,0:00:56.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the Venetians and the\NOttomans, led to two really big deals:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.08,0:00:57.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The European Renaissance
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.02,0:00:58.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Christopher Columbus.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.07,0:00:59.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not like his birth,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.02,0:01:01.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean he wasn’t like a half-Ottoman,\Nhalf-Venetian baby,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.09,0:01:02.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his travels!
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.06,0:01:03.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Venice is a city made up of
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.06,0:01:06.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hundreds of islands at the\Nnorthern tip of the Adriatic Sea,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.01,0:01:08.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but walking around it, you\Ncan’t help but feel that the city
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.03,0:01:11.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is essentially a collection of floating\Nbuildings tied together by some canals.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.09,0:01:14.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If ever there was a place\Nwhere geography was destiny,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.02,0:01:15.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was Venice.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.01,0:01:18.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Venice was literally built\Nfor ocean-going trade.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.01,0:01:18.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As you can imagine,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.08,0:01:20.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they didn’t have a lot\Nof natural resources—
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.07,0:01:22.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,except for fish and mustaches—\N[sweet!]
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.04,0:01:25.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so if they wanted to grow,\Nthey’d have to rely on trade.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.02,0:01:26.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let’s go to the Thought Bubble.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.06,0:01:28.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So first, Venetians became\Nexperts in shipbuilding.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.10,0:01:30.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember that when the Crusaders\Nneeded ships
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.04,0:01:31.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for their crazy Fourth Crusade?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.08,0:01:32.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They headed to Venice,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.10,0:01:37.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the Venetians were famous for\Nmerchant ships like the Galley and the Cog.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.06,0:01:38.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not only could they build ships;
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.07,0:01:40.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they could also sail them to\Npleasant locales like
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.08,0:01:42.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Constantinople and the Levant,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.03,0:01:45.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so the Venetians formed trade treaties,\Nsometimes called concessions,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.04,0:01:46.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the Byzantines,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.04,0:01:49.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then when Constantinople fell\Nto the Ottomans and became Istanbul,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.08,0:01:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Venetians were quick to make\Ntrade treaties with their new neighbors,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.00,0:01:56.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,famously saying that while\NIstanbul had been Constantinople,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.01,0:01:58.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the matter of Constantinople\Ngetting the works was
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.05,0:02:00.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nobody’s business but the Turks.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.02,0:02:01.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But even before the Ottomans,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.02,0:02:03.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Venice had experience trading\Nwith the Islamic world:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.02,0:02:05.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It initially established itself\Nas the biggest European power
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.09,0:02:06.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the Mediterranean
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.09,0:02:09.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thanks to its trade with\NEgypt’s sultan in the
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.01,0:02:11.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,outlandishly lucrative\Npepper business.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.04,0:02:12.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can’t blame the Europeans, really.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.02,0:02:13.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This stuff is delicious.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.03,0:02:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, like actual pepper?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.00,0:02:15.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, well that’s cool, too,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.08,0:02:17.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially since it masks the\Ntaste of spoiled meat,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.10,0:02:21.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which most meat was in the\Ndays before refrigeration.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.01,0:02:22.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Due to some awkward…
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.04,0:02:22.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Crusades…
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.07,0:02:25.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Egyptian merchants were\Nnot so welcome in …
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.10,0:02:26.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Europe.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.09,0:02:28.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they had all the pepper,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.03,0:02:32.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the Egyptians imported it from India\Nand controlled both the overland and oversea
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.04,0:02:33.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,access to the Mediterranean.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.04,0:02:36.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when others cited moral or\Nreligious opposition to trade,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.05,0:02:38.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Venetians usually found a way
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.04,0:02:41.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,…which is why the whole freaking\Ntown is made of marble.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.06,0:02:43.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks, Thought Bubble.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.02,0:02:46.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To avoid the sticky situation of having\Nto consort with the heathen Egyptians,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.08,0:02:48.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Venetians employed a handy story.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.09,0:02:50.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the Piazza San Marco,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.05,0:02:52.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the #1 Destination in the
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.01,0:02:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Entire World for People\NWho Like to Be Pooped
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.00,0:02:55.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on by Pigeons.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.02,0:02:57.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s also home to this church, which\Nincludes some bronze horses
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.08,0:02:59.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you may remember that were\Nlooted from Constantinople.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.08,0:03:01.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it contains the body of St. Mark,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.07,0:03:04.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the author of the Gospel\NAccording to St. Mark,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.01,0:03:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who had once been the bishop\Nof Alexandria, in Egypt.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.00,0:03:10.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So naturally, he died there\Nand was buried there in Egypt,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.02,0:03:14.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the Venetians claimed him as their own\Nbecause apparently one time he visited Venice,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.06,0:03:17.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these two merchants hatched a very clever\Nplan.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.02,0:03:18.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They went to Alexandria on business,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.01,0:03:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stole St. Mark’s body and then\Nhid it in a shipment of pork,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.00,0:03:24.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which the Muslims didn’t check v\Nery carefully, because, you know,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.04,0:03:25.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were disgusted by it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.46,0:03:28.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can even see a version of this on\Nthe mosaics in the Basilica of St. Mark
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.09,0:03:31.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,complete with the Muslims shouting an\NArabic version of
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.03,0:03:32.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,“ewww gross.”
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.10,0:03:34.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, forever after,\Nthe Ventians were like,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.04,0:03:38.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,“Listen, we HAVE to trade with these guys.\NWe use it as a secret way to ferry saint bodies
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.08,0:03:42.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out of Egypt. We don’t WANT to become fantastically\Nwealthy.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.06,0:03:45.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s just a necessary byproduct\Nof our saint-saving.”
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.06,0:03:46.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what did Venice import?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.07,0:03:49.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lots, but notable for us,\Nthey imported a lot of grain,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.08,0:03:51.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because if you have ever been to Venice,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.01,0:03:53.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then you might have noticed that it\Nis basically made out of marble and
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.03,0:03:54.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,therefore difficult to farm.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.10,0:03:55.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Ottomans, on the other hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.09,0:03:56.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had abundant grain,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.07,0:04:00.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even before they conquered Egypt and\Nits oh-so-fertile Nile River in 1517.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.96,0:04:01.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.04,0:04:04.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while trade was certainly the lynchpin\Nof Venice’s economic success,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.03,0:04:05.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they had a diverse economy.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.05,0:04:08.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They also produced things\Nlike textiles and glass.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.01,0:04:11.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in fact Venice is still known for its\Nglass, but they couldn’t produce it without
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.01,0:04:13.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a special ash that they used to make the colors.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.02,0:04:15.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you’ll never guess where\Nthe ash came from.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.04,0:04:16.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Ottomans.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.02,0:04:17.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Am I making you a better boyfriend yet?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.08,0:04:22.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have to add to your partner’s life.\NYou have to color their glass.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.09,0:04:24.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That sounds like a euphemism.\Nbut it’s not--
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.03,0:04:25.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BACK TO HISTORY.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.03,0:04:26.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One last thing about Venice\Nthat makes it special,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.08,0:04:27.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at least for its time.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.09,0:04:29.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Venice was a republic,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.04,0:04:30.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not a monarchy or,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.05,0:04:31.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,god forbid, an empire
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.08,0:04:34.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So its leaders were elected,\Nand had to answer to the populace,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.02,0:04:36.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well at least the property-owning\Nmale populace.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.08,0:04:38.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ruler was the doge
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.03,0:04:41.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he got to live in a very nice\Nhouse and wear a funny hat.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.02,0:04:42.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Sultan of the Ottoman empire
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.01,0:04:44.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also got to live in a nice house\Nand wear a funny hat,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.07,0:04:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[not unlike Caddyshack-era\Npro golfers]
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.00,0:04:46.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there the similarities end.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.05,0:04:46.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To begin,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.08,0:04:48.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Ottomans were an empire\Nthat lasted from around
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.07,0:04:50.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1300 CE until 1919,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.08,0:04:55.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making it one of the longest-lasting\Nand richest empires in world history.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.02,0:04:59.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Ottomans managed to blend their pastoral\Nnomadic roots with some very un-nomadic empire
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.07,0:05:01.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,building, and some really impressive architecture,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.08,0:05:02.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like this
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.02,0:05:02.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.05,0:05:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.00,0:05:05.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making them very different from,\Nwait for it,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.09,0:05:06.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Mongols.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.06,0:05:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Screaming horns of fur-collared mayhem ensue]
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.00,0:05:10.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The empire,\Nor at least the dynasty,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.05,0:05:14.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was founded by Osman Bey,\Nand Ottoman is a Latinization of Osmanli,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.07,0:05:17.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which basically means like the\NHouse of Osman.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.01,0:05:18.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, Stan,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.02,0:05:18.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,House,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.08,0:05:19.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,y-, yes.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.09,0:05:21.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh my Gosh.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.07,0:05:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Ottomans were greatest in the\N15th and 16th centuries
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.00,0:05:25.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under two famous sultans:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.07,0:05:29.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, Mehmet the Conqueror\Nruled from 1451 to 1481
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.17,0:05:31.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and expanded Ottoman control\Nto the Balkans, which
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.03,0:05:33.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is why there are Bosnian Muslims today.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.02,0:05:35.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Ottoman expansion reached\Nits greatest extent under
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.06,0:05:35.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[counted 4 ottomans during height\Nof our living room empire…]
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.06,0:05:37.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Suleiman the Magnificent,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.03,0:05:38.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who ruled from 1520-1566.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.10,0:05:42.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He took valuable territory in\NMesopotamia and Egypt,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.05,0:05:45.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thus securing control over the\Nwestern parts of the Asian trade –
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.67,0:05:47.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both overland and oversea.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.08,0:05:49.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He also defeated the\Nking of Hungary and
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.01,0:05:51.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,laid siege to Vienna in 1526.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.04,0:05:54.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he turned the Ottomans\Ninto a huge naval power.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.01,0:05:55.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also, judging from his hat,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.04,0:05:57.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he had the largest brain\Nin human history.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.23,0:05:57.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Or an alien from the movie\NMars Attacks! Hmm...]
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.06,0:05:58.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Ottomans basically\Ncontrolled about half of
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.10,0:06:00.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what the Romans controlled,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.01,0:06:01.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it was much more valuable
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.06,0:06:04.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of all the Indian Ocean trade\Nyou’ll remember from last week.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.07,0:06:07.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So all this land brought a lot of wealth,\Nbut it needed to be ruled.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.03,0:06:08.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Ottomans could have\Nfollowed the Roman model,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.98,0:06:10.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you send out\Ngenerals and nobles to
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.64,0:06:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rule over conquered territories,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.00,0:06:14.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or they could’ve demanded the\Nallegiance of client kings
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.07,0:06:15.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the Persians, or
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.08,0:06:17.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,developed a civil service system\Nlike the Chinese,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.08,0:06:20.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but instead, they created an\Nentirely new ruling class,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.01,0:06:22.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a system some historians call
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.04,0:06:23.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a slave aristocracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.98,0:06:24.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you are a King,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.08,0:06:27.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of your main problems is\Nhereditary nobles, because
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.03,0:06:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they always want to replace you, and\Nthey don’t want to give you your money,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.00,0:06:34.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,& they want their ugly sons to marry\Nyour gorgeous daughters, etc.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.01,0:06:36.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One way to deal with this problem is\Nto make them part of the government
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.45,0:06:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they feel included and shut up.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.00,0:06:40.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another way is to kill them.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.01,0:06:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Not very sportsman-like there, Vizzini.]
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.00,0:06:44.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That’s what they usually do in Russia.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.70,0:06:44.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I’m whispering so Putin doesn’t hear me.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.08,0:06:44.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ahh!
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.08,0:06:44.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Putin!
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.08,0:06:44.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Much less scary when all topless\Nand wanna-beefcakey atop a horse]
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.01,0:06:48.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Ottomans just bypassed the problem of\Nhereditary nobles altogether by creating both
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.64,0:06:53.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an army and a bureaucracy from scratch so\Nthey would be loyal only to the Sultan.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.07,0:06:54.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.01,0:06:54.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The devshirme,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.07,0:06:57.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a program in which they\Nkidnapped Christian boys,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.01,0:06:59.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,converted them to Islam, and\Nraised them either to be
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.06,0:07:02.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,members of an elite military\Nforce called the Janissaries,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.20,0:07:04.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or bureaucrats who would collect\Ntaxes and advise the Sultan.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.04,0:07:05.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Incidentally, which of those\Ngigs would you prefer?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.08,0:07:07.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because I think that says a\Nlot about you as a person.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.07,0:07:09.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Either way, you weren’t\Nallowed to have kids,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.01,0:07:11.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which prevented the whole\Nhereditary nobles problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.02,0:07:13.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also ensured that the Ottoman\Ngovernment would contain
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.05,0:07:14.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quite a lot of Eunuchs.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.04,0:07:14.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Professional Euchre players?]
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.04,0:07:14.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Originally eunuchs probably\Nonly served as harem guards,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.07,0:07:14.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for obvious reasons,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.08,0:07:14.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Harem girls love to play Euchre\Nduring their idle time?]
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.95,0:07:15.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but emperors quickly realized that they would\Nbe more reliable than nobles as advisors and
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.02,0:07:15.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,administrators because their loyalties were\Nless likely to be divided.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.04,0:07:15.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.04,0:07:19.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it’s time for the Open Letter?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.01,0:07:21.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An Open Letter to Eunuchs,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.08,0:07:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But first,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.00,0:07:23.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let’s see what’s in the\Nsecret compartment today.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.08,0:07:26.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh,\Nits a blow up globe.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.05,0:07:29.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,See what quitting smoking will\Nget you Me From the Past?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.07,0:07:30.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hey there Ottoman Eunuchs,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.67,0:07:31.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How’s it hanging?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.26,0:07:32.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I’m just kidding, that was mean.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.06,0:07:35.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Listen, there’ve been eunuchs all\Naround this great planet of ours.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.02,0:07:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you’re special.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.00,0:07:38.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I’m not going to give you the details\Nwhy, because they’re horrifying.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.06,0:07:41.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I’m just going to put a link to\Nan article in the video info.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.02,0:07:43.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You started out being harem guards,\NOttoman Eunuchs,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.05,0:07:45.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is kind of an obvious gig for you,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.06,0:07:47.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but then you expanded.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.45,0:07:49.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As had happened in China,\Nyou made yourselves indispensable,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.08,0:07:52.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you were often the center\Nof palace intrigue.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.05,0:07:53.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, few people in the\NOttoman Empire were
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.95,0:07:56.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as wealthy and important as\Nmany of you were.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.04,0:07:57.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Way to turn lemons into lemonade.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.06,0:07:58.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Perhaps making an omelet from\Nbroken eggs is more fitting?]
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.04,0:07:58.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I’m sorry,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.05,0:07:59.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I shouldn’t have brought up lemons.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.01,0:07:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[…or the huevos. Sorry!]
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.00,0:08:00.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Best wishes,\NJohn Green
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.89,0:08:04.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This system eventually broke down\Nas Janissaries (who had guns)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.01,0:08:05.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lobbied to be allowed to have families.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.67,0:08:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But until that happened,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.00,0:08:09.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Ottomans system using a mix of\Neunuchs and slave administrators
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.08,0:08:11.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to run everything worked incredibly well.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.09,0:08:14.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But to return to the relationship between\Nthe Ottomans and the Venetians:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.45,0:08:16.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After the Ottomans captured Egypt,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.02,0:08:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they pretty much controlled the flow\Nof trade through the Mediterranean,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.00,0:08:22.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the Venetians had and centuries\Nof experience as mariners,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.42,0:08:24.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also lots of boats.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.20,0:08:25.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Speaking of ships,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.04,0:08:26.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I ship these guys:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.42,0:08:26.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[But not as much as Damon and Elena]
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.09,0:08:29.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the Ottomans were content to\Nlet the Venetians do all the like,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.09,0:08:32.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trading and carrying of goods, and\Nthey just made their money from taxes.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.91,0:08:34.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that worked because both
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.26,0:08:36.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Venice and the Ottomans\Nadded value to the other.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.100,0:08:37.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Healthy relationships—
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.91,0:08:39.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,listen up, Me From the Past—
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.18,0:08:41.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,aren’t about extracting value;
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.26,0:08:43.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they have to be mutually\Nbeneficial to work.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.57,0:08:46.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And boy, was that a mutually\Nbeneficial relationship.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.15,0:08:46.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For instance,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.08,0:08:48.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Venice became super rich,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.08,0:08:52.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and being super rich was a prerequisite for\Nthe European Renaissance because all that
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.05,0:08:56.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,art and learning required money, which is\Nwhy Venice was a leading city at the beginning
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.93,0:08:58.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Renaissance before being
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.53,0:09:00.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eclipsed by Florence, Rome, and
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.12,0:09:00.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don’t know,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.09,0:09:01.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,say Rotterdam.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.59,0:09:03.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also, this relationship established firm\Nconnections between
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.76,0:09:05.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Europe and Islamic world,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.34,0:09:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so ideas could flow again—
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.00,0:09:10.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially old Greek ideas Muslims\Nhad preserved and built upon.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.08,0:09:11.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.05,0:09:13.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I guess those connections had\Nexisted for a long time, but
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.82,0:09:16.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Crusades aren’t a great way\Nto exchange ideas.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.40,0:09:17.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But perhaps the most crucial result of
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.78,0:09:21.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Venetian and Ottoman control of trade\Nwas that it forced other Europeans
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.08,0:09:24.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to look for different paths to the\Nriches of the East.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.09,0:09:26.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that fueled huge investments\Nin exploration.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.10,0:09:30.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Portuguese sailed south and east\Naround the tip of Africa,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.58,0:09:32.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the Spanish went west,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.02,0:09:36.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,believing that the Indies and China were\Nmuch closer than they turned out to be.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.40,0:09:36.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks for watching.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.83,0:09:38.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I’ll see you next week.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.62,0:09:40.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Crash Course is produced and directed
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.02,0:09:40.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by Stan Muller,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.10,0:09:42.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our script supervisor is
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.32,0:09:42.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Danica Johnson.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.64,0:09:43.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The show is written by
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.43,0:09:45.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.03,0:09:46.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and myself.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.45,0:09:47.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our graphics team is ThoughtBubble,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.07,0:09:50.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Last week’s Phrase of the Week was:\N"Unfortunately they didn't have pizza."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.04,0:09:52.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you want to suggest future phrases of the\Nweek
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.94,0:09:54.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or guess at this week’s
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.18,0:09:55.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can do so in comments
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.06,0:09:58.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you can also ask questions about\Ntoday's video that will be answered
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.21,0:10:00.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by our team of historians.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.02,0:10:00.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks for watching CrashCourse.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.07,0:10:01.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as we say in my hometown,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.68,0:10:02.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don’t forget Context is everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.28,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[giddily glides gracefully out of frame]