[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.78,0:00:15.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The US Navy has always had\Nthis frustrating problem with their fleet.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.40,0:00:19.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's something called "fouling."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.91,0:00:22.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, for all you non-seafaring folk,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.36,0:00:26.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fouling is when things like algae\Nand barnacles and other marine materials
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.72,0:00:29.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get stuck to the sides\Nof ships and submarines.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.16,0:00:32.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Used to be able to prevent this fouling
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.57,0:00:37.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by coating ships and submarines\Nwith toxic agents, like heavy metals,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.14,0:00:38.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but these heavy metals
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.38,0:00:41.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,aren't as effective at keeping\Nships clean as they used to be.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.26,0:00:43.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we want clean ships
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.98,0:00:46.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because fouling on these vessels
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.92,0:00:49.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually makes them\Nless efficient in the water
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.42,0:00:52.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and can be easier for enemies to detect.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.32,0:00:54.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is not good.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.26,0:00:58.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So several years ago,\Nthe US Office of Naval Research
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.30,0:01:02.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called on one of my colleagues,\Nengineer scientist Dr. Anthony Brennan,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.80,0:01:06.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to devise a solution to prevent fouling
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.09,0:01:08.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without the use of these heavy metals.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.71,0:01:11.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,See, Dr. Brennan was already investigating
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.73,0:01:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how things like surface roughness
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.09,0:01:17.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can prevent the attachment\Nof organisms like algae.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.48,0:01:20.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Dr. Brennan was struggling.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.01,0:01:24.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of the engineered surfaces\Nhe came up with
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.04,0:01:26.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,algae eventually overcame.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.19,0:01:30.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then Brennan found himself\Nat a conference in Hawaii, of all places,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.16,0:01:33.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and noticed something rather intriguing.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.25,0:01:36.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take a look at these three animals:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.85,0:01:40.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a manatee, a whale and a shark.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.63,0:01:42.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do you notice?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.38,0:01:46.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, right.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.38,0:01:49.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the whale and the manatee are filthy,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.54,0:01:51.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the shark is squeaky clean.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.99,0:01:55.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a property unique to all sharks.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.08,0:01:58.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The next time you watch Shark Week,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.09,0:02:03.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'll notice each and every shark you see
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.64,0:02:05.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is pristine.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.33,0:02:06.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.60,0:02:08.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.63,0:02:10.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Brennan wanted to find out.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.93,0:02:13.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So with the help\Nof some brave graduate students,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.91,0:02:16.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they set out to find a shark.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.32,0:02:18.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.51,0:02:20.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They found one in the shallow water
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.26,0:02:24.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and carefully took a mold of its skin\Nusing a dental impression material.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.36,0:02:26.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Don't worry.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.36,0:02:30.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The shark wasn't harmed in the process,\Nalthough I'm sure he didn't appreciate it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.25,0:02:31.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.75,0:02:35.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the students took the mold back\Nto the lab and put it under a microscope,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.33,0:02:38.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is what it looks like.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.33,0:02:41.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The sharkskin is comprised\Nof little denticles,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.40,0:02:47.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they overlap to create a diamond-shape\Nrepeating pattern on the sharkskin.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.39,0:02:50.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Upon further investigation,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.41,0:02:53.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Brennan and his team noticed\Nthat the texture on these denticles
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.81,0:02:57.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is actually what's responsible\Nfor keeping sharks clean.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.41,0:03:02.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm a microbiologist\Nand infectious disease expert,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.45,0:03:05.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I find this fascinating.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.86,0:03:09.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've spent my career\Ntrying to keep surfaces clean,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.24,0:03:13.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially the surfaces\Nof medical devices.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.56,0:03:16.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In hospitals this is a massive problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.96,0:03:20.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,See, what happens is bacteria\Nwho are really normally good
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.70,0:03:23.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,find themselves in places\Nthey shouldn't be
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.01,0:03:25.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a result of some medical procedure.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.67,0:03:29.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometime during or after surgery,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.59,0:03:33.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bacteria latch onto the surface\Nof a medical device, stay there,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.27,0:03:35.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and cause a serious infection;
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.52,0:03:39.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this makes it impossible\Nfor the body to heal.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.80,0:03:41.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take a look at these surgical wires
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.79,0:03:45.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,used to close a patient's sternum\Nfollowing open-heart surgery.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.93,0:03:50.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Notice the tiny clusters\Nof bacteria on the surface?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.14,0:03:53.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This patient didn't heal for months
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.04,0:03:57.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until the wires were removed,\Nand replaced with clean ones.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.52,0:03:58.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, it used to be
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.62,0:04:01.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we just used antibiotics\Nto treat these types of infections.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.54,0:04:03.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Antibiotics were an amazing drug,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.90,0:04:04.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a while.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.16,0:04:08.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But eventually, bacteria were exposed\Nto antibiotics so frequently
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.30,0:04:10.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were forced to adapt.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.54,0:04:13.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And survival is\Nthe key driver of evolution,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.57,0:04:15.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's what we're talking about here:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.52,0:04:17.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bacterial evolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.48,0:04:19.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Perhaps you've heard\Nabout this in the news.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.99,0:04:23.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's referred to\Nas "Antimicrobial Resistance."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.47,0:04:25.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The US Centers for\NDisease Control and Prevention
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.76,0:04:27.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,call antimicrobial resistance
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.15,0:04:29.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the greatest\Npublic health challenges of our time.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.34,0:04:32.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Illnesses that were once easily treatable
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.29,0:04:33.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are now untreatable.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.37,0:04:36.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the US alone every year,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.15,0:04:40.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more than two million people will get\Nan antibiotic resistant infection,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.06,0:04:44.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and over 23,000 people will die\Nas a result of that infection.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.03,0:04:46.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The pharmaceutical industry
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.32,0:04:51.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is rushing to develop\Nmore and more and more antimicrobials,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.04,0:04:54.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,desperately trying to outpace\Nantimicrobial resistance.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.46,0:04:56.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But bacteria and germs,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.81,0:05:00.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they evolve so much more quickly\Nthan we could innovate ways to kill them.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.82,0:05:05.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's clear the antimicrobial era\Nis coming to an end,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.66,0:05:08.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we have to think about this\Nin a whole new way.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.75,0:05:13.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if instead of trying to kill bacteria\Nafter they cause infections,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.01,0:05:14.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we simply make it harder for bacteria
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.77,0:05:17.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to stick to the surfaces\Nof medical devices in the first place?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.77,0:05:18.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.77,0:05:21.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we prevent these infections\Nfrom occurring altogether.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.11,0:05:24.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what brings me back\Nto what we've learned from sharks.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.97,0:05:28.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the texture of sharkskin\Nthat makes them resistant to fouling.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.32,0:05:32.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what if we change\Nthe texture of medical devices
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.33,0:05:36.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make them resistant to bacteria\Ncausing so many problems?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.40,0:05:40.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dr. Brennan knew he had\Na major medical breakthrough on his hands.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.27,0:05:45.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He called up some trusted friends\Nright here in Denver Colorado,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.04,0:05:49.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they started a company,\Nand they called it Sharklet Technologies.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.75,0:05:52.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2013, I joined the team,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.62,0:05:56.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and together we used engineered surfaces\Nmimicking the skin of sharks
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.92,0:06:00.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to prevent bacteria\Nand other medical complications.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.26,0:06:04.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our first commercial device\Nis a urological catheter,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.43,0:06:08.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which doctors began using\Nfor patients just last year.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.65,0:06:12.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.06,0:06:14.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take a look at these example images.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.98,0:06:17.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The surface on the left\Nis a smooth surface,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.88,0:06:20.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the one on the right\Nis a sharkskin-like texture.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.76,0:06:24.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Notice how much bacteria's\Non the smooth surface
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.51,0:06:26.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,compared to the sharkskin-like surface?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.97,0:06:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is because the sharkskin-like texture
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.10,0:06:34.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,creates an inhospitable surface\Nfor bacterial attachment and growth.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.84,0:06:37.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It works on sharks, and it works here too
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.40,0:06:41.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the texture takes advantage\Nof principles of surface energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.93,0:06:43.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, surface energy
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.56,0:06:47.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is really a description\Nof a detailed property of a surface.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.34,0:06:52.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can include things like\Nwater interaction or material stiffness.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.05,0:06:55.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The roughened sharkskin-like texture
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.33,0:06:58.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,creates a surface\Nwith greater surface energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.00,0:07:01.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, we interact\Nwith surface energy changes all the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.96,0:07:03.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We often just don't notice it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.95,0:07:08.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, we like when rain beads up\Nand runs off our car, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.49,0:07:11.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, this happens best\Nwith a nice coat of wax.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.66,0:07:15.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wax is a material with greater\Nsurface energy characteristics.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.07,0:07:18.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, we can't coat medical devices in wax,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.41,0:07:21.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we can change their surface texture.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.48,0:07:24.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this approach works\Non all types of medical devices,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.49,0:07:26.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from catheters to pacemakers,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.50,0:07:30.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's effective against all types\Nof bacteria and germs.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.65,0:07:32.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As it turns out,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.46,0:07:35.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can actually do more\Nthan just bacteria-proof medical devices.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.42,0:07:39.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can prevent other medical complications
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.16,0:07:41.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through understanding\Nthe power of surface energy,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.86,0:07:44.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,things like frequent clogging,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.96,0:07:46.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,excessive blood clotting
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.61,0:07:48.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or poor healing interactions.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.67,0:07:51.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The next generation\Nof medical device surfaces
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.29,0:07:53.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inspired by the skin of sharks
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.09,0:07:56.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will actually expand\Nhow medical devices are made.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.84,0:07:57.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Really the core issue
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.89,0:08:01.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we create all types\Nof sophisticated medical devices,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.72,0:08:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,things to pump fluid into our blood,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.21,0:08:05.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,keep our heart beating on pace,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.75,0:08:07.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or even stimulate brain activity.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.92,0:08:09.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But bad things happen
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.66,0:08:13.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when these devices don't interact well\Nwith our bodies' natural mechanisms.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.96,0:08:15.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've actually discovered
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.25,0:08:18.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we can improve\Nhow medical devices are tolerated
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.40,0:08:21.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through subtly tuning\Nthe surface energy characteristics,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.08,0:08:25.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like for example, we can prevent\Na lot of the excessive clotting
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.52,0:08:28.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's occurring here\Non the smooth surface,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.03,0:08:30.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,compared to the sharkskin-like texture.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.18,0:08:34.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This means that we can actually\Nmatch the required surface energy
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.98,0:08:37.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the medical use
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.02,0:08:38.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to prevent complications,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.95,0:08:41.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all with the power of sharks.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.85,0:08:45.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ultimately, as we continue\Nto engineer smart surfaces,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.00,0:08:48.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we'll require fewer antimicrobials,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.61,0:08:51.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fewer chemicals\Nand fewer harsh additives,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.95,0:08:54.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this will make\Nlife-saving medical technology
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.90,0:08:57.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,safer for all of us to use.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.86,0:09:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is innovation\Nin its purest form, to be sure.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.00,0:09:02.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's also a good reminder
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.93,0:09:06.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of just how important it is\Nto observe the subtle cues
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.61,0:09:09.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the raw mystery of the world around us.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.43,0:09:10.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.50,0:09:13.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause) \N