[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.90,0:00:07.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So today, I'm going to talk\Nabout how our mindsets matter
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.27,0:00:10.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in virtually every facet of our lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.81,0:00:15.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I want to begin by telling a story\Nabout a group of researchers in Italy.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.52,0:00:18.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dr. Fabrizio Benedetti and his colleagues
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.99,0:00:23.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,studied a group of patients\Nundergoing thoracic surgery.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.56,0:00:26.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you should know\Nabout thoracic surgery
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.39,0:00:29.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that it's a very invasive procedure.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.67,0:00:34.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Patients are put under anesthesia\Nwhile the surgeons make major incisions
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.94,0:00:38.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the muscles of the sides and the back
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.48,0:00:42.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to gain access\Nto their hearts and to their lungs.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.46,0:00:49.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, about an hour\Nafter the anesthesia fades away,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.14,0:00:51.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the pain starts to set in.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.59,0:00:55.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fortunately, patients are given\Nstrong doses of morphine sulfate,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.78,0:00:57.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a powerful painkiller.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.03,0:01:02.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is routine treatment\Nfor thoracic surgery,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.33,0:01:06.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but Dr. Benedetti and his colleagues\Nmade a few subtle tweaks:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.76,0:01:11.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,half of the patients\Nwere given the dose of morphine
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.36,0:01:14.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by a doctor at their bedside;
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.26,0:01:18.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the other half was given\Nthe exact same dose of morphine,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.86,0:01:23.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it was administered into their IV\Nby a pre-programmed pump.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.99,0:01:30.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You would think that both\Nof these groups of patients
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.45,0:01:33.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would experience the same relief,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.18,0:01:35.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this was not the case.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.49,0:01:39.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The group that received\Nthe morphine by the doctor
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.25,0:01:43.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reported significant reductions\Nin their pain levels.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.52,0:01:47.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other group -
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.74,0:01:50.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the group who received\Nthe same exact amount of morphine
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.47,0:01:52.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but wasn't aware of it -
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.16,0:01:55.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they didn't seem\Nto experience the same benefit.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.79,0:01:59.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Dr. Benedetti and his colleagues\Ndidn't stop there.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.52,0:02:01.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They used the same procedure
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.20,0:02:03.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to test the effectiveness\Nof other treatments -
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.80,0:02:05.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,treatments for anxiety,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.40,0:02:09.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,treatments for Parkinson's disease,\Ntreatments for hypertension.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.86,0:02:13.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What they found\Nwas remarkable and consistent.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.47,0:02:15.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the patients\Nwere aware of the treatment
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.80,0:02:18.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and expected to receive the benefit,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.72,0:02:21.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the treatment was highly effective.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.89,0:02:24.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when they weren't,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.40,0:02:30.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that same drug, that same pill,\Nand that same procedure was blunted,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.06,0:02:33.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in some cases\Nnot even effective at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.64,0:02:37.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I read about these studies\N
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.09,0:02:39.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I was a student\Nat Harvard University,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.40,0:02:44.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and at the time, I was heavily immersed\Ninto the literature on the placebo effect.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.78,0:02:45.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the more I read,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.91,0:02:50.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more I started thinking\Nabout the true nature of placebos.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.02,0:02:53.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what is the placebo effect really?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.96,0:02:57.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, most people\Ndiscount the placebo effect
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.85,0:03:03.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as just some magical response\Nto some fake pill or some faux procedure,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.62,0:03:06.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that's not what the placebo effect is.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.92,0:03:09.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The placebo effect\Nis not about the faux pill,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.99,0:03:12.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the sugar pill, or the fake procedure.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.60,0:03:15.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What the placebo effect really is,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.29,0:03:19.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a powerful, robust\Nand consistent demonstration
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.70,0:03:21.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the ability of our mindsets -
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.78,0:03:25.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this case, the expectation to heal,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.06,0:03:28.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to recruit healing properties in the body.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.52,0:03:31.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what is a mindset?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.70,0:03:35.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A mindset is quite literally\Na setting of the mind,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.43,0:03:40.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a lens or a frame of mind\Nthrough which we view the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.62,0:03:45.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we simplify the infinite number\Nof potential interpretations
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.48,0:03:47.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at any given moment.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.98,0:03:52.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the ability to simplify\Nour world through our mindsets
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.22,0:03:54.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a natural part of being human.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.56,0:03:56.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what I want to suggest to you today
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.53,0:03:59.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that these mindsets\Nare not inconsequential,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.43,0:04:01.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and instead, they play a dramatic role
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.83,0:04:04.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in determining our health\Nand our well-being.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.14,0:04:08.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So while I was at Harvard,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.58,0:04:11.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I had the opportunity to work\Nwith Professor Ellen Langer.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.37,0:04:13.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She is a professor of psychology
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.81,0:04:17.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when she heard that I was also\Na division one athlete, laughed at me.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.88,0:04:22.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She said, "You know,\Nexercise is just a placebo, right?"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.14,0:04:24.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.15,0:04:26.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I was kind of offended\Nbecause at the time
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.61,0:04:31.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I had been spending up to four hours a day\Ntraining my body to be in optimal shape.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.95,0:04:35.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But she did get me thinking about mindsets
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.26,0:04:38.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how they might matter\Noutside of medical laws.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.01,0:04:43.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Was I getting fitter and stronger
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.61,0:04:47.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of the time and the energy\Nthat I was putting into my training?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.86,0:04:52.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or was I getting fitter and stronger\Nbecause I believed that I would?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.29,0:04:54.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What about the other extreme?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.74,0:04:57.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if people were getting\Nan extraordinary amount of exercise
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.73,0:04:59.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but weren't aware of it,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.48,0:05:02.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would they not receive the same benefit?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.38,0:05:04.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We decided to test this,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.90,0:05:08.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to test this we found a really\Nunique group of women -
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.58,0:05:11.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a group of 84 hotel housekeepers
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.24,0:05:14.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,working in seven\Ndifferent hotels across the US.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.68,0:05:19.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These women\Nare on their feet all day long.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.42,0:05:21.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're using a variety of muscles,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.36,0:05:24.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're burning\Nan extraordinary amount of calories,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.33,0:05:25.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just doing their job.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.70,0:05:27.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what's interesting
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.100,0:05:31.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that these women don't seem\Nto view their work in this light.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.57,0:05:35.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We asked them; we said,\N"Do you exercise regularly?"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.39,0:05:37.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And two-thirds said "No."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.66,0:05:38.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.81,0:05:43.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we said, "Okay. Well,\Nso, on a scale of zero to ten,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.01,0:05:45.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how much exercise you get?"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.06,0:05:49.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a third of them said,\N"Zero. I get no exercise at all."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.41,0:05:55.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we wondered what would happen\Nif we could change their mindset.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.66,0:05:59.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we took these women,\Nwe split them into two groups.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.46,0:06:02.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We measured them on a variety of things,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.41,0:06:06.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including their weight,\Ntheir blood pressure, their body fat,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.31,0:06:08.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their satisfaction with their job.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.38,0:06:10.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we took half of them
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.76,0:06:13.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we gave them\Na simple 15-minute presentation.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.87,0:06:15.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We gave them this poster and we said,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.64,0:06:18.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Your work is good exercise.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.45,0:06:21.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It satisfies the Surgeon\NGeneral's requirements,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.57,0:06:24.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are quite simply\Nto accumulate about 30 minutes
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.34,0:06:26.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of moderate physical activity.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.44,0:06:29.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You should expect\Nto receive those benefits.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.72,0:06:32.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,15 minutes.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.42,0:06:35.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We came back four weeks later\Nand we measured them again.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.63,0:06:36.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not surprisingly,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.98,0:06:40.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the groups that didn't receive\Nthis information didn't change,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.14,0:06:44.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but those that did looked different.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.92,0:06:46.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They dropped weight,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.68,0:06:50.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they had a significant reduction\Nin systolic blood pressure,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.16,0:06:53.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they dropped body fat,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.43,0:06:56.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they were reported\Nliking their job more.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.69,0:06:58.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.97,0:07:01.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what does this tell us?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.28,0:07:03.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To me, it was fascinating
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.69,0:07:09.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that just as a result\Nof a simple 15-minute presentation,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.08,0:07:10.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the whole game changed,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.66,0:07:17.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,producing a cascade of effects\Non both their health and their well-being.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.31,0:07:21.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Presumably without even changing behavior.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.15,0:07:26.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now some of you might be thinking,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.31,0:07:28.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"How do you know they didn't\Nchange their behavior,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.79,0:07:31.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because that must have been\Nwhat produced the effects?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.38,0:07:33.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know they didn't work any more,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.83,0:07:36.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the room attendants\Nthemselves assured us
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.10,0:07:38.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they didn't join\Nthe sports club down the street.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.65,0:07:41.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But of course, we can't know for sure
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.44,0:07:43.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if they weren't putting\Na little more oomph
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.67,0:07:46.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into making their beds.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.08,0:07:49.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this question really plagued me.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.04,0:07:54.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is there a direct, immediate connection\Nbetween our mindsets and our bodies?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.45,0:07:57.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So to test this,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.48,0:07:59.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I worked with my colleagues at Yale,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.54,0:08:02.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Kelly Brownell, Will Corbin\Nand Peter Salovey,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.43,0:08:05.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we did so by making\Na big batch of milkshakes.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.77,0:08:08.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we made this big batch of milkshakes,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.75,0:08:12.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we invited people\Nto come to our lab to try the milkshakes,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.61,0:08:15.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in exchange\Nwe would give them 75 dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.59,0:08:18.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sounds great, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.50,0:08:21.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The less appealing aspect of the agreement
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.67,0:08:25.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was that while they\Nwere drinking the shakes,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.87,0:08:27.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we had them hooked up to an IV
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.64,0:08:30.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we could get their blood samples.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.14,0:08:33.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are out to measure ghrelin.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.32,0:08:35.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ghrelin is a peptide secreted in the gut,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.76,0:08:40.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the medical experts\Ncall this the hunger hormone.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.14,0:08:42.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when we haven't eaten in a while,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.29,0:08:44.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our ghrelin levels start to rise,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.64,0:08:47.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,signaling to the brain,\N"It's time to seek out food,"
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.60,0:08:54.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and slowing our metabolism,\Njust in case we don't find that food.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.35,0:08:55.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now say we go out,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.49,0:09:00.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we find and we devour a milkshake,\Na hamburger, some french fries,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.46,0:09:04.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our ghrelin levels drop,\Nsignaling to our brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.21,0:09:09.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Time to stop eating,"\Nand revving up the metabolism
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.16,0:09:12.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we can burn the food\Nthat was just consumed.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.64,0:09:18.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the participants came in,\Nwe hooked them up to an IV,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.03,0:09:22.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we gave them\Na milkshake, Sensi-Shake.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.88,0:09:28.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is zero percent fat,\N140 calories, zero added sugar,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.17,0:09:31.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is guilt free satisfaction.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.81,0:09:34.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they drank their shake,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.15,0:09:37.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in response\Ntheir ghrelin levels dropped
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.83,0:09:39.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but only very slightly,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.78,0:09:43.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,signaling to the brain\Nthat some food had been consumed
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.38,0:09:44.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but not a whole lot.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.89,0:09:48.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So a week later,\Nthey came back to our lab,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.26,0:09:52.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we hooked them up to an IV again,\Nand we gave them this shake.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.70,0:09:55.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.82,0:10:03.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,620 calories, 30 grams of fat,\N56 grams of sugar:
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.49,0:10:06.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now this, this is decadence you deserve.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.78,0:10:08.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.27,0:10:11.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in response to this shake,\Ntheir ghrelin levels dropped again,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.96,0:10:14.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this time\Nat a significantly steeper rate,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.78,0:10:18.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about three times more\Nthan the shake they had before.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.82,0:10:22.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this would make good sense\Nto any metabolic nutritionist
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.04,0:10:25.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who understands\Nthat the drop in ghrelin is proportional
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.36,0:10:27.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the amounts of calories consumed.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.41,0:10:29.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there was a catch:
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.15,0:10:32.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this study,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.26,0:10:37.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even though the participants thought\Nthey had consumed the sensible shake,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.23,0:10:39.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the indulgent shake,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.52,0:10:44.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in reality, we gave them\Nthe exact same shake at both time points.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.48,0:10:49.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what does this tell us?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.88,0:10:53.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just as in the case\Nwhen the same amount of morphine
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.26,0:10:59.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,produced more or less of an effect\Ndepending on our awareness,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.89,0:11:03.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and just as in the case\Nwhen the same amount of exercise
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.38,0:11:08.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,produced more or less of a benefit\Ndepending on how it was construed,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.08,0:11:12.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here again our mindsets proved to matter.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.74,0:11:17.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this case suggesting it might not be\Njust calories in and calories out,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.64,0:11:23.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the precise makeup of fats,\Nnutrients, but what we believe,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.81,0:11:29.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we expect, what we think\Nabout the foods we eat
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.37,0:11:32.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that determines our body's response.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.20,0:11:35.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in light of this,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.56,0:11:39.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it behooves us to consider our own lives:
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.13,0:11:41.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what are our mindsets?\N
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.48,0:11:45.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And how might we begin\Nto shift them, to alter them,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.74,0:11:48.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to have them be more beneficial?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.81,0:11:52.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So take the stress, for example.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.58,0:11:55.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's your mindset about stress?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.76,0:11:58.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you're like most people,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.34,0:12:03.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have the mindset\Nthat stress is bad: bad stress.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.82,0:12:07.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this is not surprising\Nconsidering that everywhere we look
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.50,0:12:12.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's warnings, labels\Nyelling at us, reminding us
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.25,0:12:15.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the negative effects of stress.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.74,0:12:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the truth of stress\Nis not so clear-cut,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.00,0:12:22.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in fact, there's a robust\Nand growing body of research
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.16,0:12:25.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,showing that stress\Ncan have positive effects,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.10,0:12:29.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enhancing effects on our health,\Nour well-being and our performance.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.88,0:12:35.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I'm not here to try to persuade you\Nthat the effects of stress are enhancing,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.47,0:12:39.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but rather to point\Nout that the truth of stress
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.16,0:12:41.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is like most things in life,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.44,0:12:44.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is, it is uncertain.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.14,0:12:46.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And therefore to raise the question:
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.66,0:12:51.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do our mindsets about stress\Ndetermine our response?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.75,0:12:54.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So to test this question,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.97,0:12:57.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I worked with Shawn Achor\Nand Peter Salovey,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.50,0:13:02.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we worked\Nwith a group of 300 employees.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.79,0:13:06.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was after 2008 financial collapse,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.27,0:13:10.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we decided - they were stressed,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.68,0:13:13.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they had just heard\Nthat ten percent of their workforce
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.26,0:13:14.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was going to be laid off,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.88,0:13:16.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they were overworked.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.94,0:13:19.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We decided to see\Nif we could change their mindset.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.55,0:13:24.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we did so by having them\Nwatch simple video clips.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.11,0:13:28.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'm going to show them\Nto you here simultaneously,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.45,0:13:31.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but half of the participants\Nsaw the one on the left,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.52,0:13:33.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,half saw the one on the right.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.68,0:13:35.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video starts)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.64,0:13:38.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,["Stress is debilitating"]\Nvs ["Stress is enhancing"]
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.69,0:14:56.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video ends)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.20,0:14:58.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you get the point, yes?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.44,0:15:01.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here we are ...
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.93,0:15:05.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the dark.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.11,0:15:07.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.05,0:15:10.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here we are -
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.25,0:15:14.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're watching facts,\Nresearch, anecdotes,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.25,0:15:21.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all true, but oriented\Ntowards one view or the other.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.27,0:15:24.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we found was interesting:
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.22,0:15:28.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those who watched\Nthese simple three-minute video clips
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.45,0:15:31.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before the bell rang,\Nbefore their job began,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.21,0:15:36.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over the course of the next few weeks\Nreported fewer negative health symptoms,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.40,0:15:41.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fewer backaches,\Nless muscle tension, less insomnia.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.17,0:15:47.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they also reported a higher level\Nof engagement and performance at work.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:50.26,0:15:53.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So at this point\NI've presented four studies -
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.33,0:15:59.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,four studies that demonstrate\Nthe power of mindsets in medicine,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.31,0:16:04.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in exercise, in diet, and in stress.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:05.30,0:16:08.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are many other\Nvery talented scholars
Dialogue: 0,0:16:08.39,0:16:11.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tackling this phenomenon as we speak.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:12.17,0:16:14.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Carol Dweck's research demonstrates us
Dialogue: 0,0:16:14.53,0:16:18.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that if we can shift our mindset\Nabout intelligence and talent
Dialogue: 0,0:16:18.53,0:16:20.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as something that's fixed\N
Dialogue: 0,0:16:21.25,0:16:24.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to something that's changeable over time,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.13,0:16:28.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it can dramatically alter our academic\Nand professional success.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:29.49,0:16:32.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yale epidemiologist\NBecca Levy's research shows us
Dialogue: 0,0:16:32.77,0:16:35.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that if we can change\Nour mindsets about aging,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:36.41,0:16:40.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from viewing aging as an inevitable\Nprocess of deterioration
Dialogue: 0,0:16:41.57,0:16:45.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a process of gaining wisdom,\Ngaining growth,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.58,0:16:49.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not only shapes the course\Nof how we grow old
Dialogue: 0,0:16:49.33,0:16:51.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but even extends longevity.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:53.11,0:16:55.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ted Kaptchuk and his group\Nat Harvard's program
Dialogue: 0,0:16:55.55,0:16:59.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for placebo studies\Nis doing cutting-edge work
Dialogue: 0,0:16:59.48,0:17:02.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,understanding\Nhow we can begin to harness
Dialogue: 0,0:17:02.68,0:17:06.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and ethically utilize the placebo effect\Nin clinical practice.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:08.27,0:17:13.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So though the context is different,\Nthe message is the same.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:14.19,0:17:15.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our mindsets matter.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:19.67,0:17:20.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Don't get me wrong,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:21.76,0:17:25.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not saying\Nthat medicine doesn't work,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:25.79,0:17:28.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or that there are no benefits of exercise,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:28.23,0:17:31.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that what we eat\Ndoesn't matter; it does.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:32.33,0:17:35.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the psychological\Nand physiological effect
Dialogue: 0,0:17:35.86,0:17:39.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of anything in our lives
Dialogue: 0,0:17:39.02,0:17:42.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can and is influenced by our mindset.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:43.94,0:17:46.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So is the power of mindset limitless?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:46.86,0:17:47.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Probably not,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:48.59,0:17:50.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but what I hope I've done for you today
Dialogue: 0,0:17:50.60,0:17:55.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is inspire you to reconsider\Nwhere those limits really are.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:56.14,0:17:57.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because the true task ahead
Dialogue: 0,0:17:57.92,0:18:00.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to begin reclaiming\Nthis power for ourselves,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:02.32,0:18:05.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to acknowledge the power of mindset
Dialogue: 0,0:18:05.42,0:18:07.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and know that just like this,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:07.38,0:18:09.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Snaps her fingers)
Dialogue: 0,0:18:09.02,0:18:10.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in just the blink of an eye,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:10.65,0:18:14.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can change the game\Nof any facet of our life
Dialogue: 0,0:18:14.69,0:18:18.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quite simply by changing our mindset.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:18.19,0:18:19.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:19.20,0:18:20.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)