0:00:41.000,0:01:22.000
This is radio.

0:01:22.000,0:05:43.000
If you go shopping with.

0:11:07.000,0:10:39.000
This week on Radio Eco shark.

0:10:39.000,0:09:21.000
We're going to the end of the earth.

0:09:21.000,0:15:14.000
It's a feature-length interview [br]about new science the chills

0:01:25.000,0:03:37.000
Antarctica is melting.

0:03:37.000,0:10:10.000
I guarantee you will read headlines [br]and see amazing video news

0:10:50.000,0:12:24.000
from the science were discovering [br]this week sea levels will rise

0:12:24.000,0:10:28.000
around the planet for centuries [br]reshaping the coastlines and

0:11:08.000,0:03:00.000
civilization,

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then we'll finish up with the return [br]of Marjorie Wilde craft with

0:11:23.000,0:01:26.000
more tips on growing your own groceries.

0:01:26.000,0:11:18.000
It's all food for thought and action,

0:11:18.000,0:14:19.000
I'm Alex Smith,

0:14:19.000,0:16:40.000
the journey begins.

0:09:47.000,0:07:21.000
There's a lot of action in Antarctica [br]and that can bring changes

0:10:21.000,0:14:22.000
all over the world.

0:14:22.000,0:10:06.000
Here to discuss recent sciences [br]Dr. Roland C warmer.

0:10:06.000,0:15:49.000
He is a researcher with the Antarctic [br]climate and ecosystems

0:03:40.000,0:10:04.000
Cooperative Research Centre at the [br]University of Tasmania Tasmania

0:10:54.000,0:11:08.000
is the closest Australian state to [br]Antarctica Dr. Warner welcome

0:11:08.000,0:15:59.000
to Radio Eco shock.

0:03:42.000,0:09:32.000
With him.

0:15:32.000,0:02:43.000
Well,

0:02:43.000,0:07:56.000
thank you for joining us for an update [br]on this frozen world at the

0:07:56.000,0:04:07.000
South Pole.

0:04:07.000,0:06:11.000
First of all what parts of Australia [br]are closest to Antarctica and

0:06:51.000,0:14:04.000
what claims does your country [br]have on that continent.

0:06:25.000,0:12:05.000
Okay.

0:12:05.000,0:16:05.000
Well,

0:16:05.000,0:12:00.000
I'm here in Tasmania of an [br]island state of Australia.

0:12:00.000,0:13:34.000
Half of the Australian mainland [br]and well I thought still some

0:15:04.000,0:16:28.000
distance away to our south there [br]are only a few small islands in

0:16:28.000,0:07:20.000
the middle of the Southern Ocean,

0:07:20.000,0:04:43.000
between Australia and Antarctica.

0:04:43.000,0:13:43.000
However,

0:13:43.000,0:02:19.000
as you alluded Australia does have [br]a territorial claim to a large

0:03:09.000,0:15:30.000
piece of the Antarctic,

0:15:30.000,0:17:22.000
but 42% of it,

0:17:22.000,0:04:17.000
to be precise now various countries [br]establish these claims in an

0:04:17.000,0:08:39.000
age of heroic exploration.

0:08:39.000,0:02:23.000
You know putting out flags and claiming [br]things in the name of if

0:02:23.000,0:11:43.000
you know,

0:11:43.000,0:04:04.000
typically,

0:04:04.000,0:02:37.000
your moniker your state [br]with the done thing.

0:02:37.000,0:12:51.000
In those days and these claims exist [br]and some of them actually

0:14:01.000,0:14:02.000
tend to overlap,

0:14:02.000,0:17:26.000
particularly around the most successful [br]part then tactic in that.

0:17:26.000,0:12:50.000
Think of the Antarctic Peninsula [br]points up to South America and

0:12:50.000,0:15:23.000
one big think there isn't actually [br]coined by anyone at all.

0:15:23.000,0:17:06.000
But these claims are on [br]ice and if you will.

0:17:06.000,0:14:17.000
Under their party.

0:16:47.000,0:14:41.000
Treaty which was established in [br]the 1950s and it's that treaty

0:14:41.000,0:06:35.000
that governs how people [br]behave in Antarctica.

0:06:35.000,0:07:36.000
These days,

0:07:36.000,0:13:30.000
whether they have claims to particular [br]pieces of turf all but I

0:18:50.000,0:09:41.000
will not.

0:05:52.000,0:06:13.000
And have you been there.

0:13:44.000,0:14:45.000
Yes I think twice.

0:14:45.000,0:11:10.000
I think of 3 summer seasons [br]with heat strain in US,

0:11:10.000,0:18:30.000
British,

0:18:30.000,0:14:45.000
French collaborative project this [br]imaginatively called ice cap.

0:14:45.000,0:15:09.000
This is a bit of a mouthful stands [br]for investigating Christ very

0:17:49.000,0:06:25.000
evolution through collaborative 2 [br]physical profiling and what that

0:06:25.000,0:15:38.000
means is that we have a whole range [br]of instruments on an aircraft

0:15:38.000,0:19:42.000
, the fact of the rejuvenated DC [br]3 genuine World War II vintage

0:12:53.000,0:16:16.000
and we fly for hours and hours.

0:16:16.000,0:17:50.000
They are the ice sheet measuring [br]many different things and I'm

0:17:50.000,0:13:24.000
sure we will discuss today [br]using that aircraft.

0:13:24.000,0:04:08.000
So I was a Casey station which is [br]one of 3 Australian basis on

0:11:08.000,0:09:43.000
continent itself that's due south [br]of Western Australia and I've

0:09:43.000,0:06:44.000
got there.

0:06:44.000,0:15:27.000
In this modern era either by flying [br]directly there in a jet plane

0:17:57.000,0:14:41.000
from here in Havana to the runaway [br]on the ice cap behind the

0:16:21.000,0:04:46.000
station or rather more long way [br]around changing planes that.

0:17:36.000,0:11:41.000
US they with murder when flying for [br]hours and hours allow you know

0:18:31.000,0:05:57.000
ski equipped Hercules to land at [br]and on one occasion I've come

0:05:57.000,0:16:50.000
home on our ice breaker which [br]took 7 considered try.

0:11:02.000,0:15:23.000
It's a giant place.

0:15:23.000,0:09:17.000
I mean it is a real continent [br]now in a shocking bit of news

0:09:17.000,0:05:01.000
Antarctica just experienced the 2 [br]hardest days ever recorded there

0:05:01.000,0:18:53.000
, namely 63.5 degrees Fahrenheit,

0:18:53.000,0:14:36.000
or 17.5° C and that was that.

0:14:36.000,0:13:10.000
The Argentinian Esperanza Base [br]on the Antarctic Peninsula.

0:13:10.000,0:10:13.000
I've heard that was warmer than the [br]temperature in Britain on the

0:10:13.000,0:05:25.000
same day in late March.

0:05:25.000,0:10:58.000
Is that just a freak occurrence [br]or do you think Antarctica is

0:10:58.000,0:20:28.000
warming.

0:20:29.000,0:07:40.000
Yeah,

0:07:40.000,0:19:34.000
I don't say that being involved with [br]the phone day here at home.

0:19:34.000,0:18:08.000
It's not part of either or outside [br]the Antarctic Peninsula.

0:18:08.000,0:05:23.000
But think you're Antarctica pointing [br]South America is an area of

0:05:23.000,0:11:46.000
Antarctica that shows some of the [br]greatest climate warming of

0:12:26.000,0:09:37.000
recent years.

0:09:37.000,0:13:48.000
For the whole planet,

0:13:48.000,0:15:52.000
perhaps 5° Celsius warmer [br]over the last 50 years,

0:15:52.000,0:07:25.000
according to the British Antarctic Survey.

0:07:25.000,0:10:38.000
So it's consistent with that sort [br]of situation that you're going

0:10:38.000,0:19:52.000
to keep getting record breaking maximum [br]temperatures and that of

0:19:52.000,0:20:35.000
course one hot days where there [br]while the trend in hot days who

0:21:45.000,0:20:20.000
climbed into it was not a theorist [br]of previous record was only 0.4

0:08:31.000,0:12:56.000
degree Celsius lower that was back [br]in 1961 and it was even later

0:12:56.000,0:17:00.000
in the year as a month later was in [br]April that's so it's only anti

0:17:00.000,0:18:12.000
think the reason is warming.

0:18:12.000,0:11:46.000
And so when I 3 state holidays.

0:11:46.000,0:06:17.000
You know,

0:06:17.000,0:10:38.000
so not a freak occurrence.

0:15:18.000,0:12:39.000
All right,

0:12:39.000,0:15:09.000
well,

0:15:09.000,0:10:43.000
let's turn to a new scientific paper [br]you were directly involved in

0:11:03.000,0:12:28.000
the title is ocean access to a [br]cavity beneath glacier in East

0:15:18.000,0:16:49.000
Antarctica.

0:16:49.000,0:06:21.000
We need to frame that a bit.

0:06:21.000,0:20:31.000
Obviously,

0:20:31.000,0:09:04.000
where's the tartan glacier [br]and how big is it.

0:09:25.000,0:14:25.000
Yes,

0:14:25.000,0:05:56.000
certainly.

0:05:56.000,0:15:40.000
The Congress is the largest growth [br]you know East Antarctica.

0:15:40.000,0:08:15.000
It came to split Antarctic are [br]up by which in the world,

0:08:15.000,0:22:15.000
we're looking at.

0:22:15.000,0:12:16.000
After all,

0:12:16.000,0:20:29.000
and I think you know everything [br]is sort of you know and so we

0:20:29.000,0:15:13.000
don't particularly is parts weaving [br]between the Greenwich Meridian

0:15:13.000,0:22:09.000
and the line below Africa [br]Australia so the Congo.

0:22:09.000,0:17:02.000
If you can fight on almost exactly [br]the opposite side and

0:17:02.000,0:20:18.000
Antarctica so less brands when looking [br]at about 116 he strongly

0:06:59.000,0:16:49.000
too.

0:16:49.000,0:15:31.000
So almost directly below [br]the city of Perth.

0:15:31.000,0:14:33.000
In the capital city of Western Australia.

0:12:06.000,0:11:01.000
He took a very large grace period [br]driving 540,000 square

0:12:11.000,0:16:43.000
kilometers of East Antarctica.

0:16:43.000,0:08:44.000
He was like,

0:08:44.000,0:17:37.000
I think that is being more than [br]twice the size of for you.

0:17:37.000,0:23:10.000
Australian state of Victoria for North [br]American audience audiences

0:23:10.000,0:21:23.000
might be more helpful to say that [br]somewhat more than twice the

0:21:53.000,0:19:05.000
area of all the Great Lakes put together.

0:18:26.000,0:18:07.000
And that's big.

0:18:07.000,0:06:58.000
Yeah.

0:11:58.000,0:07:49.000
Yes,

0:07:49.000,0:14:39.000
okay.

0:14:39.000,0:18:34.000
And so just food to fill out is the [br]story this 70 billion tons of

0:18:34.000,0:19:09.000
ice flows out of that quite you know [br]every year that's amazingly

0:21:19.000,0:22:31.000
about the flow rate of Niagara Falls,

0:22:31.000,0:10:44.000
but obviously it's moving slightly,

0:10:44.000,0:16:36.000
but on a very grand scale.

0:22:56.000,0:15:09.000
Is that the amount that actually [br]reaches the sea every year.

0:23:39.000,0:18:10.000
Yep,

0:18:10.000,0:16:11.000
that's,

0:16:11.000,0:14:36.000
that's what that that out of ice [br]that you can collect in half a

0:14:36.000,0:15:08.000
million square kilometers,

0:15:08.000,0:08:12.000
I should say that they are itself [br]is more than 30km wide at the

0:08:12.000,0:12:27.000
front considerably stand and Niagara [br]Falls and its 200 meters

0:14:07.000,0:20:38.000
thick.

0:20:38.000,0:10:40.000
So there's a lot of life on the moon.

0:23:40.000,0:11:11.000
Well,

0:11:11.000,0:22:53.000
you've hit something that's a little [br]confusing to some of us we

0:22:53.000,0:10:38.000
have sea ice which doesn't directly [br]add to sea level rise.

0:10:38.000,0:21:02.000
We have melting from land ice like [br]Greenland which does add to the

0:21:42.000,0:16:55.000
sea level rise and then in the Arctic.

0:16:55.000,0:13:58.000
There's only a couple small ice shelves [br]left attached to Canadian

0:13:58.000,0:19:31.000
polar islands but in Antarctica [br]seems confusing,

0:19:31.000,0:18:34.000
could you just give us a quick update [br]on the relationship between

0:19:14.000,0:21:08.000
sea ice ice shelves and [br]land based glaciers.

0:18:29.000,0:10:20.000
Yeah,

0:10:20.000,0:23:14.000
this is certainly something which [br]could use a lot of people.

0:23:14.000,0:09:19.000
Yet the only turning to do it through [br]water or flowing into the

0:09:49.000,0:14:19.000
sea.

0:14:19.000,0:09:21.000
That could affect sea level rises.

0:09:21.000,0:17:15.000
Obviously I that's currently not [br]floating on the ocean because

0:17:36.000,0:10:09.000
courtesy of the year old Archimedes [br]we have you know the guy

0:15:39.000,0:12:03.000
that's floating on the ocean when [br]it melts well simply filling the

0:13:33.000,0:19:33.000
volume.

0:19:33.000,0:21:45.000
It was previously displacing.

0:21:45.000,0:23:19.000
So that's not to say that the melting [br]of things like ice shelves

0:24:19.000,0:17:30.000
which is.

0:13:21.000,0:19:53.000
Got if your that the floating [br]on the ocean.

0:19:53.000,0:10:07.000
That's not to say that won't have [br]an impact on the earth's system

0:12:37.000,0:13:02.000
because it's only going to fresh [br]of top layers of the ocean that

0:15:52.000,0:18:26.000
in terms of the level rises ground [br]a life like Greenland and like

0:21:16.000,0:16:40.000
for little ice caps are still remain [br]you where you know Arctic and

0:19:20.000,0:12:44.000
now graces around the world and [br]a sleeping giant in the lift,

0:12:44.000,0:16:37.000
which perhaps is not fleeting Antarctica [br]that's where think was

0:16:37.000,0:17:38.000
going to come from.

0:17:38.000,0:09:52.000
I would like to fall out [br]of the on story as well.

0:09:52.000,0:16:47.000
Think about feel it is this is the [br]host of surface freezing and

0:17:17.000,0:14:20.000
it's around Antarctica and in the Arctic.

0:14:20.000,0:21:24.000
It's one of the big seasonal changes [br]in the Earth's climate system

0:11:05.000,0:20:46.000
around Antarctica in the wintertime.

0:20:46.000,0:15:12.000
The area where the ocean surface [br]is predominantly covered by why

0:16:42.000,0:14:44.000
such been frozen over the ocean itself.

0:14:44.000,0:13:46.000
That's almost double for [br]signs of that big,

0:13:46.000,0:13:59.000
white pants down of that [br]the part of the globe.

0:13:59.000,0:23:53.000
And when that sea ice is forming [br]the Fiat itself is relatively

0:23:53.000,0:18:17.000
fresh from the salt water on that [br]they could become smug Saltire

0:11:58.000,0:20:42.000
and wipe a different story for one [br]we want to tell today that's

0:20:42.000,0:24:55.000
actually what drives a lot of the [br]deep global ocean circulation

0:13:26.000,0:23:49.000
further things would happen with [br]sea ice around Antarctica.

0:23:49.000,0:19:43.000
We were fixing the the deep political [br]be overturning circulation

0:23:03.000,0:12:44.000
alcohol plant.

0:16:55.000,0:18:09.000
The progression of ourselves shelves [br]and the ice sheet is also an

0:18:09.000,0:23:30.000
interesting one.

0:23:30.000,0:25:14.000
The melting away all the changes [br]in ourselves don't directly

0:11:05.000,0:22:28.000
affect civil rights of a but there [br]are still Ferraris something

0:22:48.000,0:13:42.000
for the gatekeepers particularly [br]for Antarctica in terms of the

0:15:22.000,0:16:08.000
rate at which ice flows from a grounded [br]ice into the ocean and we

0:17:28.000,0:22:11.000
believe in effect changes in the [br]ice shelves are going to be that

0:22:51.000,0:19:46.000
the major drivers in changing the [br]dynamics of the whole why she

0:20:26.000,0:19:00.000
could phone they do play a [br]big role in in the future.

0:19:00.000,0:11:11.000
Sea level.

0:19:11.000,0:26:53.000
It's been compared to pulling [br]the cork out of a bottle.

0:22:14.000,0:15:35.000
Yes,

0:15:35.000,0:21:28.000
all you can think of it as a keystone [br]you know basically you have

0:21:28.000,0:10:52.000
a big Ice shelf you know talking [br]of the biggest ones are very

0:15:32.000,0:15:36.000
firmly professionally in very [br]large but that would in fact

0:16:16.000,0:18:38.000
probably be called fees if they weren't.

0:18:38.000,0:19:03.000
Follow us and the presence of [br]the ice shelf there provides

0:15:14.000,0:17:09.000
retiring stress that's holding back [br]ice which is flowing typically

0:24:19.000,0:17:54.000
I flew in Antarctica is concentrated [br]into major quite fast moving

0:17:54.000,0:24:14.000
out late.

0:24:54.000,0:11:25.000
Well,

0:11:25.000,0:27:50.000
if you know so I streams and it's [br]quite focused for likely to top

0:12:31.000,0:12:14.000
the lot of mentioning before and [br]often is channeled into these

0:12:54.000,0:11:57.000
very being ourselves and so if you [br]do something to change the ice

0:11:57.000,0:26:17.000
shelf.

0:26:17.000,0:17:00.000
You're going to do something to change [br]the whole balance of forces

0:19:20.000,0:26:53.000
from that's that's restraining the [br]writer was that ice flows into

0:27:43.000,0:18:24.000
the ocean.

0:22:05.000,0:26:29.000
It seems parts of Antarctica are [br]actually below sea level.

0:26:29.000,0:19:53.000
Is that correct and what would that [br]continent look like without

0:19:53.000,0:14:34.000
the ice cap.

0:24:44.000,0:13:45.000
Yes,

0:13:45.000,0:12:00.000
that's certainly true again that [br]East West Antarctica dividing

0:12:00.000,0:21:13.000
line is is perhaps a useful [br]one here for a long time.

0:21:13.000,0:25:17.000
We've known by probing through to [br]see how thick the ice is and how

0:25:57.000,0:24:21.000
far down that is bedrock [br]company we've known.

0:24:21.000,0:18:13.000
There's a lot of the West.

0:18:13.000,0:15:07.000
And I think I see is standing on [br]the sea floor maybe half a mile

0:15:07.000,0:14:20.000
or more still needles but [br]deep and that includes,

0:14:20.000,0:15:31.000
actually the,

0:15:31.000,0:21:04.000
the the summit agreed to between [br]I suppose westwards to the Rafah

0:22:34.000,0:13:39.000
itself and I thought flows eastwards [br]towards you know a month of

0:15:19.000,0:14:52.000
sitting in around towards South America.

0:14:52.000,0:15:15.000
So if I cheat hadn't developed there.

0:15:15.000,0:19:59.000
This would just the ocean one could [br]go to work well could go

0:22:29.000,0:22:33.000
sailing and what developed [br]in the last 2 years,

0:22:33.000,0:14:18.000
partly as a result of major aerial [br]survey that we've done with ice

0:15:08.000,0:22:21.000
cap project is we have better defined it.

0:22:21.000,0:12:46.000
The extensive areas of East Antarctica [br]are also seeking on bedrock

0:14:26.000,0:19:08.000
that deep below sea level.

0:19:08.000,0:28:28.000
In this case,

0:28:28.000,0:14:42.000
said that turned out because I feel [br]even sicker than we thought in

0:15:12.000,0:26:42.000
some places,

0:26:42.000,0:19:56.000
it's 2 miles thick and in particular,

0:19:56.000,0:25:38.000
we've been exploring the aurora Basin,

0:25:38.000,0:20:13.000
which is a vast area in the catchment [br]of Tottenham life here and

0:24:13.000,0:25:57.000
we heard inside the bedrock channels [br]that connect that deep cover

0:29:27.000,0:17:42.000
to the coast of of the aurora based [br]around the world so called

0:18:12.000,0:24:12.000
Wilkes.

0:24:12.000,0:14:45.000
Sub-glacial basin which is [br]immediately to its east.

0:14:45.000,0:22:58.000
If the law Michael submarine [br]part of of eastern our state

0:29:28.000,0:18:21.000
convinced that we removed [br]all the are with that,

0:18:21.000,0:23:24.000
I think it would simply become a [br]collection of islands you could

0:24:04.000,0:27:27.000
fail from the Pacific to the Atlantic [br]without having to go past

0:28:27.000,0:16:30.000
Cape Horn and he can talk,

0:16:30.000,0:17:23.000
it wouldn't have seen major itself,

0:17:23.000,0:29:04.000
it might even writers see.

0:16:46.000,0:14:59.000
And so until they new research [br]done by a team,

0:14:59.000,0:24:22.000
we didn't really understand how warmer [br]waters could undermine this

0:24:22.000,0:14:34.000
tartan glacier.

0:14:34.000,0:16:55.000
How does it work.

0:16:55.000,0:27:27.000
And how did you do the science [br]to find this out.

0:28:18.000,0:23:39.000
Yeah,

0:23:39.000,0:30:19.000
the,

0:30:19.000,0:29:14.000
the way that works is that will [br]be crucial question for getting

0:29:14.000,0:25:18.000
melting of ourselves and it's [br]changing the follow.

0:29:28.000,0:16:43.000
Ground a life behind used to working [br]out is the warm ocean water

0:17:53.000,0:16:48.000
nearby and more importantly all [br]the pathways by which it can

0:29:18.000,0:16:12.000
circulated to weigh up all the [br]continental shelf and kind of

0:16:12.000,0:18:46.000
actually getting into these cavities [br]underneath the ice shelves.

0:18:46.000,0:15:58.000
They have much in the time left,

0:15:58.000,0:29:31.000
you can see how deep the ocean is [br]if you fire up and down with on

0:29:31.000,0:18:23.000
you know shit,

0:18:23.000,0:16:47.000
but it's very hard to work out [br]what's the geometry of the sea

0:17:27.000,0:19:29.000
floor underneath.

0:19:29.000,0:21:51.000
Maybe one of needing 2 kilometers of

0:15:23.000,0:26:49.000
I now Wesley serving aircraft reviews [br]have a radar system that can

0:27:19.000,0:27:32.000
see right through to the base for [br]the iPhone and can even see lot

0:27:32.000,0:25:56.000
of internal structure through [br]the life as well.

0:25:56.000,0:26:49.000
We also have some magnetometers to [br]try and figure out what sort of

0:29:29.000,0:18:04.000
character and actually underlying [br]the ICC most importantly for

0:18:04.000,0:25:54.000
this work,

0:25:54.000,0:16:19.000
we had a very sense the gravity [br]money before long we mention my

0:17:19.000,0:27:33.000
new variations in the strength of [br]local gravity I'm flying very

0:29:03.000,0:29:46.000
near the surface and very slowly.

0:29:46.000,0:25:49.000
Obviously it's very maybe 140 knots,

0:25:49.000,0:24:53.000
these is ideal for that sort of survey.

0:24:53.000,0:23:57.000
You know they mean you have to [br]fit now and there's a lot of

0:25:37.000,0:25:41.000
detailed work to figure out how [br]those tiny variations in the

0:26:51.000,0:29:25.000
strength of work or gravity can be [br]translated into what death of

0:30:55.000,0:20:41.000
ice and water a raucous directly [br]below your 5 track so I right I

0:20:41.000,0:26:02.000
can't penetrate seawater water.

0:26:02.000,0:16:47.000
So we don't see the bottom of an [br]icy so we only 3 the bedrock

0:18:57.000,0:23:29.000
where the ice is on the ground.

0:23:29.000,0:17:02.000
But this gravity days are allowed [br]us to map is inaccessible

0:30:02.000,0:28:26.000
Welshman cavities underneath ourselves [br]and indeed to map the

0:28:56.000,0:20:48.000
seafloor off the coast.

0:20:48.000,0:17:13.000
There were often see Astra meant ships [br]from getting in and so what

0:17:53.000,0:32:06.000
we've been able to do is to map out [br]the shape of bedrock beneath

0:16:47.000,0:25:01.000
this floating terminus of both [br]the problem crisis around a

0:26:31.000,0:30:05.000
neighboring ourself called the Moscow [br]University herself and the

0:30:05.000,0:23:19.000
most serious finding is that there [br]are some deepwater channel that

0:27:09.000,0:17:44.000
me open ocean to the charity and [br]this includes a previously

0:20:34.000,0:27:36.000
completely unknown Persia logical pathway.

0:27:36.000,0:21:28.000
If you like another channel,

0:21:28.000,0:21:32.000
it increases the prospect that what [br]war can circulate into this

0:21:32.000,0:29:37.000
cavity and maybe if the temperature [br]of the water changes then the

0:25:28.000,0:25:22.000
melting which is already quite [br]extensive and therefore the

0:25:22.000,0:19:44.000
dynamics of the system will change.

0:32:34.000,0:28:37.000
And if you know the story ideas [br]or thoughts on something you've

0:29:27.000,0:17:43.000
heard contacted us can radio an [br]equal shot of Darfur and that's

0:19:23.000,0:26:25.000
radio equal shot and orgy.

0:16:57.000,0:19:29.000
West you were list.

0:20:49.000,0:29:12.000
Going to Radio Eco shock I'm Alex [br]Smith with Australian scientist

0:29:12.000,0:29:24.000
Rulon C Warner Rowland,

0:29:24.000,0:18:08.000
can we expect any measurable sea [br]level rise from the Tartan

0:19:18.000,0:27:20.000
glacier complex say in this century.

0:23:01.000,0:29:06.000
Yes we can in we're already seeing [br]some small contribution to sea

0:29:06.000,0:29:30.000
level rise and I'm not sure of that [br]anybody's total all I have.

0:29:30.000,0:17:36.000
Because the of us you know crisis [br]dream that forms the life here

0:24:36.000,0:21:07.000
is actually.

0:21:57.000,0:28:01.000
Getting thinner near the coast in [br]fact surface there has been in

0:28:31.000,0:25:13.000
recent years and have a few years,

0:25:13.000,0:33:13.000
they said.

0:33:13.000,0:17:48.000
It's been dropping by maybe Vermeer [br]and a half per year.

0:17:48.000,0:30:49.000
So this is in fact innocent parties,

0:30:49.000,0:21:45.000
one of the hot spots where they [br]definitely ice loss in terms of

0:21:45.000,0:29:27.000
what will happen in the [br]rest of the century.

0:29:27.000,0:24:33.000
We now know that it's possible to [br]get water in there and dynamics

0:26:13.000,0:26:07.000
of the top of the person says that [br]this already some considerable

0:26:07.000,0:31:09.000
melting going on there.

0:31:09.000,0:19:25.000
We don't really know in detail how [br]future climate high increase

0:21:15.000,0:22:41.000
that supply and what the consequent [br]transmission of that affect

0:34:21.000,0:28:53.000
but level rise would be,

0:28:53.000,0:21:26.000
but it's certainly anything parking.

0:21:26.000,0:32:10.000
It's the place to wants went the [br]timescale is centuries all of

0:18:11.000,0:26:43.000
with a little more we don't [br]quite know them,

0:26:43.000,0:25:06.000
but if you people are taking [br]this very seriously.

0:25:06.000,0:29:46.000
Harris,

0:29:46.000,0:21:29.000
perhaps in the fantastic haunts.

0:29:20.000,0:27:53.000
To spend a lot of talk between scientists [br]about the importance of

0:27:53.000,0:30:54.000
the grounding line,

0:30:54.000,0:21:15.000
what is that.

0:25:16.000,0:31:56.000
Yes.

0:31:56.000,0:26:50.000
The Grammy moments probably really [br]more bizarre and it is winnable

0:27:40.000,0:24:55.000
and Gracie actually starts to to [br]go afloat whenever we just a

0:24:55.000,0:24:06.000
scuffle what event.

0:24:06.000,0:26:41.000
I think that I think to be really [br]on the sea floor and as its

0:27:11.000,0:24:35.000
forces towards the Mars and eventually [br]there comes a point where

0:21:06.000,0:33:38.000
it simply going to go off white [br]given direction of life.

0:33:38.000,0:21:49.000
Well,

0:21:49.000,0:24:52.000
it probably would be better if [br]it was called the underground

0:32:02.000,0:28:43.000
entwined.

0:28:43.000,0:23:25.000
One of the flotation line,

0:23:25.000,0:32:18.000
it's important because it's the place [br]where suddenly the base of

0:32:18.000,0:32:43.000
the ice sheet is not protected [br]by by being on the ground and

0:35:23.000,0:29:38.000
suddenly the possibility of wish [br]and driven melting the UMP

0:33:48.000,0:24:52.000
commences and I should say that [br]it's again something we've only

0:25:52.000,0:35:46.000
learned in the last 2 decades [br]that near these crowning line

0:20:47.000,0:26:41.000
somewhere often the ice is very deep [br]here in Miami Tottenham we're

0:27:31.000,0:29:55.000
talking about a transition point [br]that's probably a mile below sea

0:29:55.000,0:28:06.000
level.

0:28:06.000,0:23:21.000
The the the melting even is grounding [br]aren't these 10s of meters

0:24:41.000,0:32:44.000
year maybe 15 years here.

0:32:44.000,0:31:17.000
And given that the water was doing [br]that and they'll think it still

0:31:17.000,0:27:12.000
by by any swimmers stand I'm [br]very close to freezing.

0:27:12.000,0:32:46.000
It's likely that this is an extremely [br]thing to be part of of the

0:32:46.000,0:20:58.000
climate system.

0:20:58.000,0:25:01.000
So that's the first thing that's [br]important about the grounding.

0:25:01.000,0:27:44.000
On the second thing that's [br]important is this,

0:27:44.000,0:23:19.000
particularly in some configurations [br]of the bedrock these grounding

0:23:19.000,0:30:00.000
lines themselves my move.

0:30:00.000,0:25:54.000
So it's not just a matter of bringing [br]more iced up to her.

0:25:54.000,0:32:47.000
You know my fixed gaze and then having [br]to follow through their and

0:33:17.000,0:33:31.000
and and they'll it's not possible [br]that the grounding itself will

0:33:31.000,0:27:05.000
migrate inland reducing the 5 on [br]the ground and the high street

0:20:36.000,0:28:30.000
and transmitting these changes in [br]the forces of the even further

0:29:50.000,0:20:21.000
upstream.

0:22:02.000,0:29:13.000
We'll sea level rises.

0:29:13.000,0:29:36.000
The real wildcard when we think [br]about the impact of Antarctic

0:31:36.000,0:31:49.000
melting I've just gone through a [br]paper by lead author Fernando

0:35:39.000,0:25:44.000
Apollo titled volume loss from [br]Antarctic ice shelves is

0:25:44.000,0:30:45.000
accelerating.

0:30:45.000,0:27:19.000
Is it just the ice shelves or [br]is ice loss from Antarctica

0:29:39.000,0:23:02.000
increasing and at a faster rate.

0:23:02.000,0:33:22.000
Do we know.

0:34:23.000,0:25:44.000
Yeah,

0:25:44.000,0:22:06.000
I do this comes back to that.

0:22:06.000,0:36:56.000
The point we were.

0:22:57.000,0:35:20.000
This guy thing you know you know that [br]these guys have done a great

0:36:30.000,0:22:14.000
job in trying to improve our understanding [br]about what's happening

0:22:14.000,0:31:28.000
to ice shelves previously we had [br]quite good measurements swimmer

0:21:59.000,0:36:22.000
quite precise either of you sort of [br]that was flying in space for a

0:37:02.000,0:36:16.000
few years showing that these ice [br]shelves of getting home and I'm

0:28:57.000,0:24:22.000
really hard problem because given [br]look I shelf it's floating.

0:24:22.000,0:21:16.000
If you see half a meter change [br]in the surface height of the

0:22:26.000,0:22:10.000
fighting are so often means that [br]he lost 5 meters ice from the

0:22:10.000,0:31:02.000
wire what they've done here,

0:31:02.000,0:21:23.000
he said.

0:21:23.000,0:37:47.000
While at 5-year record is is rather [br]short and some of the longest

0:37:47.000,0:23:00.000
recall that's available actually heavenly.

0:23:00.000,0:31:34.000
And I think he is from some writer [br]satellites that were measuring

0:33:24.000,0:34:59.000
the height and ice shelves and so [br]they've been able to conclude

0:36:49.000,0:26:15.000
that ice shelves are certainly on [br]the whole it so they're losing

0:26:06.000,0:26:59.000
which is actually slightly fresh [br]link the Antarctic coastal

0:29:09.000,0:22:32.000
erosion but because beginning Feb.

0:22:32.000,0:35:46.000
They are also likely reducing this [br]restraining force they have on

0:35:46.000,0:33:49.000
the high street and in fact they [br]are when they see the biggest

0:35:39.000,0:30:41.000
changes in West Antarctica,

0:30:41.000,0:24:25.000
in those places where there out [br]like have been observed to be

0:26:05.000,0:28:06.000
speeding up,

0:28:06.000,0:28:02.000
so it's only important and it's [br]important in terms of what we,

0:28:02.000,0:25:57.000
what we think is one of the controllers [br]of Chinese in the ICC and

0:33:37.000,0:22:30.000
they level contributions from the itself.

0:24:21.000,0:34:12.000
In a comment on that article,

0:34:12.000,0:26:05.000
one of the scientists Lori [br]pad been expressed.

0:26:05.000,0:22:28.000
There's a lot of uncertainty about [br]what will happen on Antarctica

0:26:18.000,0:32:09.000
as the world climate changes.

0:32:09.000,0:38:49.000
In fact,

0:38:49.000,0:28:30.000
he said.

0:28:30.000,0:38:03.000
Quote it is plausible that even if [br]the Earth's average temperature

0:38:03.000,0:33:47.000
increases effect on ocean currents [br]around Antarctica might

0:33:47.000,0:34:01.000
actually work against Antarctic ice [br]sheet melting and he goes on

0:34:01.000,0:35:25.000
to say that that past a records [br]may not tell us a lot because

0:24:06.000,0:28:19.000
we're changing the climate so fast [br]compared to what happened in

0:28:19.000,0:34:11.000
past times what do you [br]think about all that.

0:38:22.000,0:25:43.000
Well,

0:25:43.000,0:28:54.000
it's true that one,

0:28:54.000,0:28:28.000
one has to be careful about he was [br]financial planners tell you

0:29:58.000,0:28:12.000
part the performance is guaranteed [br]a future performance,

0:28:12.000,0:28:45.000
but with changing the composition [br]of the atmosphere,

0:28:45.000,0:35:50.000
and so he's corrective driver for [br]changing climate is no longer be

0:39:00.000,0:25:15.000
the Milinkevich the so called ice [br]age cycle I do those changes

0:26:05.000,0:25:49.000
were pretty dramatic in terms of [br]sea level rise 20,000 years ago

0:26:49.000,0:38:12.000
when was great Hemisphere ice sheets [br]and decayed but certainly

0:23:33.000,0:27:17.000
we're forcing system a lot faster [br]around them any natural forcing

0:27:17.000,0:25:32.000
that's these apply I'd be a little [br]surprised if it was actually

0:25:32.000,0:28:06.000
going to have to work against I see [br]my thing on the whole the deep

0:28:06.000,0:34:36.000
ocean,

0:34:36.000,0:30:40.000
he's already warming and you've [br]only got to warm water a little

0:31:30.000,0:33:34.000
bit for it to carry a lot of heat [br]campaign turns away he can be

0:33:34.000,0:30:58.000
carried by changes in air temperature.

0:30:58.000,0:39:13.000
So I think that the changing dynamic [br]response is going to be quite

0:39:13.000,0:30:37.000
high and that's so hard to see who [br]we can avoid conveying that

0:32:27.000,0:34:31.000
don't want to really high shelves [br]and then by weakening ourselves

0:26:22.000,0:38:34.000
increase some nice discharge [br]from Antarctica.

0:38:34.000,0:25:17.000
It's only warmer air temperatures [br]will generate some higher

0:28:27.000,0:31:11.000
snowfall that it's not really clear [br]that that can dominate the

0:32:31.000,0:33:04.000
sort of exhilaration the life [br]and we've already seen.

0:29:05.000,0:28:38.000
And Lori tab and also talked about [br]the irony that sea levels

0:28:38.000,0:27:12.000
around Antarctica and Greenland [br]may actually go down as the

0:27:12.000,0:24:33.000
glaciers melt.

0:24:33.000,0:26:14.000
How is that possible.

0:29:05.000,0:33:25.000
You know,

0:33:25.000,0:39:55.000
this is,

0:39:55.000,0:30:29.000
this is quite amazing it another one [br]of these obvious in hindsight

0:33:39.000,0:25:14.000
inside it's looking pretty recently [br]insightful from both us anyway

0:25:14.000,0:40:07.000
. Any sort of water surface Rep [br]Of in fact commonsense idea of

0:24:58.000,0:33:21.000
level since obviously [br]water flows downhill.

0:33:21.000,0:30:25.000
In fact the FTSE service mission [br]with precision from space shows

0:34:35.000,0:36:57.000
that that idea down here only.

0:37:37.000,0:35:11.000
Modulated by all sorts of things [br]like currents and winds of other

0:37:01.000,0:37:22.000
factors.

0:37:22.000,0:32:56.000
And in particular the vast method [br]ice on these grounds.

0:32:56.000,0:40:09.000
That's a sufficient gravitational [br]attraction to pull the ocean

0:31:40.000,0:39:01.000
around them towards them.

0:39:01.000,0:28:45.000
And this generates an an up slope in.

0:28:45.000,0:30:49.000
He is the sea surface around the [br]ice sheets and so it work,

0:30:49.000,0:41:23.000
what if you're losing what sort of [br]advice billions of tons a life

0:29:04.000,0:29:38.000
in that reduces its attraction and [br]a bit of a surprise intuition

0:33:58.000,0:34:59.000
and nearby streets.

0:34:59.000,0:40:02.000
This comes out why the overall effect [br]that you put that all into

0:41:02.000,0:25:55.000
the global 3 level,

0:25:55.000,0:39:08.000
but in fact merely hosting the [br]3 level with pregnant fall

0:41:08.000,0:27:11.000
considerably more and in fact,

0:27:11.000,0:32:34.000
they've only been a few idealized [br]computer simulations trying to

0:32:34.000,0:27:25.000
put this in.

0:27:25.000,0:32:49.000
I think you into countenance does [br]provide a little bit of a

0:40:59.000,0:35:44.000
stabilizer to to grabbing line retreat [br]if 3 we will media actually

0:36:44.000,0:41:36.000
doing a relic later is falling.

0:41:36.000,0:36:30.000
I should just say there's the bad [br]news consequence of local effect

0:36:30.000,0:39:03.000
which it means that those who level [br]rises more than you might have

0:39:03.000,0:37:07.000
expected far away from you know I [br]think there are some estimates

0:30:58.000,0:41:59.000
that in North America,

0:41:59.000,0:36:44.000
you might get 25% more than global [br]average the level but when

0:32:25.000,0:42:35.000
Northwest.

0:42:35.000,0:42:36.000
But what will have to go somewhere.

0:41:07.000,0:37:38.000
Right now,

0:37:38.000,0:38:31.000
some scientists including the Intergovernmental [br]Panel on climate

0:40:01.000,0:33:26.000
change suggest total sea level rise [br]by 2100 may only be one meter

0:39:56.000,0:30:19.000
others think that's a very [br]conservative estimate,

0:30:19.000,0:42:32.000
we might get that much from Antarctic [br]melting alone plus what

0:26:43.000,0:41:44.000
comes from the Arctic Roland Warren.

0:41:44.000,0:38:25.000
What do you think.

0:32:56.000,0:38:56.000
Yeah,

0:38:56.000,0:26:53.000
it is you know finally unforgiving [br]question the contribution,

0:26:53.000,0:33:55.000
particularly from Antarctic ever trauma.

0:33:55.000,0:41:05.000
I see.

0:42:25.000,0:39:21.000
In general terms and global sea level [br]rise the IPCC is as you say

0:39:21.000,0:41:34.000
, coming up with numbers of the regardless [br]comforted by also have

0:41:54.000,0:32:35.000
to come up.

0:32:35.000,0:34:08.000
Of course with what they think might [br]happen under a whole range of

0:27:29.000,0:34:13.000
of efforts and because of [br]the immense scrutiny.

0:34:13.000,0:38:59.000
The IPCC hands they do put a lot [br]of effort into qualifying.

0:38:59.000,0:39:24.000
What they mean by being uncertain [br]about something and you know you

0:39:24.000,0:27:28.000
can go and look at their tables and [br]if they say very likely there

0:27:58.000,0:32:42.000
meant he was such a such a probability [br]percentage but when it came

0:34:52.000,0:40:27.000
to Antarctica they they finally [br]had to give up on that,

0:40:27.000,0:33:12.000
and while I think that everybody [br]collapse of these so called

0:33:12.000,0:33:17.000
marine sectors of Antarctic ice sheet [br]if initiated could make fee

0:35:17.000,0:27:52.000
level rise substantially above the [br]unlikely range the best they

0:27:52.000,0:35:35.000
could do was say this additional [br]contribution would not exceed

0:39:45.000,0:30:32.000
several tents ultimately tire during [br]the 21st century now for be

0:31:52.000,0:27:47.000
over weapons from listen carefully [br]calibrated on for me in terms

0:28:27.000,0:31:37.000
of,

0:31:37.000,0:34:11.000
you know several tenths of a meter [br]cover the everywhere from you

0:34:11.000,0:35:24.000
know 20cm to the best part of a meter.

0:35:24.000,0:37:40.000
So this really is the most uncertain [br]contribution towards her long

0:37:40.000,0:37:13.000
term 3 level prediction things like [br]a federal expansion of the

0:37:43.000,0:39:26.000
ocean pretty well on the [br]controlling terms,

0:39:26.000,0:42:36.000
you know,

0:42:36.000,0:35:50.000
I think that for various different [br]climate warming scenario now

0:38:10.000,0:29:54.000
graces of often fairly hard to do [br]at least and I thought we were

0:31:14.000,0:31:58.000
of the worst that can happen is they [br]might eventually old me on,

0:31:58.000,0:36:28.000
you know,

0:36:28.000,0:44:42.000
one of that sort of analysis [br]to Antarctica on Greenland.

0:44:42.000,0:35:35.000
So we got a useful worst case scenario,

0:35:35.000,0:29:30.000
because it tells you something like [br]60 millions feeling harassed,

0:29:30.000,0:44:22.000
which is certainly not going [br]to happen any time soon,

0:44:22.000,0:31:46.000
but it's also not a useful [br]you know in member.

0:36:27.000,0:28:58.000
Because,

0:28:58.000,0:34:18.000
really,

0:34:18.000,0:36:42.000
it's so shocking if would rearrange [br]civilization altogether if we

0:36:42.000,0:33:04.000
eventually get that much but as you say,

0:33:04.000,0:31:36.000
we're talking at least in centuries.

0:35:49.000,0:36:14.000
You're listening to shock radio [br]before the world and.

0:41:24.000,0:37:48.000
I'm Alex Smith get all their [br]website shock.org.

0:40:01.000,0:32:52.000
Don't forget,

0:32:52.000,0:45:05.000
or a hot interview with proper garden [br]wizard Marjorie Wilde is

0:45:05.000,0:40:16.000
still to come.

0:37:58.000,0:38:21.000
This is Radio Eco shock were talking [br]with Australian Antarctic

0:39:41.000,0:32:05.000
expert Dr. Roland Warner another [br]complication difficult for

0:32:55.000,0:30:28.000
non-scientist Dr. awarded to understand [br]is the prediction that

0:31:08.000,0:35:12.000
snowfall on Antarctica may actually [br]increase with climate change.

0:35:12.000,0:36:55.000
And even that may help speed [br]glacier movement to the sea.

0:36:55.000,0:31:57.000
Can you talk to us about that please.

0:29:48.000,0:35:58.000
Yes,

0:35:58.000,0:36:21.000
I think we certainly expect that [br]the most think is not yet

0:38:01.000,0:34:55.000
receiving the sort of squandering [br]warming that's been so dramatic

0:36:15.000,0:33:37.000
in the Antarctic Peninsula.

0:33:37.000,0:45:30.000
And that may be partly due to [br]slowly fighting other thing.

0:33:51.000,0:33:54.000
From the of these on hold in Antarctica,

0:33:54.000,0:45:58.000
which has tended to have an influence [br]on on Antarctic climate but

0:29:49.000,0:45:40.000
if the it image arises.

0:45:40.000,0:35:23.000
It's still going to be very cold,

0:35:23.000,0:39:57.000
but clearly warmer air can hold more [br]moisture and everybody does

0:39:57.000,0:39:00.000
expect that that's not [br]fault when Antarctica.

0:39:00.000,0:41:15.000
We will increase and part seems [br]studies that suggest that that

0:38:46.000,0:35:21.000
itself accelerates the 4 out of the ocean.

0:35:21.000,0:44:45.000
I think that 30 increased [br]melting of ourselves.

0:44:45.000,0:33:47.000
It is likely to be enough.

0:33:47.000,0:35:52.000
I'm eager think in that some [br]of the studies the need.

0:35:52.000,0:41:22.000
You know it.

0:41:22.000,0:37:26.000
20 years ago so that you know if [br]you think it's going to take out

0:39:16.000,0:30:51.000
a thousand years to establish some [br]new equilibrium then with do

0:30:51.000,0:38:25.000
you get 2 meters or 3 meters of [br]sea level rise from Antarctica

0:33:56.000,0:41:49.000
would depend on whether you had [br]factored in this compensating

0:45:19.000,0:33:33.000
effect on of high rates of [br]snowfall in Antarctica,

0:33:33.000,0:38:45.000
because obviously so far the Antarctic,

0:38:45.000,0:43:19.000
there is really nothing putting feel [br]right away in the bank and it

0:45:29.000,0:44:03.000
can take understood however that [br]you start to flow back so it's

0:45:23.000,0:35:46.000
certainly an important [br]compensating effect,

0:35:46.000,0:33:50.000
but I think the Democratic response [br]really driven by the ocean is

0:34:20.000,0:40:54.000
going to be that the biggest influence [br]on Antarctic trying.

0:31:45.000,0:36:25.000
Right.

0:36:25.000,0:33:57.000
It's hard for people to [br]understand that it's,

0:33:57.000,0:31:20.000
it's not that the warming air temperatures [br]going to melt he sings

0:31:20.000,0:46:20.000
from above,

0:46:20.000,0:41:14.000
it's at the hotter ocean reaching [br]in is going to weaken them from

0:43:24.000,0:31:25.000
below,

0:31:25.000,0:39:35.000
isn't it.

0:39:35.000,0:47:45.000
The story.

0:44:26.000,0:36:28.000
That's certainly what we're seeing,

0:36:28.000,0:39:31.000
particularly because some of the [br]areas further but changing the

0:39:31.000,0:44:15.000
most practically at the moment in [br]the area of of Antarctica and so

0:44:15.000,0:37:17.000
on in the Pacific Ocean,

0:37:17.000,0:33:08.000
in the,

0:33:08.000,0:40:42.000
on the I'm this is almost about as [br]far south as you can actually

0:41:42.000,0:48:02.000
find was.

0:37:13.000,0:38:16.000
Before you actually bumping into [br]Antarctica and you know it's

0:40:06.000,0:44:57.000
there with it.

0:44:57.000,0:40:51.000
Temperatures are still well although [br]for you think that that we're

0:42:21.000,0:36:14.000
seeing these these biggest changes [br]and it is one of the places

0:36:14.000,0:34:29.000
where we know that when the warm ocean [br]currents circulate normally

0:35:29.000,0:34:32.000
at some distance around [br]Antarctica do manage,

0:34:32.000,0:48:05.000
but by virtue of currents and the [br]topography of them Continental

0:33:06.000,0:37:46.000
Shelf,

0:37:46.000,0:42:10.000
the new mines to come into all the [br]here and certainly here so that

0:42:50.000,0:45:40.000
the,

0:45:40.000,0:33:43.000
the power of our ocean water.

0:33:43.000,0:38:33.000
Well,

0:38:33.000,0:42:23.000
sort of,

0:42:23.000,0:45:13.000
that's,

0:45:13.000,0:46:14.000
you know the risk for me,

0:46:14.000,0:33:59.000
the effect all of warmer air temperature [br]at least in the more

0:33:59.000,0:41:54.000
northerly parts of Antarctica where [br]temperature and from a mill

0:43:04.000,0:32:59.000
things on the surface of these ice [br]shelves is actually certainly

0:36:19.000,0:34:44.000
playing a big role in the rather [br]dramatic disintegration over the

0:34:44.000,0:44:07.000
matter of a few weeks of a few [br]ourselves in the Antarctic

0:45:37.000,0:39:48.000
Peninsula.

0:39:48.000,0:38:29.000
Back on them.

0:38:29.000,0:43:40.000
I mean last century.

0:46:51.000,0:34:02.000
Well,

0:34:02.000,0:42:45.000
all along we've talked about West [br]Antarctica and East Antarctica

0:42:45.000,0:41:58.000
as though they were almost separate [br]parts of the puzzle.

0:41:58.000,0:41:41.000
Are there any generalizations [br]you can give us about what is

0:41:41.000,0:43:04.000
happening in these 2 halves [br]compared to each other.

0:37:35.000,0:33:06.000
Yeah,

0:33:06.000,0:41:09.000
it's interesting that in some ways [br]and they they do fit being

0:43:39.000,0:39:23.000
described as if they were [br]2 different worlds,

0:39:23.000,0:41:07.000
the observational evidence we have [br]fallen further Oval Office the

0:45:37.000,0:41:11.000
Heisman tactics because we can [br]actually directly made the

0:43:41.000,0:35:57.000
disappearance of ice from space either [br]by seeing the change in the

0:41:27.000,0:35:59.000
fall of the ice surface,

0:35:59.000,0:33:33.000
telling us that the eye soothing [br]cinnamon falling off or by

0:33:33.000,0:39:35.000
actually worryingly the from space.

0:39:35.000,0:49:49.000
We can tell that within topic is [br]where currently mostly action is

0:39:30.000,0:39:02.000
overall it is Antarctica,

0:39:02.000,0:39:35.000
very little change may be some [br]slight overall increase,

0:39:35.000,0:38:59.000
although this area around the Tottenham [br]place is one of the hot

0:38:59.000,0:42:59.000
spot.

0:47:49.000,0:40:53.000
Fantastic areas that's the place [br]with his most consistent I floss

0:40:53.000,0:34:54.000
going on there,

0:34:54.000,0:35:48.000
which is what the reasons we have [br]interested but so in terms of

0:37:08.000,0:46:39.000
the current response.

0:46:39.000,0:35:32.000
This seems to be 2 separate worlds.

0:35:32.000,0:46:52.000
However,

0:46:52.000,0:39:23.000
what we,

0:39:23.000,0:50:16.000
realizing as we discussed earlier [br]is these parts of East

0:34:27.000,0:38:51.000
Antarctica in terms of this very deep [br]bedrock well below sea level

0:37:42.000,0:43:16.000
channels can anything that out towards [br]the new some of that is a

0:44:36.000,0:40:11.000
lot more like West Antarctica in [br]terms of its setting people

0:43:21.000,0:35:16.000
previously thought they could well [br]be that it's simply a matter of

0:41:46.000,0:48:30.000
the response of the forcing and perhaps [br]in East Antarctica in the

0:48:30.000,0:38:51.000
future,

0:38:51.000,0:44:25.000
we might see phenomenal wing of recognize [br]from what we presently 3

0:47:35.000,0:44:06.000
West Antarctica.

0:42:27.000,0:41:01.000
Dr. Warner are we able to say whether [br]in total Antarctica is

0:41:01.000,0:36:35.000
losing mass staying the same [br]or gaining ice mass.

0:45:45.000,0:35:16.000
Yeah,

0:35:16.000,0:34:30.000
it's very clearly losing harness [br]and there's pretty good evidence

0:38:10.000,0:50:23.000
for that rate of losses XL or anything [br]that comes from the direct

0:34:54.000,0:44:58.000
observation for growing putting [br]the icing on on the sky often

0:48:48.000,0:37:33.000
turning you know you're so that [br]will often with Antarctic it

0:40:13.000,0:37:07.000
without weighing flight increases [br]a whole stability in East

0:37:07.000,0:44:38.000
Antarctica.

0:44:38.000,0:51:21.000
The experts think that in maybe another [br]year of observations will

0:36:52.000,0:45:36.000
be in a better position to sort out [br]influence in that process of

0:37:17.000,0:38:18.000
seasonal variations,

0:38:18.000,0:45:38.000
if you like,

0:45:38.000,0:43:20.000
particularly in snowfall,

0:43:20.000,0:44:21.000
it's quite impressive.

0:44:21.000,0:37:03.000
The talking from space.

0:37:03.000,0:43:16.000
You can actually seeing this actually [br]isn't very much is at the

0:44:06.000,0:35:19.000
scene Greenland in Antarctica,

0:35:19.000,0:43:32.000
but you can actually seeing Greenland [br]the seasonal arrival of the

0:44:22.000,0:47:35.000
big dumps of snow that come in the [br]winter and the great a loss of

0:45:56.000,0:43:47.000
over the summer,

0:43:47.000,0:46:30.000
I mean it's actually that their [br]annual cycle quite visible,

0:46:30.000,0:44:53.000
you know if I think there is things [br]are not quite clear because

0:51:53.000,0:49:17.000
things are happening on Holmgren [br]Earth's lower scale,

0:49:17.000,0:42:11.000
but people I convinced that you know [br]cutting observations longer

0:49:51.000,0:49:56.000
will allow us through to sort out [br]trends without the confusion of

0:39:57.000,0:38:28.000
these variations.

0:50:08.000,0:36:29.000
Well,

0:36:29.000,0:43:22.000
the key question was sea level rises [br]always when and we discussed

0:43:22.000,0:40:33.000
this a little bit,

0:40:33.000,0:37:37.000
but do we have enough science [br]yet to really know how much

0:38:07.000,0:48:50.000
Antarctica will add to the world's [br]oceans during this century.

0:37:12.000,0:40:12.000
No,

0:40:12.000,0:47:32.000
we don't,

0:47:32.000,0:46:17.000
it's actually 2 biggest unknown [br]in trying to predict what sea

0:47:47.000,0:43:02.000
level to expect and in fact the IPCC [br]felt they couldn't even give

0:43:02.000,0:41:06.000
you an opinion about how much of the [br]response might vary according

0:41:06.000,0:45:10.000
to what for the phone global warming [br]practical trajectory we we

0:45:10.000,0:45:31.000
found ourselves on.

0:45:31.000,0:50:52.000
So it's,

0:50:52.000,0:45:05.000
it's quite serious on their own and [br]the other thing about and how

0:45:05.000,0:48:00.000
to his that is a lot of life there [br]we finally passed on the fact

0:49:10.000,0:51:05.000
that I see is sitting on this this [br]well below sea level rock.

0:51:05.000,0:39:10.000
One of the other complications several [br]areas west Antarctica is

0:40:40.000,0:49:01.000
for the paradigm for this.

0:49:01.000,0:37:45.000
I guess the better just get a deeper [br]and deeper and deeper as you

0:37:45.000,0:38:09.000
go towards the interior of the [br]ice sheet and so there is a

0:38:09.000,0:38:40.000
possibility.

0:38:40.000,0:42:34.000
And in fact this part of the marine [br]instability there is a

0:42:34.000,0:37:58.000
prospect of if the grounding line [br]is starting to move inland it'll

0:40:18.000,0:42:22.000
just keep on going and it will [br]continue to retrieve and you

0:42:22.000,0:44:16.000
continue to lose a life until you [br]finally managed to heavy rice

0:45:16.000,0:45:40.000
sheep catch itself on some bedrock [br]features and so on the state of

0:45:40.000,0:47:52.000
Alaska have retreat process.

0:47:52.000,0:42:55.000
So what sort of year they were centuries.

0:42:55.000,0:48:40.000
This is rather uncertain and the [br]prospect is good you can keep on

0:50:40.000,0:47:44.000
giving and they could keep on giving [br]even if we stabilize the

0:47:44.000,0:48:36.000
world in some warmer started.

0:46:07.000,0:47:21.000
Yes I think NASA so came out [br]and said that the process is

0:47:21.000,0:43:52.000
unstoppable.

0:38:53.000,0:50:54.000
Yes the,

0:50:54.000,0:42:35.000
the,

0:42:35.000,0:45:48.000
and I think what's happening in this [br]I'm I'm simply region with a

0:45:48.000,0:39:13.000
couple of them being places they like [br]white guys here is they feel

0:41:13.000,0:41:17.000
they've done enough on bedrock profiling [br]there again using his

0:41:17.000,0:40:31.000
high penetrating radar system to [br]say they can't see any obvious.

0:44:01.000,0:48:14.000
Neil anchor points that would [br]stop further retreat,

0:48:14.000,0:50:29.000
but has currently started so when [br]the IPCC said market get more

0:51:59.000,0:38:54.000
civil rights and we can't really [br]quantify it if we start to

0:38:54.000,0:53:28.000
initiate the citizenry nicely collapse it.

0:53:28.000,0:52:41.000
It's possible always seeing the [br]first stages and already.

0:54:32.000,0:43:46.000
Please tell us about a couple of [br]projects the Antarctic climate

0:43:46.000,0:50:19.000
and ecosystems Cooperative Research [br]Centre has on the go.

0:41:10.000,0:42:22.000
Right will be that we just had,

0:42:22.000,0:43:27.000
I think the renewed last year so [br]we there so that they'll stall

0:43:57.000,0:45:22.000
with what we think of the most pressing [br]issues even part of the

0:45:22.000,0:45:37.000
ecosystem area and so we have a major [br]overarching projects on this

0:48:37.000,0:41:01.000
ocean driven election of the Antarctic [br]ice and Billy always

0:42:11.000,0:47:41.000
matters.

0:47:41.000,0:54:13.000
We've been talking about tonight.

0:54:13.000,0:49:38.000
You know activities range from voyages [br]with we had a voyage where

0:50:28.000,0:42:49.000
they are right,

0:42:49.000,0:45:52.000
that is ice breaker to the front of [br]the Tottenham away if you know

0:45:52.000,0:47:57.000
, and just this time January where [br]they did actually verify the

0:47:57.000,0:47:31.000
first time anybody's got this for [br]the coming crop of Tottenham.

0:47:31.000,0:52:21.000
If I.

0:50:23.000,0:42:18.000
Pack I just 5 permanent captain was [br]brave enough to try only and

0:42:58.000,0:53:51.000
get some maintenance and so we [br]do know that the warm water is

0:53:51.000,0:49:25.000
actually arriving there at the front [br]of the charity and with this

0:49:25.000,0:48:58.000
work at just being published.

0:48:58.000,0:53:18.000
Well,

0:53:18.000,0:54:10.000
I should say time Damon [br]Green down from them.

0:54:10.000,0:41:05.000
University of Texas in Austin [br]we now think that we can the

0:46:15.000,0:39:49.000
channels by which water is gonna [br]make its way onto the ice.

0:39:49.000,0:43:29.000
So,

0:43:29.000,0:55:02.000
the problem remains a major [br]interest for us,

0:55:02.000,0:41:38.000
we've already been doing most circulation [br]more studies to try and

0:41:38.000,0:52:11.000
explore how the ocean circulation [br]moves underneath my shelves and

0:52:11.000,0:40:16.000
also how the resulting water [br]affects the external,

0:40:16.000,0:45:30.000
and now that we've gone an improved [br]picture of what the state

0:47:40.000,0:50:31.000
underneath the problem looks like,

0:50:31.000,0:56:15.000
but will be going back dramas again [br]and the big step forward is to

0:56:15.000,0:48:09.000
start coupling the dynamics of the [br]ice shelves the flow of the

0:48:09.000,0:43:03.000
ground and I behind with the ocean [br]because on as if your melting

0:53:53.000,0:49:18.000
the bottom of changing geometry of [br]that that changes were talking

0:50:08.000,0:52:18.000
with.

0:53:48.000,0:43:01.000
You know he arrives and [br]what was living in,

0:43:01.000,0:41:44.000
we need to topple assistance together [br]eventually that will become

0:42:34.000,0:42:38.000
part of in times of system model,

0:42:38.000,0:41:42.000
we'll be doing more so they work [br]with area geophysical surveys

0:48:52.000,0:48:37.000
exploring them prices a bedrock [br]and Antarctica we're used to be

0:48:37.000,0:53:28.000
that talking on the phone.

0:53:28.000,0:53:30.000
Part of the whole planet [br]without them person,

0:53:30.000,0:43:32.000
which is a the lapels,

0:43:32.000,0:50:04.000
and we know what's some of [br]these part of Antarctica.

0:50:04.000,0:43:19.000
So that work will be continuing and [br]we've also got film programs

0:44:59.000,0:45:23.000
homely namely myself this is extent [br]I think biggest ice shelf in

0:48:03.000,0:42:57.000
Antarctica is 3rd largest myself and [br]we've had field program there

0:43:47.000,0:51:10.000
with oceanographic instruments [br]that were deployed by drilling

0:51:10.000,0:45:24.000
through nearly a thousand meters [br]of of ice shelf and appalling

0:45:24.000,0:54:57.000
instruments in the ocean underneath [br]enormous find out what's

0:54:57.000,0:55:00.000
actually going on in these rather [br]the inaccessible parts of the

0:56:40.000,0:44:01.000
planet.

0:54:51.000,0:53:13.000
You know what hearing you talk,

0:53:13.000,0:44:07.000
it almost sounds like we're trying [br]to discover some things about

0:45:47.000,0:53:47.000
Mars.

0:53:47.000,0:55:50.000
You know it's a mile deep beneath the ice,

0:55:50.000,0:54:02.000
it's very difficult to peer around,

0:54:02.000,0:57:12.000
we,

0:57:12.000,0:54:54.000
we don't know a lot of things it.

0:54:54.000,0:50:17.000
It's amazing that we're finding [br]out as much as we do.

0:47:28.000,0:54:08.000
Yeah,

0:54:08.000,0:52:09.000
it's.

0:52:09.000,0:57:29.000
But we,

0:57:29.000,0:46:13.000
we thought that if I cap survey come [br]Casey staging of us and say

0:46:13.000,0:57:15.000
we don't have a thousand [br]kilometers long and,

0:57:15.000,0:52:38.000
back home on each flight there,

0:52:38.000,0:54:19.000
there was an area where they were,

0:54:19.000,0:52:25.000
maybe 2 ground based survey the of [br]whole previous 50 years I had

0:53:25.000,0:55:09.000
talking exploration and we would [br]gather that stay there in an

0:55:09.000,0:44:14.000
8-hour flight and Soviet with further [br]citing it in there were

0:45:54.000,0:49:45.000
still a few places,

0:49:45.000,0:54:07.000
which we hope to get to where it.

0:43:28.000,0:52:21.000
If you were a 15th century make [br]you probably writing here be

0:54:11.000,0:52:03.000
dragons vigorous,

0:52:03.000,0:46:58.000
we still don't have had detailed [br]bedrock there but sadly the map

0:47:38.000,0:50:49.000
is is being filming.

0:44:30.000,0:55:21.000
From Hobart Tasmania.

0:55:21.000,0:45:25.000
We've been talking with Dr. Roland [br]C Warner he's a researcher with

0:47:25.000,0:46:29.000
Australia's Antarctic climate and [br]ecosystems Cooperative Research

0:46:29.000,0:54:50.000
Centre Dr. Roland.

0:54:50.000,0:53:52.000
Thank you so much for sharing [br]your time with us.

0:53:52.000,0:55:43.000
I really appreciate it.

0:47:44.000,0:42:55.000
There's been a blatant.

0:49:55.000,0:55:37.000
I'm Alex Smith reporting for Radio Eco.

0:44:46.000,0:50:59.000
We are back after the online grow [br]your own food summit with the

0:50:59.000,0:48:33.000
organizer Marjorie while Kraft Marjorie [br]remind us just once again

0:49:33.000,0:49:56.000
where you grow your food in the [br]way you operate your homestead

0:49:56.000,0:49:17.000
experiments.

0:54:47.000,0:48:58.000
No,

0:48:58.000,0:43:53.000
I actually I wasn't Central [br]Texas and my homestead,

0:43:53.000,0:54:53.000
is a resort.

0:56:43.000,0:49:08.000
Center dedicated to finding systems [br]and developing systems for you

0:49:08.000,0:49:21.000
to be able to grow having your own [br]food in a backyard cyberspace

0:58:01.000,0:53:44.000
and less than an hour a [br]day pretty tall order.

0:53:44.000,0:51:35.000
But we're working on it.

0:47:46.000,0:55:26.000
Last week,

0:55:26.000,0:56:29.000
you talked about getting her husband [br]and son on board with aqua

0:45:00.000,0:45:04.000
panics is it necessary to have everybody [br]in your family on board

0:45:04.000,0:56:16.000
with this prep gardening style [br]right from the get-go.

0:51:07.000,0:43:18.000
No,

0:43:18.000,0:49:48.000
in fact,

0:49:48.000,0:54:09.000
I'd say that the vast.

0:55:59.000,0:50:03.000
Majority of of people who will [br]consider themselves peppers.

0:50:03.000,0:48:37.000
They have a reluctant spouse or [br]reluctant children and so they

0:49:37.000,0:48:01.000
just you know go and do what they [br]do anyway with growing your own

0:48:01.000,0:58:51.000
food.

0:58:51.000,0:44:16.000
What I would recommend is just get [br]started and the family actually

0:44:46.000,0:54:07.000
starts to get involved in it,

0:54:07.000,0:50:00.000
one of the best ways to get them [br]on board is when you're

0:50:20.000,0:59:30.000
harvesting.

0:59:30.000,0:58:04.000
That's one of the most delightful [br]times especially with kids I got

0:59:24.000,0:52:47.000
I can give you some of the best [br]vegetables to grow for kids.

0:52:47.000,0:45:20.000
It'll make can all must be out there [br]in your yard treating it like

0:45:20.000,0:46:01.000
a snack bar,

0:46:01.000,0:49:11.000
you know,

0:49:11.000,0:57:34.000
there's lot cherry tomatoes that [br]grows so well in the summertime.

0:57:34.000,0:56:57.000
Those kids will be out there fighting [br]forum and in the cooler

0:56:57.000,0:46:42.000
seasons those sugar snap peas are [br]delicious were strawberries.

0:46:42.000,0:52:22.000
You know,

0:52:22.000,0:53:44.000
if you've got some really [br]tasty food out there.

0:53:44.000,0:59:06.000
Those kids will be out there playing [br]with it and that's one way to

0:59:06.000,0:53:10.000
get them involved with it without [br]it even being proper saying

0:54:40.000,1:00:10.000
grain.

0:48:31.000,0:46:24.000
Tell us about your Aqua panic set [br]up what have you done there.

0:56:44.000,0:45:55.000
You know,

0:45:55.000,0:54:15.000
we,

0:54:15.000,0:45:20.000
we've built one and I believe it's [br]like 30 feet long by about 12

0:47:00.000,0:50:55.000
feet wide and it has 150 gallon [br]fish tank and you know I had

0:52:05.000,0:52:48.000
always initially avoided alcoholics [br]because it's a little bit high

0:52:48.000,0:50:22.000
tech you know it's going to involve [br]motor motors and pumps and and

0:50:52.000,0:46:35.000
and things like that which actually [br]ended up being the attraction

0:46:35.000,1:00:47.000
for my husband and my and that's [br]the reason they like it is,

1:00:47.000,0:59:09.000
it's kinda hard.

0:59:09.000,0:48:02.000
I don't even impressed with those systems.

0:48:02.000,0:55:13.000
They do require energy.

0:56:33.000,0:48:27.000
You know you're gonna be needing [br]some solar power wind power or

0:48:27.000,0:49:50.000
the electrical grid which is another [br]reason we had avoided it

0:52:00.000,0:49:33.000
initially we were initially always [br]developing our systems for

0:50:03.000,0:46:08.000
Ingrid down or open that sustainability [br]type of situation,

0:46:08.000,0:57:29.000
but we ended up going with this,

0:57:29.000,0:55:03.000
I I have to say that it is definitely [br]easier to grow food in the

0:55:03.000,0:58:34.000
Arc upon access tomorrow.

0:58:34.000,0:54:19.000
Our first year of experiments are [br]all that way it does require a

0:54:19.000,0:54:33.000
little bit more watching for example [br]that pump goes out your fish

0:54:33.000,0:45:28.000
only have so long before they're [br]gonna need oxygen and and die so

0:46:38.000,0:50:48.000
it,

0:50:48.000,0:57:30.000
it does need a little bit more [br]monitoring like that,

0:57:30.000,1:01:01.000
but on the other hand,

1:01:01.000,1:00:44.000
it really is easier and part of that [br]here in Central Texas it was

0:52:25.000,0:51:46.000
protected from the wind.

0:51:46.000,0:47:39.000
It was protected from extremes [br]of heat and cold.

0:47:39.000,0:49:22.000
You know the plants just grew better [br]the fish created the waste

0:50:32.000,0:55:14.000
that will said the plants and [br]and it worked really well,

0:55:14.000,0:59:14.000
it's a,

0:59:14.000,0:57:45.000
it's a good system.

0:51:56.000,0:55:39.000
You know it's canvas often closest [br]Amin away but it is tricky and

0:55:39.000,1:01:32.000
technical as you say I I've [br]been avoiding it so far.

1:01:32.000,0:46:26.000
Let's talk about perma culture that's [br]another major contender for

0:47:56.000,0:53:09.000
truly sustainable agriculture have [br]you experimented with the food

0:53:09.000,0:57:10.000
for and by the way,

0:57:10.000,1:01:11.000
what is a food for us.

1:00:52.000,0:50:16.000
Well I love food for us and I have [br]to say this is my particular

0:52:26.000,1:01:16.000
favorite.

1:01:56.000,0:51:58.000
Way to grow food.

0:51:58.000,1:01:12.000
The idea of a food forces you create [br]an area that mimics nature in

1:01:12.000,0:57:26.000
that you plant trees and bushes and [br]vines and honorable way errors

0:57:26.000,0:55:21.000
and every plant in there is edible [br]or medicine or beneficial in

0:56:21.000,1:01:13.000
some way and if you look at the forest.

1:01:13.000,0:59:07.000
A 4th does not need any tending right [br]you go to a pristine forest

1:00:37.000,0:55:08.000
and the trees,

0:55:08.000,1:01:41.000
there they drop their leaves their [br]self marching you know they

1:02:21.000,0:51:34.000
they've learned how to manage [br]the water that comes to them.

0:51:34.000,0:54:47.000
Naturally they don't need to be irrigated [br]and they often you know

0:55:57.000,0:50:20.000
there's still some production of [br]food and animals and wildlife

0:53:00.000,0:48:31.000
within it.

0:48:31.000,0:47:04.000
So what we trying to do is create [br]systems like that and then they

0:47:54.000,0:54:27.000
get back and try to maybe had its [br]with a little bit more benefit

0:55:47.000,0:57:51.000
toward us there more investment [br]in time getting up and started

0:58:41.000,1:02:53.000
because a lot of your fruit and [br]nut trees are not gonna start

0:48:04.000,0:49:16.000
producing for 5 to 10 years.

0:49:16.000,0:51:20.000
But once you get them established [br]they're much much less work than

0:54:00.000,0:51:51.000
annual gardens.

1:00:51.000,0:53:45.000
We all know gardening can help seniors [br]maintain their mental and

0:55:15.000,0:53:29.000
physical health much longer but eventually [br]we may not be able to

0:53:29.000,1:01:50.000
handle the heavy work,

1:01:50.000,0:53:14.000
how can we set up a garden to keep [br]going with very little effort.

1:02:14.000,0:49:35.000
Well,

0:49:35.000,0:57:15.000
that's it.

0:57:15.000,0:49:56.000
Exactly,

0:49:56.000,0:57:19.000
that's why food Forrester such and [br]it's it's a real retirement

0:57:19.000,0:48:20.000
plan,

0:48:20.000,0:51:51.000
unlike Social Security,

0:51:51.000,0:53:33.000
which we never really know [br]if that's come along.

0:53:33.000,0:58:45.000
That's going to be a.

0:58:45.000,0:50:19.000
So a real retirement plan is going [br]to be to play at the food for

0:52:59.000,0:55:12.000
store to plant a small orchard right now.

0:55:12.000,1:00:12.000
Well,

1:00:12.000,0:57:06.000
you've got the strength and energy [br]to have that going and then you

0:57:06.000,0:59:17.000
know in your later years.

0:59:17.000,0:48:01.000
It's a lot easier to just harvest [br]apples and it is to be planting

0:59:41.000,0:56:43.000
doing all the work of the annual garden.

0:50:24.000,0:56:47.000
Let's talk about prepping for past [br]side built 2 big raised their

0:56:47.000,0:56:30.000
heads out of some years lumber [br]but I put a wire lying on the

0:56:30.000,1:03:43.000
bottom to keep both the morals of [br]seem to love by rich garden soil

1:03:43.000,0:49:27.000
. What else can we do to encourage [br]passed to stay out of the

0:49:27.000,0:56:27.000
garden.

0:50:58.000,0:56:08.000
Well,

0:56:08.000,0:53:50.000
one thing is to have a more first.

0:58:10.000,0:49:44.000
They have really good rich soil [br]will help reduce your insect

0:53:34.000,0:54:56.000
problems for more than golfers.

0:54:56.000,1:01:06.000
Personally,

1:01:06.000,0:57:49.000
I have a big problem that we have [br]a lot of sand here and I've been

0:57:49.000,0:48:24.000
experimenting with using castor beans [br]as a mole repellent and of

0:49:14.000,1:00:16.000
and I go forward talent and so far [br]it seems to be working very

1:00:16.000,0:53:41.000
well in fact Castro used to be [br]known as as no go for plant.

0:53:41.000,1:01:04.000
One of the realities of having beautiful [br]food source like that as

1:01:04.000,1:01:07.000
you are going to need to have some [br]fencing or some protection from

1:03:47.000,1:01:00.000
everything else that loves to eat [br]your food like raccoons or

1:03:00.000,0:52:42.000
squirrels or rabbits.

0:52:42.000,1:02:04.000
So a good fence around your [br]garden is just a reality.

1:01:05.000,1:03:35.000
Well,

1:03:35.000,0:59:49.000
our about 7 feet high and then we [br]dangle little pieces of cloth

0:59:49.000,0:48:33.000
and colored foil on the top of that [br]to keep the deer from jumping

0:48:33.000,0:52:43.000
in.

0:52:43.000,0:51:26.000
But for the rest we always planned [br]a little extra for all the

0:51:26.000,0:57:58.000
creatures that are gonna [br]eat out of your garden.

0:57:58.000,0:59:59.000
Whether you like it or not.

0:49:30.000,0:54:45.000
That's a very good practice we rely [br]very heavily on 2 dogs to do a

0:54:45.000,0:51:39.000
large part of the protection [br]from the predators here,

0:51:39.000,1:01:51.000
but one of the Dodgers' even really [br]good at spotting overhead

1:03:41.000,0:57:05.000
aerial hawks and Barking and letting [br]everybody know when the Hawks

0:57:05.000,0:54:59.000
are nearby and I find them invaluable [br]they they work all night

1:00:09.000,0:56:41.000
they mostly sleep all day.

0:56:41.000,0:48:54.000
I don't see them very much because [br]I give them the butchering

0:50:34.000,1:04:06.000
scraps from when we do butchering [br]and then they offered just get

1:04:36.000,0:48:48.000
whatever table scraps.

0:48:48.000,0:59:00.000
We don't need and then they they [br]find what they can you know the

1:00:30.000,0:50:44.000
bigger catcher rabbit here and there,

0:50:44.000,1:04:16.000
so they don't really require a lot [br]of input and they do a lot of

1:04:16.000,0:53:37.000
work.

0:49:58.000,0:55:31.000
When I was doing part time [br]firming in eastern Canada.

0:55:31.000,0:57:34.000
The only chemical are used as wrote [br]known it's made from ground-up

0:58:44.000,1:00:48.000
roots of a South American plant and [br]Robert rodeo used it I had to

1:00:48.000,1:03:31.000
use it for the Colorado potato beetle [br]if you have a big planning a

1:03:31.000,0:55:22.000
potatoes.

0:55:22.000,1:05:23.000
We had the couple of acres,

1:05:23.000,0:53:46.000
there's no way to squash [br]all those bugs by hand.

0:53:46.000,0:50:07.000
What do you think.

1:03:07.000,0:52:38.000
You know,

0:52:38.000,1:00:22.000
that's that's a lot of work to manage [br]a couple of caterer this you

1:00:22.000,0:50:36.000
know we all need to be used as much [br]organic processors as possible

1:01:06.000,0:53:50.000
the classic thing was something like [br]a couple of acres of potatoes

1:03:20.000,0:50:02.000
is to pay the kids.

0:50:02.000,1:03:25.000
It used to be a penny bugs and you'd [br]have them go through the rows

0:57:06.000,1:05:38.000
and then they dump out bugs in the [br]account and then you pay them

1:05:38.000,0:57:42.000
that used to be the he to get rid [br]of the goods but Colorado potato

1:00:02.000,1:04:22.000
beetle.

1:02:53.000,1:04:06.000
Could still work today if it gets [br]a neighborhood kids going well

1:05:16.000,1:00:27.000
last week.

1:00:27.000,1:01:50.000
You talked about not needing refrigeration [br]or freezers that we

1:01:50.000,1:01:53.000
could just munch away through the [br]fresh food season but I have to

1:02:43.000,0:54:24.000
admit,

0:54:24.000,0:59:17.000
there are times when we got so much [br]food more that we could give

0:59:17.000,0:51:41.000
away trade even that we needed to [br]freeze some at least until we

0:51:41.000,0:59:54.000
could catch up to our canning [br]and drying I like adding a

0:59:54.000,0:52:47.000
dehydration they don't depend [br]on the grid staying up.

0:52:47.000,1:04:57.000
What about you.

0:55:28.000,0:50:59.000
I do too.

0:50:59.000,1:04:32.000
As I'm not a huge proponent of [br]that and fermentation also as

1:06:12.000,0:56:36.000
another as another method of food storage,

0:56:36.000,0:57:28.000
by the way at the homegrown food summit.

0:57:28.000,0:59:22.000
We have one presentation by Kendra [br]Lynn who'll be showing you how

0:59:22.000,1:04:06.000
to do water about caning and how to [br]do pressure canning and what I

1:04:56.000,0:59:27.000
love about it is,

0:59:27.000,1:02:17.000
you know,

1:02:17.000,1:04:10.000
as some people have a fear of those [br]big pressure because they are

1:04:50.000,1:05:23.000
these big intimidating things and [br]there's the stories of them

1:05:23.000,1:06:24.000
blowing up and stuff,

1:06:24.000,1:03:55.000
right.

1:03:55.000,0:53:08.000
There's no longer a concern about [br]they've built them there now

0:55:18.000,1:05:58.000
face.

1:05:58.000,1:06:29.000
But when you see Kendra.

1:06:29.000,0:57:43.000
Who is this flight and beautiful [br]woman just handling that

0:57:43.000,1:03:07.000
machinery go I can do it and we also [br]have already Hamann is going

1:03:07.000,0:52:21.000
to be doing a whole thing on how [br]to how to preserve food by

0:52:21.000,0:52:05.000
fermentation as well as the health [br]benefits turns up at that

0:52:45.000,0:52:59.000
fermented foods really help your [br]gut bacteria and help you to

0:54:49.000,1:02:00.000
digest a lot better.

1:02:00.000,0:54:44.000
So some of these techniques are actually [br]I can help increase the

0:54:44.000,1:00:46.000
nutrition content of the [br]food you're eating.

0:54:37.000,1:00:10.000
Yeah warranties real gem we've [br]had on radio shock and I still

1:00:10.000,1:00:43.000
check out her blog once a week and [br]it's important to keep up with

1:01:13.000,1:00:56.000
that one of my goals is [br]to build a solar dryer.

1:00:56.000,0:55:47.000
Do you have one.

1:04:07.000,0:51:42.000
We do I used a model based on its [br]side believe it's Appalachian

0:52:42.000,0:51:56.000
State University created this model [br]there's there's lots of other

0:51:56.000,1:05:09.000
ones out there and it has worked really [br]really well now we do tend

1:05:09.000,0:59:11.000
to be a bit drier here in Texas,

0:59:11.000,1:02:24.000
but I found that that model even [br]worked well during the summer's

0:53:25.000,0:54:39.000
the times when we had a wet period [br]that is definitely a technique

0:54:39.000,0:53:52.000
for the poor on preserving [br]food that's a very useful.

1:00:22.000,1:01:15.000
Farmers around here used to throw [br]their pitches up on a Hot Tin

1:01:15.000,0:52:19.000
Roof on one of their shepherds and [br]solar dried them that way and

0:52:19.000,1:06:49.000
it did work.

1:06:49.000,0:51:53.000
Now let me ask you do you let [br]chickens interior garden.

1:02:43.000,1:03:35.000
On rare occasions I do.

0:53:56.000,0:59:29.000
One example was one time my sweet [br]potato showed up with these

1:02:39.000,1:00:42.000
strange looking little beetles [br]that had a shiny.

1:00:42.000,0:53:05.000
It was almost what by chrome shell.

0:53:05.000,0:54:16.000
I have no idea what they were,

0:54:16.000,0:54:38.000
they were and alien Beatles.

0:54:38.000,1:00:28.000
You know,

1:00:28.000,1:08:10.000
normally when I see an insect [br]outbreak like that I think

0:53:21.000,0:59:23.000
immediately that my plants are [br]stressed and they need some

1:01:13.000,0:56:16.000
nutrients you know some some some [br]sort of nutrient thing and I'll

0:56:56.000,0:53:27.000
try to get them,

0:53:27.000,0:58:17.000
you know,

0:58:17.000,1:00:50.000
liquid seaweed or some homemade [br]compost or something.

1:00:50.000,1:06:42.000
But in the short term immediate [br]what I do that.

1:06:42.000,1:08:56.000
The chickens in there and chickens [br]are naturally insect they love

0:59:27.000,1:09:00.000
insects first but I watch them innocent [br]of their gun getting all

0:52:51.000,0:57:12.000
the insects then you wanna kick'em

0:57:12.000,0:58:14.000
out of the garden because then they'll [br]start scratching up the

0:58:14.000,0:59:55.000
rest of your pricing ads.

1:02:45.000,0:55:16.000
I do,

0:55:16.000,0:53:00.000
they will scratch about so aren't [br]that after all your YouTube

0:54:50.000,0:52:54.000
videos your best selling grow your [br]own groceries course that you

0:53:54.000,0:52:46.000
hear from gardeners all over the world.

0:52:46.000,0:58:16.000
Do you.

1:04:46.000,1:04:30.000
We don't know and we have a very [br]active network of people they

1:06:10.000,0:57:11.000
contribute.

0:58:01.000,0:59:33.000
Things that they're discovering [br]in there that that they're

1:00:13.000,0:58:36.000
learning and we're very excited [br]about that and want to develop

1:00:16.000,1:05:00.000
that further well actually creating [br]also a network of places just

1:05:50.000,0:59:03.000
like our place where we're doing [br]research on different ways to

0:59:03.000,1:03:46.000
grow food other places that are doing [br]that are starting to become

1:04:46.000,0:55:40.000
network together and sharing results [br]and making it available to

0:55:40.000,1:06:24.000
them to everybody really I feel Alex [br]this solution is gonna come

1:07:14.000,0:54:27.000
from you and for me and from,

0:54:27.000,1:06:10.000
you know I mean anybody even hardly [br]an example Leslie Leslie

1:06:10.000,1:02:44.000
Parsons works still works full [br]time and she only has a small

1:02:44.000,1:00:55.000
garden.

1:00:55.000,1:00:38.000
She's very passionate about Squire [br]should about 2 hundred square

1:00:38.000,0:55:21.000
foot garden and so she's been doing [br]all these experiments were

0:57:31.000,0:57:44.000
squash she's come up with a couple [br]of varieties that are resistant

0:59:44.000,0:53:58.000
of the squash vine borer which is [br]a horrible problem for people

0:59:08.000,1:06:11.000
and squash is such a good [br]important calorie crop.

1:06:11.000,1:05:25.000
So you know she's only doing this [br]part time in a 200ft² garden.

1:05:25.000,1:00:37.000
She has done really,

1:00:37.000,1:10:20.000
really valuable research on of [br]a crop that's resistant to the

1:10:20.000,1:08:23.000
squash vine borer which is hugely [br]important to the rest of us

0:58:04.000,1:08:27.000
she's publishing that work on our [br]our blog and making it available

1:08:27.000,1:03:10.000
to other people and creating a [br]whole discussion about it now.

1:03:10.000,0:55:33.000
Other people are trying it and duplicating [br]our work and getting

0:57:13.000,1:06:54.000
feedback to her.

1:06:54.000,1:05:06.000
This is how it's gonna happen.

1:05:06.000,1:04:08.000
Monsanto is not here to help us,

1:04:08.000,1:01:50.000
the USDA is not here to help us.

1:01:50.000,0:54:32.000
Unfortunately our own government.

0:54:32.000,1:00:13.000
While it does try.

1:00:13.000,1:04:06.000
It's actually still we we controlled [br]by the big companies.

1:04:06.000,1:03:59.000
This is gonna be a problem that can [br]only be solved by you and me

1:03:59.000,1:04:42.000
and by individuals and neighbors [br]working together and that's the

1:04:42.000,0:55:47.000
whole reason for for what I do is [br]working at this grassroots level

1:01:27.000,0:55:51.000
of coming up with real solutions [br]for you to create your own food

0:55:51.000,1:05:41.000
and medicine.

0:58:02.000,1:08:25.000
What would you say the number one [br]concern people razor or the

0:54:36.000,0:55:10.000
block that prevents them in their [br]own minds from getting going on

0:55:50.000,1:03:31.000
growing their own groceries.

0:58:22.000,1:05:55.000
I think most people think that it's [br]gonna be a lot of work and

1:05:55.000,1:00:08.000
they're not going to get much [br]production out of it.

1:00:08.000,0:58:22.000
It's also were also such an instant [br]gratification such high if it

1:05:52.000,1:07:06.000
take my son can with barbed work [br]on a guitar and look at the Xbox

1:07:06.000,0:56:28.000
and like in 5 minutes.

0:56:28.000,1:00:02.000
He's a rock star okay with with that [br]then and I just doesn't have

1:00:02.000,1:10:05.000
. And in the garden things take [br]2 to 3 months to mature.

1:10:05.000,0:55:11.000
So it's adjusting to life style that's [br]actually more human scale

1:00:11.000,0:56:13.000
is a pretty big block.

0:56:13.000,0:56:14.000
I would say though,

0:56:14.000,0:57:07.000
that's probably one of the things [br]you're most Hungarian for in

0:57:07.000,1:07:37.000
your life.

0:59:48.000,0:57:01.000
You know it's strange a start following [br]your heart into something

0:57:01.000,1:01:34.000
as you did with personal food growing [br]and I could also call that

1:02:14.000,1:09:25.000
personal liberty,

1:09:25.000,0:55:29.000
then you teacher communicate you [br]connect a normal suddenly you

0:56:59.000,1:00:41.000
Marjorie while Kraft have [br]become kind of a,

1:00:41.000,0:55:43.000
a one-woman movement on your own.

0:55:43.000,1:08:33.000
Isn't it strange.

1:02:24.000,1:06:45.000
It is it,

1:06:45.000,1:11:48.000
it's only a review as about this week.

1:11:48.000,1:11:11.000
15 years ago our view to told me [br]what I will girl what I'd be

0:55:42.000,1:11:54.000
doing Iacocca where have no no no,

1:11:54.000,1:10:27.000
or you know you know life [br]is amazing adventures a.

1:05:20.000,1:09:20.000
Well,

1:09:20.000,0:59:14.000
I want to take your DVD course what's [br]in it and why does it cost.

1:07:24.000,1:11:58.000
Well know said it's it's 2 DVDs [br]and then it includes a CD-ROM

0:56:19.000,1:03:02.000
that's a whole library of documents [br]to support it and I,

1:03:02.000,1:05:42.000
one,

1:05:42.000,1:08:25.000
it's basically like me taken you [br]by the hand and taking you

1:09:45.000,1:03:40.000
through my homestead here and showing [br]you how I grow food and I'm

1:04:30.000,1:07:50.000
like,

1:07:50.000,1:00:21.000
you know.

1:00:21.000,1:02:44.000
Here's the water tanks were set [br]up to catch rainwater and oh by

1:02:44.000,1:10:26.000
the way we overbuilt it [br]it was a huge mistake.

1:10:26.000,1:01:50.000
Please don't make it this big and [br]then he a place where we started

1:02:50.000,1:08:52.000
a garden and here's another place [br]we started a garden and these

1:08:52.000,1:04:35.000
are the reasons why those gardens [br]totally sucked in failed.

1:04:35.000,0:57:29.000
But here's where we put our other [br]garden and this is working,

0:57:29.000,1:03:11.000
and here's the gardening method [br]that years because this is the

1:03:11.000,1:06:03.000
most efficient one and I've [br]tried all these other ones,

1:06:03.000,1:10:16.000
but this is the one that I really [br]like and here's where I keep the

1:10:16.000,1:08:59.000
rabbits and I put them right here [br]next to the garden because

1:08:59.000,1:09:12.000
outweigh their fertility can help [br]me and it's real simple and easy

1:09:12.000,1:02:43.000
to do this.

1:02:43.000,1:03:14.000
This way,

1:03:14.000,1:10:26.000
and here's my flock of chickens [br]and here's the reason I have'em

1:10:26.000,0:58:39.000
like this and here's the dogs and oh,

0:58:39.000,1:00:10.000
look at this is the size.

1:01:50.000,1:08:04.000
And you really need to keep this [br]out of the garden right and

1:09:14.000,1:04:17.000
here's my orchard and all the [br]experiments with the trees.

1:04:17.000,1:11:37.000
We've done.

1:11:37.000,1:04:10.000
And this is why these died in of lived in,

1:04:10.000,1:06:33.000
you know I just take you and show [br]you everything that I go through

1:08:43.000,1:11:16.000
ND and in even the maturing [br]process viewers how you,

1:11:16.000,1:07:20.000
but your rabbit and here's how you [br]butchered chicken India is what

1:08:10.000,1:10:52.000
you do with all the parts [br]of those animals.

1:10:52.000,1:00:33.000
That's it.

1:00:33.000,0:58:34.000
It's really,

0:58:34.000,1:07:17.000
you know to 2 videos that they chose [br]you all those components and

1:07:17.000,1:10:59.000
then again that library [br]the resource library.

1:10:59.000,1:12:01.000
So you know I talk about a rainwater [br]collection system.

1:12:01.000,1:04:44.000
We have a whole rainwater collection [br]system e-book in their own

1:05:14.000,1:03:26.000
how to how to build one.

1:03:26.000,0:59:58.000
I talk about you know butchering a rabbit.

0:59:58.000,1:01:32.000
And then we have a whole article [br]on how to channel rabbit hides

1:02:02.000,1:01:35.000
that we'll be able to use those effectively [br]or you know we've got

1:02:15.000,1:05:20.000
5 different PDF different ways to [br]compost fertility so important.

1:05:20.000,0:58:22.000
So that's what it's,

0:58:22.000,1:10:22.000
it's all about,

1:10:22.000,1:09:55.000
it's a grow your own groceries.com [br]and its$37

1:10:55.000,1:07:19.000
for the 4th but I tell you what I'd [br]really recommend you go to the

1:07:19.000,1:07:23.000
home-grown food summit and watch [br]that presentation I have on how

1:07:23.000,1:10:06.000
to grow half year on food in your [br]backyard in less than an hour a

1:10:06.000,1:07:27.000
day.

1:07:27.000,1:00:51.000
Take a look at that and say you know [br]that'll really inspire you do

1:01:31.000,1:01:32.000
that you could do this,

1:01:32.000,1:03:25.000
you can get their systems up and [br]running in about 6 months and be

1:05:25.000,1:04:39.000
producing half your own food in [br]less than an hour a day by next

1:04:39.000,1:08:09.000
year.

1:02:00.000,1:12:53.000
I'd love to do it now Marjorie what [br]will your next project be or

1:00:44.000,1:04:05.000
is it too soon to tell.

1:14:35.000,1:09:16.000
Well,

1:09:16.000,1:11:39.000
we've got a lot of irons in the [br]fire and after this summit,

1:11:39.000,1:11:42.000
we're going to look at what [br]will have the most impact,

1:11:42.000,1:02:37.000
to be able to have more home-grown [br]food on every table,

1:02:37.000,1:02:50.000
we're looking at doing some stuff [br]in partnership with Mike Adams

1:02:50.000,1:09:33.000
of the natural news and possibly [br]working on some developing some

1:11:13.000,1:08:56.000
programs to get local food into schools.

1:08:56.000,1:10:37.000
We've got a whole,

1:10:37.000,1:07:50.000
you know I don't also developing [br]that network of research

1:12:40.000,1:05:12.000
organizations.

1:05:12.000,1:04:23.000
There's a lot on the table,

1:04:23.000,1:08:54.000
we haven't yet figured that out.

0:58:45.000,1:07:47.000
We've been talking with Marjorie [br]while craft of grow your own

1:07:47.000,1:10:31.000
groceries.com her DVD Guide to Growing [br]in your own backyard is a

0:59:02.000,1:07:52.000
bestseller,

1:07:52.000,1:14:25.000
her free YouTube videos and growing [br]your own food a really popular

1:02:36.000,1:00:09.000
and Marjorie recently organized [br]the biggest online summit

1:02:39.000,1:14:12.000
dedicated to growing homegrown food [br]I'll be putting links to all

1:14:12.000,1:08:36.000
of that in my shell blog equal [br]shot.info Marjorie.

1:08:36.000,1:05:08.000
Thank you so much for helping all of us.

1:03:49.000,1:09:29.000
Alex.

1:09:29.000,1:09:50.000
Thanks for having they are.

1:09:50.000,1:10:21.000
I really appreciate it.

1:00:52.000,1:14:14.000
I'm Alex Smith reporting [br]for Radio Eco Shah.

1:11:18.000,1:13:01.000
I'm dropping my own garden right [br]now with raised beds,

1:13:01.000,1:12:25.000
a better compost bin nets for the [br]raspberries and 80 inches of

1:12:25.000,1:00:57.000
mulch all around.

1:00:57.000,1:05:11.000
Find all our past programs as MP3 [br]downloads at our website eco

1:05:11.000,1:09:12.000
shark.org.

1:09:12.000,0:59:36.000
Don't forget to follow up on links [br]for this week show in my weekly

0:59:36.000,1:09:50.000
blog published Wednesday that it shock.info [br]or listen to the sound

1:09:50.000,1:02:45.000
card page had sown cloud.com/Radio [br]Eco shock.

1:02:45.000,1:05:26.000
I'm a locksmith.

1:05:26.000,1:12:59.000
Thank you for listening and I hope [br]we will get together again next