[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.10,0:00:30.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've been spending my summers
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.24,0:00:34.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the Marine Biological Laboratory in \NWoods Hole, Massachusetts
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.15,0:00:39.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there, what I've been doing is\Nessentially renting a boat.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.41,0:00:41.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I would like to do \Nis to ask you
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.74,0:00:45.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to come on a boat ride with me tonight.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.17,0:00:50.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we ride off from Eel Pond into\Nthe Vineyard South,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.94,0:00:53.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right off the coast of Martha's Vineyard,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.60,0:00:56.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,equipped with a drone to\Nidentify potential spots
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.97,0:00:59.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from which to peer into the Atlantic.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.42,0:01:00.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Earlier I was going to say
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.83,0:01:02.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the depths of the Atlantic,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.86,0:01:06.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we don't have to go too deep\Nto reach the unknown.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.71,0:01:09.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here, barely two miles away,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.24,0:01:13.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from what is arguably the greatest\Nmarine biology lab in the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.82,0:01:16.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we lower a simple plankton net\Ninto the water
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.01,0:01:22.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and bring up into the surface things\Nthat humanity rarely pays attention to
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.37,0:01:25.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and oftentimes, have never seen before.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.69,0:01:28.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here is one of the organisms\Nthat we caught in our net,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.70,0:01:30.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is a jellyfish.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.28,0:01:34.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But look closely, living inside this\Nanimal is another organism
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.42,0:01:37.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is very likely entirely \Nnew to science.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.26,0:01:39.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A complete new species.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.52,0:01:42.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or how about this other \Ntransparent beauty?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.21,0:01:45.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With a beating heart, \Nasexually growing,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.70,0:01:47.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on top of its head,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.29,0:01:50.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,progeny that will move on to\Nreproduce sexually.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.82,0:01:52.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now let me say that again,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.44,0:01:54.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this animal is growing asexually,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.68,0:01:56.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on top of its head,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.18,0:02:01.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,progeny that is going to reproduce\Nsexually in the next generation.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.45,0:02:04.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A weird jellyfish, not quite,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.21,0:02:07.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is an ascidian,\Nthis is a group of animals
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.24,0:02:10.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that now we know we share \Nextensive genomic ancestry with,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.09,0:02:16.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it is perhaps the closest \Ninvertebrate species to our own.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.68,0:02:19.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meet your cousin,\NThalia democratica
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.78,0:02:21.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.44,0:02:23.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm pretty sure you didn't \Nsave a spot
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.97,0:02:26.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in your last family reunion for Thalia.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.89,0:02:28.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, let me tell you,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.58,0:02:31.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these animals are profoundly related to us
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.01,0:02:35.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in ways we are just \Nbeginning to understand.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.92,0:02:40.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Next time you hear anybody \Nderisively telling you
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.64,0:02:44.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this type of research is a\Nsimple fishing expedition,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.58,0:02:47.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I hope that you remember\Nthe trip that we just took.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.99,0:02:51.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, many biological sciences\Nonly see value
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.70,0:02:54.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in studying deeper what we \Nalready know,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.56,0:02:57.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In mapping already discovered continents.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.51,0:03:00.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But some of us are much more \Ninterested in the unknown,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.76,0:03:05.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we want to discover completely \Nnew continents,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.18,0:03:08.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and gaze at magnificent vistas\Nof ignorance.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.98,0:03:12.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We crave the experience of being\Ncompletely baffled
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.07,0:03:15.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by something we have \Nnever seen before.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.39,0:03:20.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yes, I agree that there's a lot of\Nego satisfaction in being able to say
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.31,0:03:23.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Hey, I was the first one \Nto discover that."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.49,0:03:26.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is not a self-aggrandizing\Nenterprise
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.37,0:03:29.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because in this type of \Ndiscovery research,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.08,0:03:32.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you don't feel like a complete \Nidiot most of the time,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.73,0:03:35.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're just not science-ing\Nhard enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.24,0:03:36.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.25,0:03:44.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every summer, I bring onto the deck\Nof this little boat of ours,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.30,0:03:47.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more and more things that\Nwe know very little about.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.02,0:03:50.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very, very, very little about.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.26,0:03:54.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would like to tell you tonight,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.54,0:03:57.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a story about life that\Nrarely gets told
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.41,0:04:00.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in an environment like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.77,0:04:05.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From the vantage point of\Nour 21st biological laboratories,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.06,0:04:08.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our 21st century\Nbiological laboratories,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.84,0:04:10.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have began to illuminate\N
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.71,0:04:13.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many mysteries of life with knowledge.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.46,0:04:16.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We sensed that after centuries\Nof scientific research,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.96,0:04:20.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're beginning to make significant\Ninroads into understanding
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.07,0:04:23.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of the most fundamental\Nprinciples of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.81,0:04:26.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our collective optimism is reflected\N
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.53,0:04:30.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the growth of biotechnology\Nacross the globe.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.90,0:04:36.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Striving to utilize scientific knowledge\Nto cure human diseases,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.22,0:04:41.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,things like cancer, aging,\Ndegeneretive diseases,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.04,0:04:46.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these are but some of the \Nundesirables we wish to tame.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.16,0:04:48.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I often wonder is,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.86,0:04:51.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Why is it that we are\Nhaving so much trouble
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.83,0:04:54.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trying to solve the \Nproblem of cancer?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.59,0:04:57.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it that we're trying to solve\Nthe problem of cancer,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.90,0:05:00.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not trying to\Nunderstand life?"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.12,0:05:04.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Life on this planet \Nshares a common origin.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.37,0:05:09.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can summarize 3.5 billion years\Nof the history of life on this planet
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.25,0:05:10.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a single slide.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.99,0:05:12.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you see represented here
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.83,0:05:14.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are all known species,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.19,0:05:17.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,representative of all \Nknown species of our planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.58,0:05:20.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this immensity of life\Nand biodiversity
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.24,0:05:25.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we occupy a rather\Nunremarkable position.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.22,0:05:29.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Homo sapiens,\Nthe last of our kind.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.65,0:05:32.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And though I don't really\Nwant to disparage at all
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.88,0:05:34.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the accomplishments\Nof our species,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.93,0:05:37.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as much as we wish it to be so,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.35,0:05:39.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and often pretend that it is so,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.81,0:05:43.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are not the measure of all things.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.51,0:05:47.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are, however, the measurers\Nof many things.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.51,0:05:51.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We relentlessly quantify, \Nanalyze and compare,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.16,0:05:55.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and some of these are absolutely\Ninvaluable and indeed necessary,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.78,0:05:58.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this emphasis today,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.12,0:06:01.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on forcing biological research\Nto specialize,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.02,0:06:04.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to produce practical outcomes,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.67,0:06:08.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is actually restricting our ability\Nto interrogate life,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.48,0:06:13.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to accept only narrow confines\Nand unsatisfying depths.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.26,0:06:18.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are measuring an astonishingly\Nnarrow sliver of life,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.30,0:06:22.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and hoping that those numbers\Nwill save all of our lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.54,0:06:24.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How narrow, you ask?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.12,0:06:25.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well let me give you a number,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.69,0:06:28.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The National Oceanic and Atmospheric\NAdministration
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.73,0:06:34.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,recently estimated, that about 95% \Nof our oceans remain unexplored.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.84,0:06:37.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now let that sink in for a second.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.31,0:06:41.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,95% of our oceans \Nremain unexplored.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.04,0:06:46.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it's very safe to say\Nthat we don't even know
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.41,0:06:49.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how much about life\Nwe do not know.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.11,0:06:52.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's no surprise that every \Nweek in my field
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.97,0:06:56.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we begin to see the addition\Nof more and more new species
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.16,0:06:58.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to this amazing tree of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.53,0:06:59.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This one for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.90,0:07:01.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,discovered earlier this summer,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.86,0:07:06.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,new to science and now occupying\Nits lonely branch in a family tree.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.92,0:07:09.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is even more tragic is that \Nwe know about
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.15,0:07:11.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a bunch of other species of \Nanimals out there,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.88,0:07:15.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but their biology remains\Nsorely understudied,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.61,0:07:18.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm sure some of you have heard\Nabout the fact that
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.31,0:07:21.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a starfish can actually regenerate\Nits arm after it's loss,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.100,0:07:23.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but some of you might not know
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.66,0:07:28.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the arm itself can actually\Nregenerate a complete starfish.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.68,0:07:33.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are animals out there \Nthat do truly astounding things,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.57,0:07:35.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm almost willing to bet,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.51,0:07:38.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that many of you have never heard\Nof the flatworm
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.80,0:07:41.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Schmidtea mediterranea.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.11,0:07:46.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This little guy right here does things\Nthat essentially just blows my mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.91,0:07:50.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can grab one of these animals\Nand cut them into 18 different fragments,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.80,0:07:52.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and each and every one of those fragments
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.91,0:07:58.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will go on to regenerate a complete\Nanimal in under two weeks.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.39,0:08:03.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,18 heads, 18 bodies, 18 mysteries.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.07,0:08:05.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the past decade and a half or so,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.39,0:08:09.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've been trying to figure out how\Nthese little dudes do what they do,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.28,0:08:11.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how they pull this body trick off?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.46,0:08:13.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But like all good magicians,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.19,0:08:15.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're not really releasing their\Nsecrets readily to me.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.69,0:08:17.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.22,0:08:22.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here we are, after 20 years\Nof essentially studying these animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.76,0:08:25.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,genome mapping, chin scratching,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.14,0:08:28.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thousands of amputations and \Nthousands of regenerations,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.25,0:08:29.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we still don't fully understand
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.92,0:08:32.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how these animals do\Nwhat they do.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.60,0:08:36.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each planaria, an ocean\Nunto itself,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.09,0:08:38.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,full of unknowns.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.50,0:08:41.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, one of the common characteristics\Nof all these animals
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.37,0:08:43.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have been talking to you about is that
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.50,0:08:46.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they did not appear to have \Nreceived the memo,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.30,0:08:50.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they need to behave according\Nto the rules that we have derived
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.14,0:08:54.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from a handful of randomly selected\Nanimals that currently populate
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.41,0:08:58.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the vast majority of biomedical \Nlaboratories across the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.91,0:09:01.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meet our Nobel Prize winners,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.13,0:09:04.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,7 species, essentially,\Nthat have produced for us
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.100,0:09:09.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the bulk of our understanding\Nof biological behavior today.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.94,0:09:11.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This little guy right here,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.76,0:09:14.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,3 Nobel Prizes in 12 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.95,0:09:17.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet, after all the attention\Nthey have garnered
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.41,0:09:21.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all the noise they have generated\Nas well as the lion share of the funding,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.28,0:09:25.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here we are standing in front of the \Nsame litany of tractable problems
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.58,0:09:27.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and many new challenges.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.74,0:09:29.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's because, unfortunately,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.66,0:09:37.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these 7 animals correspond to \N0.00009% of all of the species
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.46,0:09:40.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that inhabit the planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.75,0:09:43.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I'm beginning to suspect that
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.29,0:09:47.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our specialization is beginning to\Nimpede our progress at best,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.17,0:09:50.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and at worst, leading us astray.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.96,0:09:54.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's because life on this \Nplanet and its history
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.06,0:09:56.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the history of rule breakers.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.19,0:09:59.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Life started on the face of this \Nplanet as single-cell organisms,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.50,0:10:01.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,swimming for millions of years\Nin the ocean,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.80,0:10:04.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until one of those creatures \Ndecided that,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.22,0:10:06.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I'm going to do things \Ndifferently today,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.15,0:10:09.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,today I would like to invent\Nsomething called Multicellularity,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.24,0:10:10.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to do this."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.25,0:10:12.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm sure it was not a popular\Ndecision at the time,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.46,0:10:13.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.33,0:10:15.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but somehow it managed to do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.77,0:10:18.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, Multicellular organisms\Nbegan to populate
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.44,0:10:21.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all these ancestral oceans,\Nand they thrived,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.12,0:10:23.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we have them here today.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.52,0:10:26.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Land masses began to merge\Nfrom the surfaces of the oceans,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.58,0:10:27.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and another creature thought,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.97,0:10:30.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Hey, that looks like a really nice\Npiece of real estate,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.63,0:10:31.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd like to move over there.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.99,0:10:33.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What, are you crazy?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.10,0:10:36.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're going to dessicate out there,\Nnothing can live out of water."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.18,0:10:37.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But life found a way,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.54,0:10:40.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there are organisms now\Nof course that live on land.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.11,0:10:42.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once on land, they may have looked up\Ninto the sky and said,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.55,0:10:45.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Hey, it'd be nice to go to the clouds,\NI'm going to fly!
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.13,0:10:48.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can't break the law of gravity,\Nthere's no way you can fly."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.60,0:10:53.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet, nature has invented\Nmultiple and independent times
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.19,0:10:55.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ways to fly.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.13,0:10:57.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I love to study animals \Nthat break the rules
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.73,0:11:01.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because every time they break a rule,\Nthey invent something new
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.12,0:11:05.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that made it possible for us\Nto be able to be here today.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.55,0:11:07.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These animals did not\Nget the memo,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.67,0:11:09.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they have broken the rules.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.30,0:11:11.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if we are going to study\Nanimals that break the rules,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.81,0:11:16.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shouldn't how we study them\Nalso break the rules?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.06,0:11:20.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think that we need to renew\Nour spirit of exploration,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.18,0:11:23.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than bringing nature into\Nour laboratories and interrogating them,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.94,0:11:28.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to bring our science into\Nthe majestic laboratory that is nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.38,0:11:32.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there, with our modern \Ntechnological armamentarium,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.35,0:11:35.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,interrogate every new form of \Nlife we find
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.44,0:11:39.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and any new biological attribute\Nthat we may find.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.28,0:11:43.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We actually need to bring all \Nof our intelligence
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.08,0:11:45.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to becoming stupid again.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.50,0:11:47.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Clueless in the immensity,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.46,0:11:49.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in front of the immensity\Nof the unknown.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.81,0:11:51.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because, after all,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.18,0:11:56.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,science is not really about knowledge,\Nscience is about ignorance,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.15,0:11:57.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's what we do.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.68,0:11:59.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if we're serious about this,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.11,0:12:01.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are going to have to start\Nseriously supporting
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.28,0:12:03.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those institutions that make it\Npossible
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.66,0:12:05.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for discovery research to take place.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.71,0:12:06.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Institutions like our own
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.87,0:12:10.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stowers Institute for Medical Research\Nin Kansas City, Missouri,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.26,0:12:14.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the National Institute of General \NMedical Science in Bethesda, Maryland,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.35,0:12:16.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of course our gateway\Nto biodiversity,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.60,0:12:20.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Marine Biological Laboratory\Nin Woods Hole, Massachusetts.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.72,0:12:24.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have been very fortunate to be able\Nto do some of this training myself,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.96,0:12:27.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it is a pleasure for me
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.46,0:12:30.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to actually grab students out of the\Nconfines of their laboratories
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.84,0:12:32.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,away from their computers and\Ntheir catalogues,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.75,0:12:37.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and throw them into the world\Nof discovery and exploration.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.58,0:12:43.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is an immense pleasure,\Na real pleasure to actually see
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.54,0:12:48.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how these bright, young minds'\Ncuriosity spreads its wings
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.13,0:12:52.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and flies away when faced\Nwith the unknown.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.04,0:12:55.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is how we become\Nreal scientists.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.49,0:12:58.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we need these people\Nto actually go out there
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.88,0:13:01.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and ask the better questions \Nthat will bring us closer
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.98,0:13:04.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the answers that we seek.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.69,0:13:07.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Antoine de Saint-Exupery\Nactually wrote
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.87,0:13:09.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that if you want to build a ship,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.67,0:13:11.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't drum up people to collect wood
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.59,0:13:13.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and don't assign them tasks and work,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.79,0:13:18.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but rather teach them to long for\Nthe endless immensity of the sea.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.45,0:13:20.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a scientist and a teacher,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.24,0:13:22.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I like to paraphrase this to read,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.16,0:13:25.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we scientists need to\Nteach our students
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.23,0:13:27.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to long for the endless immensity\Nof the sea
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.56,0:13:30.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is our ignorance.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.38,0:13:34.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We, Homo sapiens, are the only\Nspecies we know of
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.30,0:13:37.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is driven to scientific inquiry,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.35,0:13:39.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we, like all other species on this planet
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.62,0:13:44.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are inextricably woven into the \Nhistory of life in this planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.69,0:13:47.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think that I'm a little wrong when\NI say that life is a mystery,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.88,0:13:50.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I think that life is\Nactually an open secret
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.62,0:13:55.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that has been beckoning our species\Nfor millennia to understand it.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.22,0:13:56.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I ask you,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.88,0:14:00.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are we the best chance that \Nlife has to know itself?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.97,0:14:04.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if so, what the heck\Nare we waiting for?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.24,0:14:07.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to do things differently.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.89,0:14:09.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tonight I'm going to ask you
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.70,0:14:14.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to please help us build the \Ngreatest discovery research vessel
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.06,0:14:16.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the history of humankind.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.33,0:14:17.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Call your legislators,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.90,0:14:20.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ask them to fund basic discovery research,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.61,0:14:23.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,support and give what you can\Nto institutions such as these
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.67,0:14:26.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are dedicated to discovery research,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.87,0:14:30.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and hop on board with us\Non a grand expedition
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.46,0:14:34.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to radically transform our \Nunderstanding of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.36,0:14:35.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And along the way,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.82,0:14:40.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,change the way we do\Nbiomedical research forever.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.11,0:14:41.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.26,0:14:45.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)