[Script Info] Title: [Events] Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.24,0:00:32.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've been spending my summers\Nin the marine biological laboratory Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.59,0:00:34.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.13,0:00:39.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there, what I've been doing\Nis essentially renting a boat. Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.32,0:00:41.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I would like to do is ask you Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.94,0:00:44.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to come on a boat ride with me tonight. Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.04,0:00:50.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we ride off from Eel Pond\Ninto Vineyard Sound, Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.95,0:00:53.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right off the coast of Martha's Vineyard, Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.49,0:00:56.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,equipped with a drone\Nto identify potential spots Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.85,0:00:59.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from which to peer into the Atlantic. Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.35,0:01:02.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Earlier, I was going to say\Ninto the depths of the Atlantic, Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.65,0:01:05.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we don't have to go too deep\Nto reach the unknown. Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.51,0:01:09.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here, barely two miles away Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.11,0:01:13.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from what is arguably the greatest\Nmarine biology lab in the world, Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.68,0:01:16.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we lower a simple\Nplankton net into the water Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.92,0:01:18.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and bring up to the surface Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.77,0:01:22.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,things that humanity rarely\Npays any attention to, Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.19,0:01:24.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and oftentimes has never seen before. Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.46,0:01:28.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's one of the organisms\Nthat we caught in our net. Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.43,0:01:29.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a jellyfish. Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.08,0:01:31.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But look closely, Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.42,0:01:34.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and living inside of this animal\Nis another organism Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.43,0:01:37.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is very likely\Nentirely new to science. Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.16,0:01:38.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A complete new species. Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.32,0:01:42.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or how about this other transparent beauty Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.04,0:01:43.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a beating heart, Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.61,0:01:47.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,asexually growing on top of its head, Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.06,0:01:50.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,progeny that will move on\Nto reproduce sexually. Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.75,0:01:52.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me say that again: Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.26,0:01:55.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this animal is growing asexually\Non top of its head, Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.97,0:02:00.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,progeny that is going to reproduce\Nsexually in the next generation. Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.16,0:02:02.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A weird jellyfish? Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.100,0:02:04.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not quite. Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.33,0:02:05.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an ascidian. Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.97,0:02:07.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a group of animals Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.28,0:02:11.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that now we know we share\Nextensive genomic ancestry with, Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.05,0:02:15.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it is perhaps the closest\Ninvertebrate species to our own. Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.58,0:02:17.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meet your cousin, Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.97,0:02:19.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thalia democratica. Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.42,0:02:21.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.40,0:02:25.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm pretty sure you didn't save a spot\Nat your last family reunion Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.42,0:02:26.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for Thalia, Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.88,0:02:28.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but let me tell you, Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.55,0:02:31.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these animals are profoundly related to us Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.90,0:02:34.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in ways that we're just\Nbeginning to understand. Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.36,0:02:40.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, next time you hear anybody\Nderisively telling you Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.51,0:02:44.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this type of research\Nis a simple fishing expedition, Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.43,0:02:47.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I hope that you'll remember\Nthe trip that we just took. Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.88,0:02:51.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, many of the biological\Nsciences only see value Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.74,0:02:54.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in studying deeper what we already know -- Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.31,0:02:56.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in mapping already-discovered continents. Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.30,0:03:00.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But some of us are much more\Ninterested in the unknown. Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.05,0:03:04.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We want to discover\Ncompletely new continents, Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.02,0:03:08.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and gaze at magnificent\Nvistas of ignorance. Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.87,0:03:12.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We crave the experience\Nof being completely baffled Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.99,0:03:15.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by something we've never seen before. Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.19,0:03:16.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yes, I agree Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.49,0:03:20.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's a lot of little ego satisfaction\Nin being able to say, Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.31,0:03:22.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Hey, I was the first one\Nto discover that." Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.30,0:03:26.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is not\Na self-aggrandizing enterprise, Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.23,0:03:28.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because in this type\Nof discovery research, Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.96,0:03:32.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you don't feel like a complete\Nidiot most of the time, Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.60,0:03:34.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're just not sciencing hard enough. Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.90,0:03:36.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.21,0:03:44.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So every summer I bring onto the deck\Nof this little boat of ours Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.22,0:03:49.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more and more things\Nthat we know very little about. Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.82,0:03:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would like tonight\Nto tell you a story about life Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.03,0:03:59.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that rarely gets told\Nin an environment like this. Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.62,0:04:07.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From the vantage point of our 21st-century\Nbiological laboratories, Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.77,0:04:12.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have begun to illuminate\Nmany mysteries of life with knowledge. Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.37,0:04:17.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We sense that after centuries\Nof scientific research, Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.03,0:04:19.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're beginning to make\Nsignificant inroads Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.16,0:04:23.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into understanding some of the most\Nfundamental principles of life. Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.72,0:04:28.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our collective optimism is reflected\Nby the growth of biotechnology Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.75,0:04:30.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,across the globe, Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.83,0:04:35.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,striving to utilize scientific knowledge\Nto cure human diseases. Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.08,0:04:41.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Things like cancer, aging,\Ndegenerative diseases; Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.95,0:04:46.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these are but some\Nof the undesirables we wish to tame. Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.22,0:04:48.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I often wonder: Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.68,0:04:51.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why is it that we are having\Nso much trouble Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.87,0:04:54.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trying to solve the problem of cancer? Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.50,0:04:57.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it that we're trying to solve\Nthe problem of cancer, Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.77,0:05:00.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not trying to understand life? Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.06,0:05:04.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Life on this planet\Nshares a common origin, Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.27,0:05:09.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I can summarize 3.5 billion years\Nof the history of life on this planet Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.35,0:05:10.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a single slide. Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.85,0:05:16.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you see here are representatives\Nof all known species in our planet. Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.42,0:05:20.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this immensity of life\Nand biodiversity, Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.86,0:05:24.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we occupy a rather unremarkable position. Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.05,0:05:25.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.09,0:05:26.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Homo sapiens. Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.12,0:05:28.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The last of our kind. Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.67,0:05:32.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And though I don't really want\Nto disparage at all Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.80,0:05:34.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the accomplishments of our species, Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.80,0:05:39.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as much as we wish it to be so\Nand often pretend that it is, Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.81,0:05:42.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are not the measure of all things. Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.41,0:05:46.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are, however,\Nthe measurers of many things. Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.41,0:05:51.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We relentlessly quantify,\Nanalyze and compare, Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.18,0:05:54.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and some of this is absolutely invaluable\Nand indeed necessary. Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.76,0:06:02.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this emphasis today on forcing\Nbiological research to specialize Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.17,0:06:04.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to produce practical outcomes Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.74,0:06:08.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is actually restricting our ability\Nto interrogate life Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.32,0:06:12.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to unacceptably narrow confines\Nand unsatisfying depths. Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.11,0:06:18.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are measuring an astonishingly\Nnarrow sliver of life, Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.17,0:06:21.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and hoping that those numbers\Nwill save all of our lives. Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.52,0:06:23.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How narrow do you ask? Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.94,0:06:25.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, let me give you a number. Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.57,0:06:30.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The National Oceanic and Atmospheric\NAdministration recently estimated Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.11,0:06:34.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that about 95 percent of our oceans\Nremain unexplored. Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.77,0:06:36.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now let that sink in for a second. Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.13,0:06:40.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,95 percent of our oceans\Nremain unexplored. Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.81,0:06:43.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it's very safe to say Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.00,0:06:48.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we don't even know\Nhow much about life we do not know. Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.91,0:06:52.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, it's not surprising\Nthat every week in my field Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.86,0:06:56.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we begin to see the addition\Nof more and more new species Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.09,0:06:58.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to this amazing tree of life. Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.38,0:06:59.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This one for example -- Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.80,0:07:01.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,discovered earlier this summer, Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.73,0:07:02.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,new to science, Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.96,0:07:06.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now occupying its lonely branch\Nin our family tree. Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.07,0:07:08.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is even more tragic Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.25,0:07:11.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we know about a bunch\Nof other species of animals out there, Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.91,0:07:15.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but their biology remains\Nsorely under-studied. Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.49,0:07:17.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm sure some of you\Nhave heard about the fact Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.85,0:07:22.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a starfish can actually\Nregenerate its arm after it's lost. Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.07,0:07:23.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But some of you might not know Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.54,0:07:27.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the arm itself can actually\Nregenerate a complete starfish. Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.86,0:07:32.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are animals out there\Nthat do truly astounding things. Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.56,0:07:35.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm almost willing to bet Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.30,0:07:40.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that many of you have never heard\Nof the flatworm, Schmidtea mediterranea. Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.02,0:07:43.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This little guy right here Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.15,0:07:46.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,does things that essentially\Njust blow my mind. Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.73,0:07:50.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can grab one of these animals\Nand cut it into 18 different fragments, Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.76,0:07:54.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and each and every one of those fragments\Nwill go on to regenerate Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.54,0:07:55.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a complete animal Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.89,0:07:57.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in under two weeks. Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.29,0:08:02.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,18 heads, 18 bodies, 18 mysteries. Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.95,0:08:05.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the past decade and a half or so, Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.37,0:08:09.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've been trying to figure out\Nhow these little dudes do what they do, Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.10,0:08:11.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how they pull this magic trick off. Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.32,0:08:13.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But like all good magicians, Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.06,0:08:15.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're not really releasing\Ntheir secrets readily to me. Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.94,0:08:17.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.17,0:08:18.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here we are, Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.35,0:08:22.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after 20 years of essentially\Nstudying these animals, Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.83,0:08:25.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,genome mapping, chin scratching, Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.16,0:08:28.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and thousands of amputations\Nand thousands of regenerations, Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.41,0:08:32.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we still don't fully understand\Nhow these animals do what they do. Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.63,0:08:36.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each planarian an ocean unto itself, Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.25,0:08:37.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,full of unknowns. Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.08,0:08:40.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the common characteristics Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.78,0:08:43.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of all of these animals\NI've been talking to you about Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.42,0:08:46.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that they did not appear\Nto have received the memo Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.21,0:08:48.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they need to behave\Naccording to the rules Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.90,0:08:53.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we have derived from a handful\Nof randomly selected animals Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.09,0:08:55.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that currently populate the vast majority Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.84,0:08:58.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of biomedical laboratories\Nacross the world. Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.72,0:09:00.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meet our Nobel Prize winners. Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.97,0:09:02.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Seven species, essentially, Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.100,0:09:06.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have produced for us the brunt\Nof our understanding Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.62,0:09:09.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of biological behavior today. Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.77,0:09:11.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This little guy right here -- Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.59,0:09:14.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,three Nobel Prizes in 12 years. Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.80,0:09:17.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet, after all the attention\Nthey have garnered, Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.58,0:09:19.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all the knowledge they have generated, Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.67,0:09:21.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as the lion's share\Nof the funding, Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.72,0:09:25.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here we are standing [before] the same\Nlitany of intractable problems Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.61,0:09:27.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and many new challenges. Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.82,0:09:29.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's because, unfortunately, Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.66,0:09:32.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these seven animals essentially correspond Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.30,0:09:39.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to 0.0009 percent of all of the species\Nthat inhabit the planet. Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.56,0:09:42.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'm beginning to suspect Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.97,0:09:47.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that our specialization is beginning\Nto impede our progress at best, Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.76,0:09:50.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and at worst, is leading us astray. Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.84,0:09:53.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's because life\Non this planet and its history Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.93,0:09:55.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the history of rule breakers. Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.03,0:09:59.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Life started on the face of this planet\Nas single-cell organisms, Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.40,0:10:01.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,swimming for millions\Nof years in the ocean, Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.75,0:10:04.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until one of those creatures decided, Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.06,0:10:06.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I'm going to do things differently today; Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.14,0:10:09.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,today I would like to invent\Nsomething called multicellularity, Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.18,0:10:10.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm going to do this." Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.47,0:10:13.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm sure it wasn't a popular\Ndecision at the time -- Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.15,0:10:14.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.20,0:10:15.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but somehow, it managed to do it. Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.83,0:10:18.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, multicellular\Norganisms began to populate Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.42,0:10:19.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all these ancestral oceans, Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.82,0:10:21.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they thrived. Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.03,0:10:22.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we have them here today. Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.39,0:10:26.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Land masses began to emerge\Nfrom the surface of the oceans, Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.41,0:10:27.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and another creature thought, Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.89,0:10:30.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Hey, that looks like a really nice\Npiece of real estate. Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.70,0:10:31.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd like to move there." Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.98,0:10:33.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Are you crazy? Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.16,0:10:36.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're going to desiccate out there.\NNothing can live out of water." Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.47,0:10:37.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But life found a way, Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.65,0:10:39.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there are organisms\Nnow that live on land. Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.100,0:10:42.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once on land, they may have\Nlooked up into the sky Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.42,0:10:44.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and said, "It would be nice\Nto go to the clouds, Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.70,0:10:45.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to fly." Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.88,0:10:48.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"You can't break the law of gravity,\Nthere's no way you can fly." Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.97,0:10:51.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet, nature has invented -- Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.28,0:10:53.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,multiple and independent times -- Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.31,0:10:54.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ways to fly. Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.97,0:10:57.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I love to study these animals\Nthat break the rules, Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.51,0:11:01.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because every time they break a rule,\Nthey invent something new Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.16,0:11:04.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that made it possible for us\Nto be able to be here today. Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.22,0:11:07.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These animals did not get the memo. Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.52,0:11:09.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They break the rules. Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.24,0:11:12.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if we're going to study animals\Nthat break the rules, Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.06,0:11:15.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shouldn't how we study them\Nalso break the rules? Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.27,0:11:19.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think we need to renew\Nour spirit of exploration. Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.04,0:11:22.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rather than bring nature\Ninto our laboratories Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.55,0:11:23.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and interrogate it there, Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.89,0:11:25.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to bring our science Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.62,0:11:28.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the majestic laboratory\Nthat is nature, Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.55,0:11:32.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there, with our modern\Ntechnological armamentarium, Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.48,0:11:35.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,interrogate every new form\Nof life we find, Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.33,0:11:38.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and any new biological attribute\Nthat we may find. Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.09,0:11:43.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We actually need to bring\Nall of our intelligence Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.26,0:11:45.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to becoming stupid again -- Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.38,0:11:49.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,clueless [before] the immensity\Nof the unknown. Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.72,0:11:51.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because after all, Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.10,0:11:53.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,science is not really about knowledge. Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.28,0:11:56.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Science is about ignorance. Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.05,0:11:57.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what we do. Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.62,0:11:59.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if we're serious about this, Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.13,0:12:01.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are going to have to start\Nseriously supporting Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.51,0:12:05.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those institutions that make it possible\Nfor discovery research to take place. Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.71,0:12:06.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Institutions like our own, Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.98,0:12:10.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Stowers Institute for Medical Research\Nin Kansas City, Missouri, Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.26,0:12:14.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the National Institute of General\NMedical Sciences in Bethesda, Maryland, Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.35,0:12:16.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of course,\Nour gateway to biodiversity, Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.60,0:12:19.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Marine Biological Laboratory\Nin Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.61,0:12:25.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have been very fortunate to be able\Nto do some of this training myself, Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.46,0:12:27.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it is a pleasure for me Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.31,0:12:30.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to actually grab students\Nout of the confines of their laboratories Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.65,0:12:32.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,away from their computers\Nand their catalogs, Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.87,0:12:36.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and throw them into the world\Nof discovery and exploration. Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.44,0:12:42.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is an immense pleasure,\Na real pleasure to actually see Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.76,0:12:48.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see how these bright, young minds'\Ncuriosity spreads its wings Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.33,0:12:51.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and flies away when faced\Nwith the unknown. Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.90,0:12:54.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is how we become real scientists. Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.36,0:12:58.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we need these people\Nto actually go out there Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.76,0:13:01.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and ask the better questions\Nthat will bring us closer Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.98,0:13:03.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the answers that we seek. Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.44,0:13:07.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry wrote, Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.59,0:13:09.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"If you want to build a ship, Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.42,0:13:11.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't drum up people to collect wood Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.39,0:13:13.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and don't assign them tasks and work, Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.71,0:13:17.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but rather teach them to long\Nfor the endless immensity of the sea ..." Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.25,0:13:19.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a scientist and a teacher, Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.97,0:13:21.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I like to paraphrase this to read Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.96,0:13:25.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we scientists need\Nto teach our students Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.14,0:13:27.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to long for the endless\Nimmensity of the sea Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.62,0:13:29.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is our ignorance. Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.47,0:13:34.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We Homo sapiens are the only\Nspecies we know of Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.36,0:13:36.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is driven to scientific inquiry. Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.34,0:13:39.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We, like all other species on this planet, Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.50,0:13:43.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are inextricably woven\Ninto the history of life on this planet. Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.69,0:13:47.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think I'm a little wrong\Nwhen I say that life is a mystery, Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.88,0:13:50.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I think that life\Nis actually an open secret Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.62,0:13:54.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that has been beckoning our species\Nfor millennia to understand it. Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.04,0:13:56.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I ask you: Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.67,0:14:00.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aren't we the best chance\Nthat life has to know itself? Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.75,0:14:01.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if so, Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.93,0:14:03.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what the heck are we waiting for? Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.39,0:14:07.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to do things differently. Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.89,0:14:11.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tonight, I'm going to ask you\Nto please help us build Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.40,0:14:15.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the greatest discovery research vessel\Nin the history of humankind. Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.19,0:14:17.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Call your legislators, Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.77,0:14:20.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ask them to fund basic discovery research, Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.61,0:14:23.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,support and give what you can\Nto institutions such as these Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.67,0:14:26.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are dedicated to discovery research, Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.50,0:14:30.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and hop on board with us\Non a grand expedition Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.76,0:14:34.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to radically transform\Nour understanding of life. Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.36,0:14:35.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And along the way, Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.82,0:14:39.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,change the way we do\Nbiomedical research, forever. Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.97,0:14:41.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you. Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.19,0:14:47.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)