[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.55,0:00:02.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the past few years,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.04,0:00:06.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've been spending my summers\Nin the marine biological laboratory
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.39,0:00:08.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Woods Hole, Massachusetts.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.93,0:00:13.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there, what I've been doing\Nis essentially renting a boat.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.12,0:00:15.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I would like to do is ask you
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.74,0:00:17.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to come on a boat ride with me tonight.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.84,0:00:24.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we ride off from Eel Pond\Ninto Vineyard Sound,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.75,0:00:27.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right off the coast of Martha's Vineyard,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.29,0:00:30.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,equipped with a drone\Nto identify potential spots
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.65,0:00:33.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from which to peer into the Atlantic.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.15,0:00:36.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Earlier, I was going to say\Ninto the depths of the Atlantic,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.45,0:00:39.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we don't have to go too deep\Nto reach the unknown.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.31,0:00:42.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here, barely two miles away
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.91,0:00:47.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from what is arguably the greatest\Nmarine biology lab in the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.48,0:00:50.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we lower a simple\Nplankton net into the water
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.72,0:00:52.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and bring up to the surface
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.57,0:00:55.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,things that humanity rarely\Npays any attention to,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.99,0:00:58.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and oftentimes has never seen before.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.26,0:01:02.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's one of the organisms\Nthat we caught in our net.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.23,0:01:03.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a jellyfish.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.88,0:01:05.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But look closely,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.22,0:01:08.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and living inside of this animal\Nis another organism
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.23,0:01:10.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is very likely\Nentirely new to science.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.96,0:01:12.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A complete new species.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.12,0:01:15.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or how about this other transparent beauty
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.84,0:01:17.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a beating heart,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.41,0:01:20.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,asexually growing on top of its head,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.86,0:01:24.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,progeny that will move on\Nto reproduce sexually.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.55,0:01:26.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me say that again:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.06,0:01:29.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this animal is growing asexually\Non top of its head,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.77,0:01:34.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,progeny that is going to reproduce\Nsexually in the next generation.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.96,0:01:36.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A weird jellyfish?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.80,0:01:38.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not quite.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.13,0:01:39.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an ascidian.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.77,0:01:41.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a group of animals
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.08,0:01:44.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that now we know we share\Nextensive genomic ancestry with,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.85,0:01:49.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it is perhaps the closest\Ninvertebrate species to our own.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.38,0:01:51.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meet your cousin,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.77,0:01:53.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thalia democratica.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.22,0:01:55.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.20,0:01:59.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm pretty sure you didn't save a spot\Nat your last family reunion
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.22,0:02:00.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for Thalia,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.68,0:02:02.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but let me tell you,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.35,0:02:05.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these animals are profoundly related to us
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.70,0:02:08.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in ways that we're just\Nbeginning to understand.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.16,0:02:14.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, next time you hear anybody\Nderisively telling you
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.31,0:02:18.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this type of research\Nis a simple fishing expedition,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.23,0:02:21.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I hope that you'll remember\Nthe trip that we just took.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.68,0:02:25.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, many of the biological\Nsciences only see value
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.54,0:02:28.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in studying deeper what we already know --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.11,0:02:30.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in mapping already-discovered continents.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.10,0:02:34.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But some of us are much more\Ninterested in the unknown.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.85,0:02:38.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We want to discover\Ncompletely new continents,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.82,0:02:42.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and gaze at magnificent\Nvistas of ignorance.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.67,0:02:46.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We crave the experience\Nof being completely baffled
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.79,0:02:48.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by something we've never seen before.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.99,0:02:50.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yes, I agree
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.29,0:02:54.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's a lot of little ego satisfaction\Nin being able to say,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.11,0:02:56.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Hey, I was the first one\Nto discover that."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.10,0:03:00.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is not\Na self-aggrandizing enterprise,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.03,0:03:02.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because in this type\Nof discovery research,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.76,0:03:06.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you don't feel like a complete\Nidiot most of the time,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.40,0:03:08.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're just not sciencing hard enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.70,0:03:10.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.01,0:03:17.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So every summer I bring onto the deck\Nof this little boat of ours
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.02,0:03:21.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more and more things\Nthat we know very little about.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.82,0:03:26.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would like tonight\Nto tell you a story about life
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.33,0:03:29.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that rarely gets told\Nin an environment like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.92,0:03:36.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From the vantage point of our 21st-century\Nbiological laboratories,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.27,0:03:40.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have begun to illuminate\Nmany mysteries of life with knowledge.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.87,0:03:44.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We sense that after centuries\Nof scientific research,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.53,0:03:46.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're beginning to make\Nsignificant inroads
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.66,0:03:50.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into understanding some of the most\Nfundamental principles of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.22,0:03:56.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our collective optimism is reflected\Nby the growth of biotechnology
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.25,0:03:57.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,across the globe,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.33,0:04:02.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,striving to utilize scientific knowledge\Nto cure human diseases.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.68,0:04:08.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Things like cancer, aging,\Ndegenerative diseases;
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.55,0:04:12.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these are but some\Nof the undesirables we wish to tame.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.82,0:04:15.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I often wonder:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.28,0:04:18.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why is it that we are having\Nso much trouble
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.47,0:04:20.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trying to solve the problem of cancer?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.10,0:04:24.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it that we're trying to solve\Nthe problem of cancer,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.37,0:04:26.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not trying to understand life?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.66,0:04:30.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Life on this planet\Nshares a common origin,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.87,0:04:35.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I can summarize 3.5 billion years\Nof the history of life on this planet
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.95,0:04:37.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a single slide.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.45,0:04:40.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you see here are representatives\Nof all known species in our planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.32,0:04:44.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this immensity of life\Nand biodiversity,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.76,0:04:47.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we occupy a rather unremarkable position.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.95,0:04:48.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.99,0:04:50.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Homo sapiens.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.02,0:04:52.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The last of our kind.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.57,0:04:56.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And though I don't really want\Nto disparage at all
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.70,0:04:58.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the accomplishments of our species,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.70,0:05:03.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as much as we wish it to be so\Nand often pretend that it is,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.71,0:05:06.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are not the measure of all things.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.31,0:05:10.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are, however, the measurers\Nof many things.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.31,0:05:15.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We relentlessly quantify,\Nanalyze and compare,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.08,0:05:18.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and some of this is absolutely invaluable\Nand indeed necessary.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.66,0:05:26.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this emphasis today on forcing\Nbiological research to specialize
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.07,0:05:28.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to produce practical outcomes
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.64,0:05:32.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is actually restricting our ability\Nto interrogate life
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.22,0:05:36.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to unacceptably narrow confines\Nand unsatisfying depths.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.01,0:05:42.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are measuring an astonishingly\Nnarrow sliver of life,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.07,0:05:45.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and hoping that those numbers\Nwill save all of our lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.42,0:05:47.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How narrow do you ask?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.84,0:05:49.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, let me give you a number.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.47,0:05:53.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The National Oceanic and Atmospheric\NAdministration recently estimated
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.01,0:05:57.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that about 95 percent of our oceans\Nremain unexplored.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.67,0:06:00.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now let that sink in for a second.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.03,0:06:04.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,95 percent of our oceans\Nremain unexplored.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.71,0:06:07.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it's very safe to say
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.90,0:06:12.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we don't even know\Nhow much about life we do not know.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.81,0:06:16.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, it's not surprising\Nthat every week in my field
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.76,0:06:19.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we begin to see the addition\Nof more and more new species
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.99,0:06:22.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to this amazing tree of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.28,0:06:23.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This one for example --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.70,0:06:25.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,discovered earlier this summer,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.63,0:06:26.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,new to science,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.86,0:06:30.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now occupying its lonely branch\Nin our family tree.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.97,0:06:32.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is even more tragic
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.15,0:06:35.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we know about a bunch\Nof other species of animals out there,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.81,0:06:39.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but their biology remains\Nsorely under-studied.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.39,0:06:41.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm sure some of you\Nhave heard about the fact
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.75,0:06:45.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a starfish can actually\Nregenerate its arm after it's lost.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.97,0:06:47.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But some of you might not know
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.44,0:06:51.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the arm itself can actually\Nregenerate a complete starfish.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.76,0:06:56.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are animals out there\Nthat do truly astounding things.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.46,0:06:59.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm almost willing to bet
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.20,0:07:03.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that many of you have never heard\Nof the flatworm, Schmidtea mediterranea.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.42,0:07:06.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This little guy right here
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.55,0:07:09.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,does things that essentially\Njust blow my mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.13,0:07:14.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can grab one of these animals\Nand cut it into 18 different fragments,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.16,0:07:17.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and each and every one of those fragments\Nwill go on to regenerate
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.94,0:07:19.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a complete animal
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.29,0:07:20.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in under two weeks.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.69,0:07:25.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,18 heads, 18 bodies, 18 mysteries.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.35,0:07:28.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the past decade and a half or so,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.77,0:07:32.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've been trying to figure out\Nhow these little dudes do what they do,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.50,0:07:34.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how they pull this magic trick off.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.72,0:07:36.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But like all good magicians,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.46,0:07:39.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're not really releasing\Ntheir secrets readily to me.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.34,0:07:40.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.57,0:07:41.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here we are,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.75,0:07:46.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after 20 years of essentially\Nstudying these animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.23,0:07:48.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,genome mapping, chin scratching,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.56,0:07:51.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and thousands of amputations\Nand thousands of regenerations,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.81,0:07:55.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we still don't fully understand\Nhow these animals do what they do.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.03,0:07:59.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each planarian an ocean unto itself,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.65,0:08:01.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,full of unknowns.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.48,0:08:04.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the common characteristics
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.18,0:08:06.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of all of these animals\NI've been talking to you about
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.82,0:08:09.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that they did not appear\Nto have received the memo
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.61,0:08:12.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they need to behave\Naccording to the rules
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.30,0:08:16.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we have derived from a handful\Nof randomly selected animals
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.49,0:08:19.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that currently populate the vast majority
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.24,0:08:21.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of biomedical laboratories\Nacross the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.12,0:08:24.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meet our Nobel Prize winners.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.37,0:08:26.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Seven species, essentially,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.40,0:08:29.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have produced for us the brunt\Nof our understanding
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.02,0:08:32.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of biological behavior today.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.17,0:08:34.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This little guy right here --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.99,0:08:37.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,three Nobel Prizes in 12 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.20,0:08:40.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet, after all the attention\Nthey have garnered,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.98,0:08:43.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all the knowledge they have generated,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.07,0:08:45.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as the lion's share\Nof the funding,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.12,0:08:48.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here we are standing [before] the same\Nlitany of intractable problems
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.01,0:08:50.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and many new challenges.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.22,0:08:53.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's because, unfortunately,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.06,0:08:55.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these seven animals essentially correspond
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.70,0:09:02.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to 0.0009 percent of all of the species\Nthat inhabit the planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.96,0:09:06.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'm beginning to suspect
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.37,0:09:11.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that our specialization is beginning\Nto impede our progress at best,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.16,0:09:13.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and at worst, is leading us astray.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.24,0:09:17.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's because life\Non this planet and its history
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.33,0:09:19.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the history of rule breakers.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.43,0:09:22.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Life started on the face of this planet\Nas single-cell organisms,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.80,0:09:25.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,swimming for millions\Nof years in the ocean,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.15,0:09:27.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until one of those creatures decided,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.46,0:09:29.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I'm going to do things differently today;
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.54,0:09:32.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,today I would like to invent\Nsomething called multicellularity,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.58,0:09:33.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm going to do this."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.87,0:09:36.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm sure it wasn't a popular\Ndecision at the time --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.55,0:09:37.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.60,0:09:39.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but somehow, it managed to do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.23,0:09:41.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, multicellular\Norganisms began to populate
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.82,0:09:43.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all these ancestral oceans,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.22,0:09:44.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they thrived.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.43,0:09:45.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we have them here today.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.79,0:09:49.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Land masses began to emerge\Nfrom the surface of the oceans,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.81,0:09:51.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and another creature thought,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.29,0:09:54.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Hey, that looks like a really nice\Npiece of real estate.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.10,0:09:55.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd like to move there."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.38,0:09:56.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Are you crazy?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.56,0:09:59.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're going to desiccate out there.\NNothing can live out of water."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.87,0:10:01.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But life found a way,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.05,0:10:03.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there are organisms\Nnow that live on land.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.40,0:10:05.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once on land, they may have\Nlooked up into the sky
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.82,0:10:08.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and said, "It would be nice\Nto go to the clouds,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.10,0:10:09.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to fly."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.28,0:10:12.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"You can't break the law of gravity,\Nthere's no way you can fly."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.37,0:10:14.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet, nature has invented --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.68,0:10:16.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,multiple and independent times --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.71,0:10:17.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ways to fly.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.37,0:10:20.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I love to study these animals\Nthat break the rules,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.91,0:10:24.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because every time they break a rule,\Nthey invent something new
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.56,0:10:28.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that made it possible for us\Nto be able to be here today.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.62,0:10:30.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These animals did not get the memo.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.92,0:10:32.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They break the rules.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.64,0:10:35.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if we're going to study animals\Nthat break the rules,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.46,0:10:38.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shouldn't how we study them\Nalso break the rules?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.67,0:10:43.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think we need to renew\Nour spirit of exploration.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.44,0:10:45.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rather than bring nature\Ninto our laboratories
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.95,0:10:47.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and interrogate it there,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.29,0:10:48.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to bring our science
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.02,0:10:51.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the majestic laboratory\Nthat is nature,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.95,0:10:55.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there, with our modern\Ntechnological armamentarium,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.88,0:10:58.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,interrogate every new form\Nof life we find,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.73,0:11:01.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and any new biological attribute\Nthat we may find.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.49,0:11:06.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We actually need to bring\Nall of our intelligence
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.66,0:11:08.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to becoming stupid again --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.78,0:11:12.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,clueless [before] the immensity\Nof the unknown.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.12,0:11:14.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because after all,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.50,0:11:16.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,science is not really about knowledge.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.68,0:11:19.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Science is about ignorance.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.45,0:11:20.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what we do.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.84,0:11:23.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry wrote,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.99,0:11:25.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"If you want to build a ship,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.82,0:11:27.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't drum up people to collect wood
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.79,0:11:30.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and don't assign them tasks and work,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.11,0:11:34.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but rather teach them to long\Nfor the endless immensity of the sea ..."
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.65,0:11:36.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a scientist and a teacher,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.37,0:11:38.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I like to paraphrase this to read
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.36,0:11:41.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we scientists need\Nto teach our students
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.54,0:11:43.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to long for the endless\Nimmensity of the sea
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.02,0:11:45.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is our ignorance.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.77,0:11:50.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We Homo sapiens are the only\Nspecies we know of
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.66,0:11:53.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is driven to scientific inquiry.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.64,0:11:55.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We, like all other species on this planet,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.80,0:12:00.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are inextricably woven\Ninto the history of life on this planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.99,0:12:04.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think I'm a little wrong\Nwhen I say that life is a mystery,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.18,0:12:06.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I think that life\Nis actually an open secret
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.92,0:12:10.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that has been beckoning our species\Nfor millennia to understand it.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.34,0:12:12.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I ask you:
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.97,0:12:16.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aren't we the best chance\Nthat life has to know itself?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.05,0:12:18.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if so,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.23,0:12:19.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what the heck are we waiting for?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.37,0:12:21.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.59,0:12:24.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)