[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.69,0:00:02.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the past few years,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.25,0:00:06.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've been spending my summers\Nin the marine biological laboratory
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.60,0:00:08.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Woods Hole, Massachusetts.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.11,0:00:10.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.10,0:00:13.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what I've been doing\Nis essentially renting a boat.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.24,0:00:14.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I would like to do
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.67,0:00:18.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to ask you to come\Non a boat ride with me tonight.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.90,0:00:24.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we ride off from Eel Pond\Ninto Vineyard Sound,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.82,0:00:27.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right off the coast of Martha's Vineyard,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.45,0:00:30.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,equipped with a drone\Nto identify potential spots
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.81,0:00:33.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from which to peer into the Atlantic.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.31,0:00:36.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Earlier, I was going to say\Ninto the depths of the Atlantic,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.74,0:00:39.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we don't have to go too deep\Nto reach the unknown.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.45,0:00:41.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.60,0:00:43.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,barely two miles away
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.02,0:00:47.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from what is arguably the greatest\Nmarine biology lab in the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.58,0:00:50.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we lower a simple\Nplankton net into the water,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.96,0:00:52.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and bring up to the surface
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.80,0:00:56.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,things that humanity rarely\Npays any attention to,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.37,0:00:58.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and oftentimes has never seen before.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.52,0:01:02.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's one of the organisms\Nthat we caught in our net.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.49,0:01:04.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a jellyfish,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.07,0:01:05.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but look closely,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.41,0:01:08.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and living inside of this animal\Nis another organism
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.35,0:01:11.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is very likely\Nentirely new to science.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.08,0:01:12.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A complete new species.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.29,0:01:15.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or how about this other\Ntransparent beauty
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.98,0:01:17.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a beating heart,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.66,0:01:19.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,asexually growing,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.61,0:01:21.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on top of its head,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.11,0:01:24.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,progeny that will move on\Nto reproduce sexually.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.67,0:01:26.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me say that again.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.24,0:01:28.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This animal is growing asexually,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.66,0:01:30.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on top of its head,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.08,0:01:34.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,progeny that is going to reproduce\Nsexually in the next generation.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.19,0:01:36.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A weird jellyfish?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.91,0:01:38.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not quite.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.24,0:01:39.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an ascidian.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.98,0:01:41.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a group of animals
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.29,0:01:45.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that now we know we share\Nextensive genomic ancestry with,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.06,0:01:49.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it is perhaps the closest\Ninvertebrate species to our own.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.54,0:01:51.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meet your cousin,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.86,0:01:53.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thalia democratica.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.32,0:01:54.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.39,0:02:00.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I'm pretty sure you didn't save a spot\Nat your last family reunion for Thalia,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.86,0:02:02.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but let me tell you,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.68,0:02:05.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these animals are profoundly related to us
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.89,0:02:09.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in ways that we're just\Nbeginning to understand.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.25,0:02:14.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, next time you hear anybody\Nderisively telling you
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.51,0:02:18.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this type of research\Nis a simple fishing expedition,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.43,0:02:21.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I hope that you'll remember\Nthe trip that we just took.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.02,0:02:25.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, many of the biological\Nsciences only see value
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.70,0:02:28.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in studying deeper\Nwhat we already know --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.52,0:02:30.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in mapping already discovered continents.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.23,0:02:34.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But some of us are much more\Ninterested in the unknown.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.96,0:02:39.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We want to discover\Ncompletely new continents,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.06,0:02:42.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and gaze at magnificent\N[...] of ignorance.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.89,0:02:47.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We craved experience\Nof being completely baffled
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.01,0:02:49.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by something we've never seen before.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.08,0:02:50.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yes,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.08,0:02:54.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I agree there's a lot of little\Nego satisfaction in being able to say,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.25,0:02:56.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Hey, I was the first one\Nto discover that."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.27,0:03:00.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is not a self-\Naggrandizing enterprise,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.33,0:03:02.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because in this type\Nof discovery research,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.91,0:03:06.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you don't feel like a complete\Nidiot most of the time,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.64,0:03:08.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're just not sciencing hard enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.94,0:03:10.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.09,0:03:14.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, every summer,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.68,0:03:18.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I bring onto the deck\Nof this little boat of ours
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.28,0:03:21.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more and more things\Nthat we know very little about.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.97,0:03:26.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would like tonight\Nto tell you a story about life
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.58,0:03:29.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that rarely gets told\Nin an environment like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.06,0:03:36.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From the vantage point of our\N21st-century biological laboratories,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.38,0:03:40.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have begun to illuminate many\Nmysteries of life with knowledge.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.02,0:03:44.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We sense that after centuries\Nof scientific research,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.53,0:03:46.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're beginning to make\Nsignificant inroads
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.80,0:03:50.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into understanding some of the most\Nfundamental principles of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.55,0:03:56.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our collective optimism is reflected\Nby the growth of biotechnology
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.46,0:03:58.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,across the globe,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.62,0:04:03.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,striving to utilize scientific knowledge\Nto cure human diseases.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.87,0:04:08.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Things like cancer, aging,\Ndegenerative diseases;
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.62,0:04:13.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these are but some\Nof the undesirables we wish to tame.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.94,0:04:15.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I often wonder:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.54,0:04:18.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why is it that we are having\Nso much trouble
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.73,0:04:20.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trying to solve the problem of cancer?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.32,0:04:24.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it that we're trying to solve\Nthe problem of cancer,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.60,0:04:27.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not trying to understand life?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.88,0:04:31.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Life on this planet\Nshares a common origin,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.05,0:04:36.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I can summarize 3.5 billion years\Nof the history of life on this planet
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.13,0:04:37.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a single slide.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.63,0:04:41.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you see here are representatives\Nof all known species in our planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.49,0:04:44.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this immensity of life\Nand biodiversity,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.92,0:04:48.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we occupy a rather unremarkable position.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.28,0:04:49.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.28,0:04:50.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Homo sapiens.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.18,0:04:53.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The last of our kind.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.79,0:04:56.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And though I don't really want\Nto disparage at all
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.93,0:04:59.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the accomplishments of our species,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.02,0:05:01.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as much as we wish it to be so --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.46,0:05:03.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and often pretend that is so --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.96,0:05:06.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are not the measure of all things.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.48,0:05:10.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are however the measurers\Nof many things.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.53,0:05:15.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We relentlessly quantify,\Nanalyze and compare,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.24,0:05:17.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and some of this absolutely invaluable,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.36,0:05:19.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and indeed necessary.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.93,0:05:26.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this emphasis today on forcing\Nbiological research to specialize
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.22,0:05:29.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to produce practical outcomes
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.03,0:05:32.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is actually restricting our ability\Nto interrogate life [--]
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.49,0:05:36.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to unacceptably narrow confines\Nand unsatisfying depths.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.27,0:05:42.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are measuring an astonishingly\Nnarrow sliver of life,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.33,0:05:46.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and hoping that those numbers\Nwill save all of our lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.64,0:05:48.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How narrow do you ask?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.06,0:05:49.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, let me give you a number.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.68,0:05:54.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The National Oceanic and Atmospheric\NAdministration recently estimated
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.31,0:05:58.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that about 95 percent of our\Noceans remain unexplored.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.82,0:06:01.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, let that sink in for a second.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.44,0:06:05.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,95 percent of our oceans\Nremain unexplored.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.92,0:06:08.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it's very safe to say
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.29,0:06:12.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we don't even know\Nhow much of a life we do not know.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.03,0:06:16.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, it's not surprising\Nthat every week in my field
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.98,0:06:20.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we begin to see the addition\Nof more and more new species
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.22,0:06:22.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to this amazing tree of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.57,0:06:23.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This one for example --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.99,0:06:25.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,discovered earlier this summer,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.92,0:06:27.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,new to science,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.22,0:06:30.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now occupying its lonely\Nbranch in a family tree.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.04,0:06:32.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is even more tragic
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.32,0:06:35.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we know about a bunch\Nof other species of animals out there,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.98,0:06:39.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but their biology remains\Nsorely under studied.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.75,0:06:41.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm sure some of you\Nhave heard about the fact
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.14,0:06:46.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a starfish can actually\Nregenerate its arm after its lost,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.35,0:06:47.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but some of you might not know
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.82,0:06:51.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the arm itself can actually\Nregenerate a complete starfish.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.01,0:06:56.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are animals out there\Nthat do truly astounding things.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.72,0:06:59.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm almost willing to bet
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.43,0:07:03.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that many of you have never heard\Nof the flatworm, Schmidtea mediterranea.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.61,0:07:06.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This little guy right here
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.84,0:07:10.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,does things that essentially\Njust blow my mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.40,0:07:14.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can grab one of these animals\Nand cut it into 18 different fragments,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.43,0:07:16.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and each and every one of those fragments\N
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.72,0:07:21.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will go on to regenerate\Na complete animal in under two weeks.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.88,0:07:26.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,18 heads, 18 bodies, 18 mysteries.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.66,0:07:29.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the past decade-and-a-half or so,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.22,0:07:32.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've been trying to figure out how\Nthese little dudes do what they do,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.64,0:07:34.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how they pull this magic trick off.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.86,0:07:36.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But like all good magicians,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.69,0:07:39.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're not really releasing\Ntheir secrets readily to me.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.56,0:07:40.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.79,0:07:42.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, here we are
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.02,0:07:46.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after 20 years of essentially\Nstudying these animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.23,0:07:47.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,genome mapping,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.60,0:07:48.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,chin-scratching,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.56,0:07:50.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and thousands of amputations,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.01,0:07:51.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and thousands of regenerations,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.99,0:07:55.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we still don't fully understand\Nhow these animals do what they do.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.25,0:07:59.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each planarian an ocean unto itself ...
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.87,0:08:01.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,full of unknowns.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.64,0:08:04.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the common characteristics
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.24,0:08:06.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of all of these animals\NI've been talking to you about
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.82,0:08:09.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that they did not appear\Nto have received the memo
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.83,0:08:12.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they need to behave\Naccording to the rules
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.52,0:08:16.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we have derived from a handful\Nof randomly selected animals
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.60,0:08:19.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that currently populate the vast majority
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.34,0:08:21.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of biomedical laboratories\Nacross the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.32,0:08:24.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meet our Nobel Prize winners.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.57,0:08:26.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Seven species essentially,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.59,0:08:30.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have produced for us the brunt\Nof our understanding
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.22,0:08:32.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of biological behavior today.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.36,0:08:35.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This little guy right here --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.17,0:08:37.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,three Nobel Prizes in 12 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.31,0:08:39.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.33,0:08:41.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after all the attention\Nthey have garnered,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.33,0:08:43.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all the knowledge they have generated,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.33,0:08:45.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as the lion's share\Nof the funding,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.35,0:08:49.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here we are standing in front of the same\Nlitany of intractable problems
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.19,0:08:50.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and many new challenges.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.30,0:08:52.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's because,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.30,0:08:53.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unfortunately,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.32,0:08:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these seven animals essentially correspond
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.00,0:09:01.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to 0.00009 percent of all of the species
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.26,0:09:03.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that inhabit the planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.15,0:09:06.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I'm beginning to suspect
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.56,0:09:11.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that our specialization is beginning\Nto impede our progress at best,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.21,0:09:12.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and at worst,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.46,0:09:14.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leading us astray.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.45,0:09:17.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's because life\Non this planet and its history
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.55,0:09:19.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the history of rule breakers.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.85,0:09:23.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Life started on the face of this planet\Nas single-cell organisms,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.05,0:09:25.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,swimming for millions\Nof years in the ocean
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.40,0:09:29.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until one of those creatures decided\N"I'm going to do things differently today;
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.66,0:09:32.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,today I would like to invent\Nsomething called multicellularity,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.69,0:09:33.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm going to do this."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.95,0:09:36.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm sure it wasn't a popular\Ndecision at the time --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.57,0:09:37.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.56,0:09:39.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but somehow it managed to do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.18,0:09:40.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.18,0:09:43.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,multicellular organisms began to populate\Nall the [sensational] oceans,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.54,0:09:44.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they thrived --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.74,0:09:46.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we have them here today.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.98,0:09:50.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Land masses began to emerge\Nfrom the surface of the oceans,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.24,0:09:51.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then other creatures thought,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.74,0:09:54.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Hey, that looks like a really\Nnice piece of real estate,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.57,0:09:55.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd like to move over there."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.86,0:09:56.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"What are you crazy?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.72,0:09:57.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're going to desiccate out there,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.78,0:09:59.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nothing can live out of water."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.69,0:10:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But life found a way,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.17,0:10:03.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there are organisms now\Nof course that live on land.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.92,0:10:04.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once on land,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.76,0:10:05.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they may have looked up into the sky
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.82,0:10:07.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and said, "Hey, it would be nice\Nto go to the clouds,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.09,0:10:08.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to fly."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.97,0:10:10.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"You can't break the law of gravity,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.80,0:10:12.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's no way you can fly."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.81,0:10:14.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet, nature has invented,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.98,0:10:16.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,multiple and independent times,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.97,0:10:18.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ways to fly.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.58,0:10:21.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I love to study these animals\Nthat break the rules,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.29,0:10:23.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because every time they break a rule,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.30,0:10:24.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they invent something new
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.90,0:10:28.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that make it possible for us\Nto be able to here today.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.01,0:10:31.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These animals did not get the memo.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.30,0:10:32.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They broke the rules.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.26,0:10:35.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, if we're going to study\Nanimals that break the rules,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.54,0:10:38.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shouldn't how we study them\Nalso break the rules?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.84,0:10:43.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think that we need to renew\Nour spirit of exploration.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.62,0:10:46.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rather than bringing nature\Ninto our laboratories
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.20,0:10:47.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and interrogating there,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.68,0:10:51.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to bring our science into\Nthe majestic laboratory that is nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.10,0:10:53.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.24,0:10:56.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with our modern, technological\Narmamentarium,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.24,0:10:58.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,interrogate every new\Nform of life we find,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.12,0:11:01.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and any new biological attribute\Nthat we may find.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.74,0:11:07.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We actually need to bring all\Nof our intelligence
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.26,0:11:08.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to becoming stupid again --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.13,0:11:12.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,clueless in front of\Nthe immensity of the unknown.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.28,0:11:14.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because after all,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.80,0:11:16.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,science is not really about knowledge.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.94,0:11:19.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Science is about ignorance.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.66,0:11:20.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what we do.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.08,0:11:24.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once, Antoine de Saint-Exupery wrote,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.41,0:11:27.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"If you want to build a ship,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.37,0:11:28.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't drum up people to collect wood
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.48,0:11:30.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and don't assign them tasks and work,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.49,0:11:34.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but rather teach them to long\Nfor the endless immensity of the sea."
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.80,0:11:36.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a scientist and a teacher,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.71,0:11:38.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd like to paraphrase Exupery
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.72,0:11:41.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we scientists need\Nto teach our students
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.84,0:11:44.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to long for the endless\Nimmensity of the sea ...
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.37,0:11:45.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is our ignorance.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.94,0:11:50.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We homo sapiens are the only\Nspecies we know of
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.89,0:11:53.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is driven to scientific inquiry.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.74,0:11:55.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We, like all other species on this planet,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.09,0:12:00.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are inextricably woven into the history\Nof life on this planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.19,0:12:04.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think I'm little wrong when\NI say life is a mystery.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.44,0:12:07.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because I think that life\Nis actually an open secret
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.20,0:12:11.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that has been beckoning our species\Nfor millennia to understand it.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.50,0:12:13.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I ask you:
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.30,0:12:16.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,aren't we the best chance\Nthat life has to know itself?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.28,0:12:18.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if so,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.50,0:12:20.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what the heck are we waiting for?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.57,0:12:21.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.02,0:12:23.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)