[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.65,0:00:03.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the last few videos we learned that
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.37,0:00:08.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the configuration of electrons in an atom aren't\N
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.16,0:00:10.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a simple, classical, Newtonian orbit configuration.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.54,0:00:12.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's the Bohr model of the electron.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.18,0:00:14.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'll keep reviewing it,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.32,0:00:14.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just because I think it's an important point.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.90,0:00:16.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If that's the nucleus, remember, it's just a tiny, tiny, tiny dot
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.90,0:00:20.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you think about the entire volume of the actual atom.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.60,0:00:25.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And instead of the electron being in orbits around it,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.11,0:00:29.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which would be how a planet orbits the sun.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.31,0:00:32.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of being in orbits around it, it's described by orbitals,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.36,0:00:36.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are these probability density functions.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.68,0:00:41.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So an orbital-- let's say that's the nucleus-- it would describe,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.67,0:00:44.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you took any point in space around the nucleus,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.99,0:00:48.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the probability of finding the electron.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.70,0:00:53.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So actually, in any volume of space around the nucleus,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.71,0:00:56.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would tell you the probability of
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.08,0:00:57.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,finding the electron within that volume.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.05,0:00:59.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so if you were to just take a bunch of snapshots of electrons
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.85,0:01:02.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-- let's say in the 1s orbital.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.91,0:01:07.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's what the 1s orbital looks like.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.51,0:01:10.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can barely see it there, but it's a sphere around the nucleus,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.44,0:01:12.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's the lowest energy state that an electron can be in.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.25,0:01:15.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you were to just take a number of snapshots of electrons.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.48,0:01:21.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's say you were to take a number of snapshots of helium,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.46,0:01:22.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which has two electrons.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.80,0:01:25.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Both of them are in the 1s orbital.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.86,0:01:26.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It would look like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.83,0:01:29.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you took one snapshot, maybe it'll be there,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.14,0:01:31.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the next snapshot, maybe the electron is there.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.17,0:01:32.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then the electron is there.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.52,0:01:33.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then the electron is there.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.54,0:01:34.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then it's there.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.06,0:01:36.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you kept doing the snapshots,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.25,0:01:37.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you would have a bunch of them really close.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.87,0:01:42.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then it gets a little bit sparser as you get out,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.15,0:01:45.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as you get further and further out away from the electron.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.16,0:01:48.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as you see, you're much more likely
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.50,0:01:54.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to find the electron close to the center of the atom than further out.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.58,0:01:56.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although you might have had an observation with the electron
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.32,0:01:58.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sitting all the way out there, or sitting over here.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.62,0:02:00.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it really could have been anywhere,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.42,0:02:03.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but if you take multiple observations,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.69,0:02:05.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'll see what that probability function is describing.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.07,0:02:07.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's saying look, there's a much lower probability of
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.22,0:02:11.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,finding the electron out in this little cube of volume space
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.40,0:02:14.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than it is in this little cube of volume space.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.93,0:02:17.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when you see these diagrams that draw this orbital like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.11,0:02:23.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's say they draw it like a shell, like a sphere.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.56,0:02:25.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'll try to make it look three-dimensional.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.51,0:02:28.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's say this is the outside of it, and the nucleus
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.46,0:02:30.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is sitting some place on the inside.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.20,0:02:32.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're just saying -- they just draw a cut-off --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.83,0:02:34.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where can I find the electron 90% of the time?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.95,0:02:36.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they're saying, OK,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.95,0:02:38.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can find the electron 90% of the time within this circle,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.94,0:02:40.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if I were to do the cross-section.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.93,0:02:43.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But every now and then the electron can show up outside of that, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.00,0:02:45.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because it's all probabilistic.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.26,0:02:46.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this can still happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.30,0:02:48.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can still find the electron
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.57,0:02:51.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if this is the orbital we're talking about out here.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.81,0:02:52.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.38,0:02:54.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we, in the last video, we said, OK,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.66,0:03:02.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the electrons fill up the orbitals
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.26,0:03:06.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from lowest energy state to high energy state.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.05,0:03:08.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You could imagine it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.05,0:03:10.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I'm playing Tetris-- well I don't know if Tetris is the thing
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.72,0:03:13.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-- but if I'm stacking cubes, I lay out cubes from low energy,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.78,0:03:16.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if this is the floor, I put the first cube at the lowest energy state.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.95,0:03:21.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And let's say I could put the second cube at a low energy state here.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.02,0:03:27.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I only have this much space to work with.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.78,0:03:29.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I have to put the third cube at the next highest energy state.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.80,0:03:33.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this case our energy would be described
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.28,0:03:33.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as potential energy, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.93,0:03:36.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is just a classical, Newtonian physics example.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.65,0:03:39.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that's the same idea with electrons.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.46,0:03:45.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once I have two electrons in this 1s orbital
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.54,0:03:50.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-- so let's say the electron configuration of helium is 1s2--
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.24,0:03:52.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the third electron I can't put there anymore,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.98,0:03:55.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because there's only room for two electrons.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.17,0:03:57.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The way I think about it is these two electrons
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.23,0:03:58.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are now going to repel the third one I want to add.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.97,0:04:02.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So then I have to go to the 2s orbital.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.58,0:04:06.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now if I were to plot the 2s orbital on top of this one,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.09,0:04:07.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would look something like this, where I have a high
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.76,0:04:13.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where I have a high probability of finding the electrons in this shell
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.38,0:04:19.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's essentially around the 1s orbital, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.11,0:04:22.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So right now, if maybe I'm dealing with lithium right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.30,0:04:24.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I only have one extra electron.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.82,0:04:27.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this one extra electron, that might be
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.96,0:04:29.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where I observed that extra electron.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.46,0:04:31.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But every now and then it could show up there,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.24,0:04:33.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it could show up there, it could show up there,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.31,0:04:34.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the high probability is there.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.36,0:04:37.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when you say where is it going to be 90% of the time?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.10,0:04:39.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It'll be like this shell that's around the center.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.73,0:04:41.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember, when it's three-dimensional
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.14,0:04:42.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you would kind of cover it up.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.03,0:04:43.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it would be this shell.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.80,0:04:47.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's what they drew here.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.07,0:04:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They do the 1s.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.00,0:04:49.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's just a red shell.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.05,0:04:51.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then the 2s.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.10,0:04:53.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second energy shell is just this blue shell over it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.85,0:04:55.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can see it a little bit better in, actually,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.56,0:04:58.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the higher energy orbits, the higher energy shells,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.81,0:05:02.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the seventh‘s energy shell is this red area.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.40,0:05:04.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then you have the blue area, then the red, and the blue.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.80,0:05:06.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so I think you get the idea that each of those are energy shells.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.71,0:05:10.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you kind of keep overlaying the s energy orbitals around each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.18,0:05:14.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you probably see this other stuff here.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.29,0:05:16.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the general principle, remember, is that
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.83,0:05:20.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the electrons fill up the orbital
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.12,0:05:21.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from lowest energy orbital to higher energy orbital.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.79,0:05:25.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the first one that's filled up is the 1s.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.40,0:05:26.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the 1.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.62,0:05:27.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the s.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.33,0:05:28.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is the 1s.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.53,0:05:30.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can fit two electrons.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.46,0:05:32.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then the next one that's filled up is 2s.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.90,0:05:35.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can fill two more electrons.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.16,0:05:37.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then the next one, and this is where it gets interesting,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.23,0:05:40.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you fill up the 2p orbital.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.95,0:05:45.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's this, right here.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.18,0:05:47.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,2p orbitals.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.22,0:05:51.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And notice the p orbitals have something, p sub z, p sub x, p sub y.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.04,0:05:55.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What does that mean?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.62,0:05:57.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, if you look at the p-orbitals, they have these dumbbell shapes.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.63,0:06:01.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They look a little unnatural, but I think in future videos
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.01,0:06:04.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we'll show you how they're analogous to standing waves.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.60,0:06:06.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you look at these, there's three ways that
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.75,0:06:08.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can configure these dumbbells.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.04,0:06:10.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One in the z direction, up and down.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.12,0:06:12.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One in the x direction, left or right.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.28,0:06:14.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then one in the y direction, this way,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.76,0:06:16.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,forward and backwards, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.25,0:06:19.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so if you were to draw--\N
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.66,0:06:21.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's say you wanted to draw the p-orbitals.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.41,0:06:22.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is what you fill next.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.80,0:06:24.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And actually, you fill one electron here,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.78,0:06:26.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,another electron here, then another electron there.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.91,0:06:29.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then you fill another electron, and
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.04,0:06:30.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we'll talk about spin and things like that in the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.19,0:06:32.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, there, there, and there.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.75,0:06:34.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's actually called Hund's rule.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.59,0:06:36.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe I'll do a whole video on Hund's rule,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.60,0:06:40.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that's not relevant to a first-year chemistry lecture.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.71,0:06:43.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it fills in that order, and once again,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.31,0:06:47.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want you to have the intuition of what this would look like.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.01,0:06:47.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.44,0:06:50.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I should put look in quotation marks,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.24,0:06:52.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's very abstract.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.47,0:06:55.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you wanted to visualize the p orbitals
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.81,0:06:57.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-- let's say we're looking at the electron configuration
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.81,0:07:02.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for, let's say, carbon.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.24,0:07:05.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the electron configuration for carbon,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.89,0:07:10.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first two electrons go into, so, 1s1, 1s2.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.36,0:07:14.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So then it fills-- sorry, you can't see everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.16,0:07:17.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it fills the 1s2, so carbon's configuration.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.00,0:07:24.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It fills 1s1 then 1s2.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.68,0:07:26.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is just the configuration for helium.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.28,0:07:30.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then it goes to the second shell,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.21,0:07:30.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the second period, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.93,0:07:32.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's why it's called the periodic table.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.27,0:07:34.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll talk about periods and groups in the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.96,0:07:36.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then you go here.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.07,0:07:38.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is filling the 2s.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.69,0:07:40.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're in the second period right here.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.70,0:07:42.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the second period.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.12,0:07:43.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One, two.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.40,0:07:45.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have to go off, so you can see everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.82,0:07:47.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it fills these two.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.53,0:07:50.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So 2s2.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.39,0:07:52.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then it starts filling up the p orbitals.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.82,0:07:56.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So then it starts filling 1p and then 2p.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.83,0:08:02.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we're still on the second shell, so 2s2, 2p2.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.36,0:08:04.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the question is what would this look like if
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.42,0:08:07.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we just wanted to visualize this orbital right here,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.03,0:08:09.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the p orbitals?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.42,0:08:11.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we have two electrons.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.60,0:08:15.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So one electron is going to be in a-- Let's say if this is,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.09,0:08:17.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll try to draw some axes.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.84,0:08:20.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's too thin.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.41,0:08:23.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if I draw a three-dimensional
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.96,0:08:25.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,volume kind of axes.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.44,0:08:31.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I were to make a bunch of observations of, say,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.34,0:08:34.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the electrons in the p orbitals,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.77,0:08:36.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's say in the pz dimension,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.23,0:08:37.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sometimes it might be here,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.69,0:08:39.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sometimes it might be there, sometimes it might be there.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.76,0:08:47.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then if you keep taking a bunch of observations,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.07,0:08:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're going to have something that looks like this bell shape,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.00,0:08:54.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this barbell shape right there.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.16,0:08:57.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then for the other electron that's maybe in the x direction,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.51,0:09:00.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you make a bunch of observations.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.50,0:09:01.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me do it in a different, in a noticeably different, color.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.64,0:09:04.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It will look like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.58,0:09:06.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You take a bunch of observations, and you say,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.59,0:09:10.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wow, it's a lot more likely to find
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.36,0:09:12.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that electron in kind of the dumbbell, in that dumbbell shape.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.68,0:09:13.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you could find it out there.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.60,0:09:14.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You could find it there.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.46,0:09:15.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You could find it there.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.36,0:09:17.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is just a much higher probability of
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.99,0:09:19.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,finding it in here than out here.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.63,0:09:23.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's the best way I can think of to visualize it.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.85,0:09:26.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now what we were doing here,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.84,0:09:27.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is called an electron configuration.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.98,0:09:30.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the way to do it-- and there's multiple ways
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.61,0:09:34.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are taught in chemistry class,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.21,0:09:37.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the way I like to do it, is
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.55,0:09:40.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you take the periodic table and you say, these groups, and
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.89,0:09:43.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I say groups I mean the columns,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.84,0:09:48.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these are going to fill the s subshell or the s orbitals.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.57,0:09:53.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can just write s up here, just right there.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.75,0:09:59.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These over here are going to fill the p orbitals.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.63,0:10:02.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually, let me take helium out of the picture.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.02,0:10:03.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The p orbitals.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.26,0:10:04.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me just do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.21,0:10:06.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me take helium out of the picture.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.07,0:10:07.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These take the p orbitals.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.67,0:10:10.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And actually, for the sake of figuring out these,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.01,0:10:12.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you should take helium and throw it right over there.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.97,0:10:13.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.23,0:10:15.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The periodic table is just a way to organize things
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.81,0:10:18.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it makes sense, but in terms of trying to figure out orbitals,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.81,0:10:19.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could take helium.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.97,0:10:21.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.49,0:10:23.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The magic of computers.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.69,0:10:29.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cut it out, and then let me paste it right over there.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.05,0:10:29.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.49,0:10:32.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now you see that helium, you get 1s and then you get 2s,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.66,0:10:36.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so helium's configuration is--
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.14,0:10:38.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sorry, you get 1s1, then 1s2.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.29,0:10:41.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're in the first energy shell.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.19,0:10:41.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.92,0:10:50.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the configuration of hydrogen is 1s1.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.91,0:10:57.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You only have one electron in the s subshell of the first energy shell.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.17,0:11:02.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The configuration of helium is 1s2.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.59,0:11:06.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then you start filling the second energy shell.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.38,0:11:12.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The configuration of lithium is 1s2.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.24,0:11:13.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's where the first two electrons go.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.57,0:11:18.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then the third one goes into 2s1, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.60,0:11:20.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then I think you start to see the pattern.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.67,0:11:25.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then when you go to nitrogen you say,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.81,0:11:29.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, it has three in the p sub-orbital.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.60,0:11:31.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can almost start backwards, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.49,0:11:36.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're in period two, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.25,0:11:37.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is 2p3.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.80,0:11:40.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me write that down.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.54,0:11:45.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I could write that down first. 2p3.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.20,0:11:47.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's where the last three electrons go into the p orbital.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.10,0:11:54.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then it'll have these two that go into the 2s2 orbital.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.86,0:12:02.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then the first two, or the electrons in the lowest energy state,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.24,0:12:06.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will be 1s2.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.02,0:12:07.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is the electron configuration, right here, of nitrogen.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.02,0:12:15.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And just to make sure you did your configuration right,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.38,0:12:17.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what you do is you count the number of electrons.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.27,0:12:20.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So 2 plus 2 is 4 plus 3 is 7.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.60,0:12:22.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we're talking about neutral atoms,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.63,0:12:25.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so the electrons should equal the number of protons.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.24,0:12:27.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The atomic number is the number of protons.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.54,0:12:28.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're good.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.58,0:12:29.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Seven protons.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.48,0:12:32.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is, so far, when we're dealing just with the s's and the p's,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.05,0:12:33.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is pretty straightforward.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.93,0:12:40.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if I wanted to figure out the configuration of silicon,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.07,0:12:42.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right there, what is it?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.13,0:12:43.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we're in the third period.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.97,0:12:45.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One, two, three.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.99,0:12:48.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's just the third row.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.23,0:12:50.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is the p-block right here.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.63,0:12:52.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is the second row in the p-block, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.67,0:12:55.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One, two, three, four, five, six.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.83,0:12:56.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.06,0:12:57.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're in the second row of the p-block,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.63,0:12:59.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we start off with 3p2.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.78,0:13:05.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we have 3s2.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.01,0:13:11.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then it filled up all of this p-block over here.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.63,0:13:12.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's 2p6.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.90,0:13:17.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then here, 2s2.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.34,0:13:19.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, of course, it filled up at the first shell
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.74,0:13:20.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before it could fill up these other shells.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.81,0:13:22.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, 1s2.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.39,0:13:27.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is the electron configuration for silicon.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.13,0:13:29.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we can confirm that we should have 14 electrons.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.51,0:13:33.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,2 plus 2 is 4, plus 6 is 10.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.84,0:13:38.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,10 plus 2 is 12 plus 2 more is 14.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.02,0:13:40.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're good with silicon.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.35,0:13:43.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think I'm running low on time right now,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.12,0:13:45.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so in the next video we'll start addressing
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.38,0:13:48.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what happens when you go to these elements, or the d-block.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.08,0:13:50.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can kind of already guess what happens.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.12,0:13:54.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're going to start filling up these d orbitals here that
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.90,0:13:56.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have even more bizarre shapes.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.73,0:13:59.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the way I think about this, not to waste too much time,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.12,0:14:03.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that as you go further and further out from the nucleus,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.31,0:14:05.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's more space in between the lower energy orbitals
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.36,0:14:10.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to fill in more of these bizarro-shaped orbitals.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.44,0:14:13.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But these are kind of the balance --
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.77,0:14:15.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will talk about standing waves in the future--\N
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.56,0:14:18.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but these are kind of a balance between
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.78,0:14:20.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trying to get close to the nucleus and the proton
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.98,0:14:22.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those positive charges,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.14,0:14:23.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the electron charges are attracted to them,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.29,0:14:25.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while at the same time avoiding the other electron charges,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.94,0:14:27.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or at least their mass distribution functions.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.78,0:14:29.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anyway, see you in the next video.