[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.65,0:00:02.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the last few videos we learned that
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.44,0:00:05.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the configuration of electrons in an atom
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.34,0:00:08.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,aren't in a simple, classical,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.17,0:00:10.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Newtonian orbit configuration.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.50,0:00:12.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's the Bohr model of the electron.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.22,0:00:13.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'll keep reviewing it,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.89,0:00:14.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just because I think it's an important point.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.89,0:00:16.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If that's the nucleus, remember,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.05,0:00:17.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's just a tiny, tiny, tiny dot
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.82,0:00:21.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you think about the entire volume of the actual atom.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.57,0:00:24.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And instead of the electron being in orbits around it,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.61,0:00:29.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which would be how a planet orbits the sun.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.11,0:00:30.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of being in orbits around it,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.03,0:00:33.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's described by orbitals,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.48,0:00:36.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are these probability density functions.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.59,0:00:39.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So an orbital-- let's say that's the nucleus
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.77,0:00:42.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would describe,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.19,0:00:45.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you took any point in space around the nucleus,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.50,0:00:48.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the probability of finding the electron.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.42,0:00:53.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So actually, in any volume of space around the nucleus,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.81,0:00:54.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would tell you the probability
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.79,0:00:56.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of finding the electron within that volume.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.95,0:00:58.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so if you were to just take
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.77,0:01:00.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a bunch of snapshots of electrons
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.38,0:01:03.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-- let's say in the 1s orbital.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.17,0:01:05.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's what the 1s orbital looks like.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.45,0:01:08.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can barely see it there,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.52,0:01:10.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's a sphere around the nucleus,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.99,0:01:14.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's the lowest energy state that an electron can be in.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.12,0:01:16.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you were to just take a number of snapshots of electrons.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.73,0:01:21.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's say you were to take a number of snapshots of helium,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.38,0:01:22.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which has two electrons.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.72,0:01:25.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Both of them are in the 1s orbital.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.78,0:01:26.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It would look like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.80,0:01:28.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you took one snapshot, maybe it'll be there,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.48,0:01:30.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the next snapshot, maybe the electron is there.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.53,0:01:32.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then the electron is there.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.33,0:01:34.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then the electron is there. Then it's there.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.14,0:01:35.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you kept doing the snapshots,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.37,0:01:37.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you would have a bunch of them really close.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.97,0:01:40.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then it gets a little bit sparser as you get out,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.96,0:01:44.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as you get further and further out away from the electron.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.99,0:01:47.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as you see, you're much more likely
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.21,0:01:50.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to find the electron close to
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.70,0:01:54.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the center of the atom than further out.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.63,0:01:56.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although you might have had an observation with the electron
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.17,0:01:58.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sitting all the way out there, or sitting over here.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.68,0:01:59.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it really could have been anywhere,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.83,0:02:01.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but if you take multiple observations,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.51,0:02:04.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'll see what that probability function is describing.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.92,0:02:07.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's saying look, there's a much lower probability of
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.27,0:02:11.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,finding the electron out in this little cube of volume space
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.76,0:02:14.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than it is in this little cube of volume space.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.95,0:02:16.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when you see these diagrams
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.67,0:02:18.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that draw this orbital like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.64,0:02:23.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's say they draw it like a shell, like a sphere.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.83,0:02:25.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'll try to make it look three-dimensional.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.60,0:02:27.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's say this is the outside of it,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.31,0:02:29.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the nucleus is sitting some place on the inside.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.99,0:02:32.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're just saying -- they just draw a cut-off
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.78,0:02:35.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-- where can I find the electron 90% of the time?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.02,0:02:36.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they're saying, OK, I can find the electron
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.26,0:02:38.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,90% of the time within this circle,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.99,0:02:40.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if I were to do the cross-section.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.71,0:02:42.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But every now and then the electron
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.21,0:02:44.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can show up outside of that, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.09,0:02:45.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because it's all probabilistic.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.06,0:02:46.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this can still happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.39,0:02:47.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can still find the electron
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.74,0:02:51.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if this is the orbital we're talking about out here.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.14,0:02:52.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.29,0:02:54.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we, in the last video, we said,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.20,0:02:57.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, the electrons fill up the orbitals
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.05,0:03:05.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from lowest energy state to high energy state.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.97,0:03:09.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You could imagine it. If I'm playing Tetris--
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.54,0:03:10.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well I don't know if Tetris is the thing--
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.95,0:03:14.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but if I'm stacking cubes, I lay out cubes from low energy,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.47,0:03:15.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if this is the floor,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.46,0:03:17.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I put the first cube at the lowest energy state.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.73,0:03:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And let's say I could put the second cube
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.02,0:03:21.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at a low energy state here.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.95,0:03:27.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I only have this much space to work with.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.65,0:03:28.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I have to put the third cube
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.77,0:03:30.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the next highest energy state.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.51,0:03:32.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this case our energy would
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.05,0:03:33.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be described as potential energy, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.00,0:03:36.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is just a classical, Newtonian physics example.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.37,0:03:39.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that's the same idea with electrons.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.56,0:03:44.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once I have two electrons in this 1s orbital
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.47,0:03:49.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-- so let's say the electron configuration of helium is 1s2
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.41,0:03:52.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-- the third electron I can't put there anymore,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.40,0:03:54.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because there's only room for two electrons.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.21,0:03:57.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The way I think about it is these two electrons are now
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.29,0:03:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going to repel the third one I want to add.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.02,0:04:02.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So then I have to go to the 2s orbital.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.42,0:04:06.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now if I were to plot the 2s orbital on top of this one,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.03,0:04:07.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would look something like this,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.36,0:04:08.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where I have a high probability
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.58,0:04:12.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of finding the electrons in this shell
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.03,0:04:19.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's essentially around the 1s orbital, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.07,0:04:23.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So right now, if maybe I'm dealing with lithium right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.25,0:04:24.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I only have one extra electron.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.66,0:04:25.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this one extra electron,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.97,0:04:29.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that might be where I observed that extra electron.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.27,0:04:30.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But every now and then it could show up there,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.00,0:04:32.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it could show up there, it could show up there,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.86,0:04:34.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the high probability is there.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.34,0:04:37.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when you say where is it going to be 90% of the time?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.13,0:04:39.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It'll be like this shell that's around the center.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.75,0:04:40.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember, when it's three-dimensional
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.84,0:04:42.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you would kind of cover it up.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.08,0:04:42.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it would be this shell.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.95,0:04:45.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's what they drew here.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.18,0:04:47.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They do the 1s.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.90,0:04:49.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's just a red shell.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.08,0:04:50.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then the 2s.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.51,0:04:53.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second energy shell is just this blue shell over it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.60,0:04:55.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can see it a little bit better in, actually,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.65,0:04:57.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the higher energy orbits, the higher energy shells,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.92,0:05:02.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the seventh s energy shell is this red area.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.29,0:05:04.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then you have the blue area, then the red, and the blue.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.50,0:05:05.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so I think you get the idea
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.91,0:05:07.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that each of those are energy shells.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.39,0:05:09.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you kind of keep overlaying
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.12,0:05:11.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the s energy orbitals around each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.69,0:05:14.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you probably see this other stuff here.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.38,0:05:15.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the general principle, remember,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.85,0:05:18.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the electrons fill up the orbital
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.68,0:05:21.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from lowest energy orbital to higher energy orbital.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.31,0:05:24.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the first one that's filled up is the 1s.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.94,0:05:26.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the 1.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.59,0:05:27.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the s.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.41,0:05:28.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is the 1s.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.55,0:05:29.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can fit two electrons.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.00,0:05:32.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then the next one that's filled up is 2s.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.48,0:05:34.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can fill two more electrons.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.90,0:05:37.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then the next one, and this is where it gets interesting,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.92,0:05:40.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you fill up the 2p orbital.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.22,0:05:42.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,2p orbital.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.48,0:05:44.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's this, right here.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.20,0:05:46.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,2p orbitals.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.89,0:05:49.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And notice the p orbitals have something,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.44,0:05:53.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,p sub z, p sub x, p sub y.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.84,0:05:55.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What does that mean?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.54,0:05:57.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, if you look at the p-orbitals,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.27,0:05:58.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they have these dumbbell shapes.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.85,0:06:00.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They look a little unnatural, but I think in future videos
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.98,0:06:03.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we'll show you how they're analogous to standing waves.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.96,0:06:06.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you look at these, there's three ways
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.58,0:06:08.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you can configure these dumbbells.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.20,0:06:09.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One in the z direction, up and down.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.86,0:06:11.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One in the x direction, left or right.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.98,0:06:13.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then one in the y direction,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.73,0:06:16.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this way, forward and backwards, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.05,0:06:17.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so if you were to draw--
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.67,0:06:20.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's say you wanted to draw the p-orbitals.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.62,0:06:22.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is what you fill next.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.80,0:06:24.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And actually, you fill one electron here,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.38,0:06:26.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,another electron here, then another electron there.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.55,0:06:28.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then you fill another electron,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.25,0:06:30.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we'll talk about spin and things like that in the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.13,0:06:32.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, there, there, and there.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.68,0:06:34.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's actually called Hund's rule.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.13,0:06:36.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe I'll do a whole video on Hund's rule,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.16,0:06:39.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that's not relevant to a first-year chemistry lecture.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.79,0:06:42.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it fills in that order, and once again,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.48,0:06:46.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want you to have the intuition of what this would look like.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.60,0:06:47.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.53,0:06:50.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I should put look in quotation marks,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.16,0:06:52.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's very abstract.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.24,0:06:54.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you wanted to visualize the p orbitals--
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.71,0:06:56.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's say we're looking at
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.39,0:07:00.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the electron configuration for, let's say, carbon.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.84,0:07:04.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the electron configuration for carbon,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.34,0:07:09.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first two electrons go into, so, 1s1, 1s2.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.61,0:07:13.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So then it fills-- sorry, you can't see everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.67,0:07:18.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it fills the 1s2, so carbon's configuration.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.17,0:07:23.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It fills 1s1 then 1s2.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.32,0:07:26.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is just the configuration for helium.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.55,0:07:28.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then it goes to the second shell,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.46,0:07:30.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the second period, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.99,0:07:32.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's why it's called the periodic table.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.31,0:07:34.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll talk about periods and groups in the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.54,0:07:35.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then you go here.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.96,0:07:38.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is filling the 2s.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.64,0:07:40.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're in the second period right here.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.23,0:07:41.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the second period.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.98,0:07:43.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One, two.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.12,0:07:45.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have to go off, so you can see everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.94,0:07:47.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it fills these two.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.29,0:07:50.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So 2s2.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.15,0:07:52.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then it starts filling up the p orbitals.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.49,0:07:56.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So then it starts filling 1p and then 2p.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.34,0:08:01.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we're still on the second shell, so 2s2, 2p2.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.74,0:08:04.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the question is what would this look like
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.09,0:08:07.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we just wanted to visualize this orbital
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.15,0:08:08.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right here, the p orbitals?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.87,0:08:11.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we have two electrons.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.32,0:08:14.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So one electron is going to be in a-- Let's say if this is,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.63,0:08:16.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll try to draw some axes.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.68,0:08:18.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's too thin.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.19,0:08:25.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if I draw a three-dimensional volume kind of axes.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.43,0:08:30.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I were to make a bunch of observations of, say,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.72,0:08:33.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the electrons in the p orbitals,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.75,0:08:35.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's say in the pz dimension,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.62,0:08:38.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sometimes it might be here, sometimes it might be there,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.04,0:08:39.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sometimes it might be there.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.04,0:08:45.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then if you keep taking a bunch of observations,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.51,0:08:51.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're going to have something that looks like this bell shape,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.19,0:08:53.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this barbell shape right there.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.67,0:08:55.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then for the other electron
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.75,0:08:58.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's maybe in the x direction,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.10,0:09:00.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you make a bunch of observations.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.32,0:09:01.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me do it in a different,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.43,0:09:03.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a noticeably different, color.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.44,0:09:04.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It will look like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.61,0:09:06.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You take a bunch of observations, and you say,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.76,0:09:09.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wow, it's a lot more likely to find that
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.39,0:09:12.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,electron in kind of the dumbell, in that dumbbell shape.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.73,0:09:13.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you could find it out there.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.66,0:09:14.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You could find it there.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.57,0:09:15.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You could find it there.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.44,0:09:17.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is just a much higher probability of
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.66,0:09:19.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,finding it in here than out here.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.43,0:09:23.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's the best way I can think of to visualize it.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.54,0:09:25.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now what we were doing here,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.23,0:09:27.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is called an electron configuration.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.59,0:09:30.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the way to do it-- and there's multiple ways that are
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.77,0:09:33.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,taught in chemistry class, but the way I like to do it
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.19,0:09:40.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-- is you take the periodic table and you say, these groups,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.68,0:09:42.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when I say groups I mean the columns,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.75,0:09:49.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these are going to fill the s subshell or the s orbitals.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.18,0:09:53.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can just write s up here, just right there.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.48,0:09:57.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These over here are going to fill the p orbitals.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.63,0:10:01.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually, let me take helium out of the picture.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.81,0:10:03.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The p orbitals.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.21,0:10:04.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me just do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.03,0:10:05.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me take helium out of the picture.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.92,0:10:07.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These take the p orbitals.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.60,0:10:09.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And actually, for the sake of figuring out these,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.69,0:10:12.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you should take helium and throw it right over there.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.39,0:10:13.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.25,0:10:14.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The periodic table is just a way
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.63,0:10:16.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to organize things so it makes sense,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.52,0:10:18.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in terms of trying to figure out orbitals,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.44,0:10:19.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could take helium.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.91,0:10:20.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.92,0:10:22.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The magic of computers.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.94,0:10:27.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cut it out, and then let me paste it right over there.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.76,0:10:29.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.64,0:10:33.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now you see that helium, you get 1s and then you get 2s,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.28,0:10:34.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so helium's configuration is
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.70,0:10:38.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-- Sorry, you get 1s1, then 1s2.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.16,0:10:40.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're in the first energy shell.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.11,0:10:41.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.66,0:10:50.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the configuration of hydrogen is 1s1.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.52,0:10:52.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You only have one electron
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.04,0:10:57.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the s subshell of the first energy shell.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.26,0:11:01.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The configuration of helium is 1s2.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.28,0:11:06.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then you start filling the second energy shell.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.32,0:11:12.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The configuration of lithium is 1s2.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.22,0:11:13.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's where the first two electrons go.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.59,0:11:18.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then the third one goes into 2s1, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.16,0:11:20.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then I think you start to see the pattern.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.59,0:11:24.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then when you go to nitrogen you say,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.35,0:11:29.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, it has three in the p sub-orbital.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.19,0:11:31.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can almost start backwards, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.53,0:11:36.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're in period two, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.24,0:11:38.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is 2p3.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.63,0:11:40.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me write that down.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.53,0:11:44.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I could write that down first. 2p3.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.02,0:11:47.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's where the last three electrons
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.74,0:11:48.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,go into the p orbital.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.94,0:11:57.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then it'll have these two that go into the 2s2 orbital.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.87,0:12:01.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then the first two, or the electrons
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.41,0:12:06.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the lowest energy state, will be 1s2.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.15,0:12:07.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is the electron configuration,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.91,0:12:10.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right here, of nitrogen.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.81,0:12:15.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And just to make sure you did your configuration right,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.18,0:12:17.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what you do is you count the number of electrons.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.20,0:12:20.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So 2 plus 2 is 4 plus 3 is 7.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.13,0:12:22.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we're talking about neutral atoms,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.37,0:12:24.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so the electrons should equal the number of protons.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.94,0:12:27.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The atomic number is the number of protons.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.45,0:12:28.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're good.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.47,0:12:30.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Seven protons. So this is, so far,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.61,0:12:32.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we're dealing just with the s's and the p's,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.63,0:12:33.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is pretty straightforward.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.00,0:12:38.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if I wanted to figure out the configuration of silicon,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.97,0:12:42.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right there, what is it?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.03,0:12:43.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we're in the third period.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.85,0:12:46.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One, two, three.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.09,0:12:47.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's just the third row.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.69,0:12:50.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is the p-block right here.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.11,0:12:52.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is the second row in the p-block, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.77,0:12:54.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One, two, three, four, five, six.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.96,0:12:56.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.19,0:12:57.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're in the second row of the p-block,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.39,0:13:03.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we start off with 3p2.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.98,0:13:08.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we have 3s2.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.33,0:13:10.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then it filled up all of this p-block over here.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.85,0:13:14.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's 2p6.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.49,0:13:16.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then here, 2s2.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.00,0:13:19.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, of course, it filled up at the first shell
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.34,0:13:20.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before it could fill up these other shells.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.89,0:13:21.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, 1s2.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.98,0:13:26.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is the electron configuration for silicon.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.67,0:13:29.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we can confirm that we should have 14 electrons.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.57,0:13:33.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,2 plus 2 is 4, plus 6 is 10.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.97,0:13:38.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,10 plus 2 is 12 plus 2 more is 14.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.03,0:13:40.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're good with silicon.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.04,0:13:42.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think I'm running low on time right now,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.41,0:13:44.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so in the next video we'll start addressing what happens
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.70,0:13:47.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you go to these elements, or the d-block.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.85,0:13:50.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can kind of already guess what happens.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.16,0:13:54.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're going to start filling up these d orbitals here
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.97,0:13:56.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have even more bizarre shapes.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.55,0:13:59.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the way I think about this, not to waste too much time,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.29,0:14:03.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that as you go further and further out from the nucleus,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.94,0:14:06.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's more space in between the lower energy orbitals
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.80,0:14:10.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to fill in more of these bizarro-shaped orbitals.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.19,0:14:12.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But these are kind of the balance --
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.82,0:14:14.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will talk about standing waves in the future
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.84,0:14:16.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-- but these are kind of a balance between trying to
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.76,0:14:18.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get close to the nucleus
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.71,0:14:20.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the proton and those positive charges,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.37,0:14:22.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the electron charges are attracted to them,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.32,0:14:25.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while at the same time avoiding the other electron charges,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.27,0:14:27.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or at least their mass distribution functions.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.84,0:14:29.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anyway, see you in the next video.