[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.00,0:00:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All human life,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.00,0:00:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all life, depends on plants.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.00,0:00:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me try to convince you of that in a few seconds.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.00,0:00:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just think for a moment.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.00,0:00:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It doesn't matter whether you live in a small African village,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.00,0:00:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or you live in a big city,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.00,0:00:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everything comes back to plants in the end:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.00,0:00:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether it's for the food, the medicine,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.00,0:00:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the fuel, the construction, the clothing, all the obvious things;
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.00,0:00:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or whether it's for the spiritual and recreational things
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.00,0:00:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that matter to us so much;
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.00,0:00:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or whether it's soil formation,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.00,0:00:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the effect on the atmosphere,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.00,0:00:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or primary production.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.00,0:00:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Damn it, even the books here are made out of plants.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.00,0:00:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All these things, they come back to plants.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.00,0:00:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And without them we wouldn't be here.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.00,0:00:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now plants are under threat.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.00,0:00:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're under threat because of changing climate.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.00,0:00:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they are also under threat because they are sharing a planet
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.00,0:00:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with people like us.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.00,0:00:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And people like us want to do things that destroy plants,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.00,0:00:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and their habitats.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.00,0:00:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And whether that's because of food production,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.00,0:01:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or because of the introduction of alien plants
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.00,0:01:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into places that they really oughtn't be,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.00,0:01:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or because of habitats being used for other purposes --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.00,0:01:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all these things are meaning that plants have to adapt,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.00,0:01:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or die, or move.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.00,0:01:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And plants sometimes find it rather difficult to move
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.00,0:01:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because there might be cities and other things in the way.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.00,0:01:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if all human life depends on plants,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.00,0:01:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doesn't it make sense that perhaps we should try to save them?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.00,0:01:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it does.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.00,0:01:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I want to tell you about a project to save plants.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.00,0:01:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the way that you save plants
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.00,0:01:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is by storing seeds.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.00,0:01:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because seeds, in all their diverse glory,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.00,0:01:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are plants' futures.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.00,0:01:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All the genetic information for future generations of plants
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.00,0:01:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are held in seeds.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.00,0:01:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here is the building;
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.00,0:01:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it looks rather unassuming, really.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.00,0:01:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it goes down below ground many stories.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.00,0:01:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's the largest seed bank in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.00,0:01:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It exists not only in southern England,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.00,0:01:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but distributed around the world. I'll come to that.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.00,0:02:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a nuclear-proof facility.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.00,0:02:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,God forbid that it should have to withstand that.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.00,0:02:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you're going to build a seed bank, you have to decide
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.00,0:02:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what you're going to store in it. Right?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.00,0:02:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we decided that what we want to store first of all,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.00,0:02:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are the species that are most under threat.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.00,0:02:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And those are the dry land species.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.00,0:02:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So first of all we did deals
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.00,0:02:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with 50 different countries.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.00,0:02:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It means negotiating with heads of state,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.00,0:02:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and with secretaries of state in 50 countries
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.00,0:02:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to sign treaties.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.00,0:02:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have 120 partner institutions all over the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.00,0:02:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in all those countries colored orange.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.00,0:02:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People come from all over the world to learn,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.00,0:02:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then they go away and plan exactly how
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.00,0:02:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're going to collect these seeds.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.00,0:02:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have thousands of people all over the world
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.00,0:02:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tagging places where those plants are said to exist.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.00,0:02:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They search for them. They find them in flower.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.00,0:02:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they go back when their seeds have arrived.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.00,0:02:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they collect the seeds. All over the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.00,0:02:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The seeds -- some of if is very untechnical.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.00,0:03:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You kind of shovel them all in to bags and dry them off.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.00,0:03:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You label them. You do some high-tech things here and there,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.00,0:03:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some low-tech things here and there.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.00,0:03:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the main thing is that you have to dry them
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.00,0:03:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very carefully, at low temperature.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.00,0:03:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then you have to store them
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.00,0:03:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at about minus 20 degrees C --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.00,0:03:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's about minus four Fahrenheit, I think --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.00,0:03:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a very critically low moisture content.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.00,0:03:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these seeds will be able to germinate,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.00,0:03:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we believe, with many of the species,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.00,0:03:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in thousands of years,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.00,0:03:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and certainly in hundreds of years.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.00,0:03:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's no good storing the seeds if you don't know they're still viable.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.00,0:03:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So every 10 years we do germination tests
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.00,0:03:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on every sample of seeds that we have.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.00,0:03:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is a distributed network.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.00,0:03:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So all around the world people are doing the same thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.00,0:03:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that enables us to develop germination protocols.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.00,0:03:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means that we know the right combination of heat
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.00,0:03:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and cold and the cycles that you have to get
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.00,0:03:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make the seed germinate.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.00,0:03:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that is very useful information.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.00,0:04:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we grow these things,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.00,0:04:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we tell people, back in the countries where these seeds have come from,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.00,0:04:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Look, actually we're not just storing this
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.00,0:04:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get the seeds later,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.00,0:04:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we can give you this information about
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.00,0:04:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how to germinate these difficult plants."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.00,0:04:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's already happening.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.00,0:04:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So where have we got to?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.00,0:04:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am pleased to unveil that our three billionth seed --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.00,0:04:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's three thousand millionth seed --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.00,0:04:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is now stored.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.00,0:04:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ten percent of all plant species on the planet,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.00,0:04:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,24,000 species are safe;
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.00,0:04:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,30,000 species, if we get the funding, by next year.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.00,0:04:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Twenty-five percent of all the world's plants, by 2020.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.00,0:04:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are not just crop plants,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.00,0:04:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as you might have seen stored in Svalbard in Norway --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.00,0:04:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fantastic work there.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.00,0:04:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is at least 100 times bigger.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.00,0:04:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have thousands of collections that have been sent out
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.00,0:04:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all over the world:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.00,0:04:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,drought-tolerant forest species sent to Pakistan and Egypt;
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.00,0:05:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially photosynthetic-efficient plants
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.00,0:05:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,come here to the United States;
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.00,0:05:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,salt-tolerant pasture species sent to Australia;
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.00,0:05:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the list goes on and on.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.00,0:05:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These seeds are used for restoration.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.00,0:05:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in habitats that have already been damaged,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.00,0:05:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the tall grass prairie here in the USA,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.00,0:05:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or in mined land in various countries,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.00,0:05:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,restoration is already happening because of these species --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.00,0:05:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and because of this collection.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.00,0:05:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of these plants, like the ones on the bottom
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.00,0:05:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the left of your screen,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.00,0:05:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they are down to the last few remaining members.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.00,0:05:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The one where the guy is collecting seeds there on the truck,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.00,0:05:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is down to about 30 last remaining trees.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.00,0:05:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fantastically useful plant,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.00,0:05:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both for protein and for medicine.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.00,0:05:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have training going on in China, in the USA,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.00,0:05:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and many other countries.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.00,0:05:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How much does it cost?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.00,0:05:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,2,800 dollars per species is the average.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.00,0:05:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think that's cheap, at the price.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.00,0:05:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that gets you all the scientific data
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.00,0:06:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that goes with it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.00,0:06:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The future research is "How can we find
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.00,0:06:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the genetic and molecular markers
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.00,0:06:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the viability of seeds,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.00,0:06:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without having to plant them every 10 years?"
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.00,0:06:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we're almost there.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.00,0:06:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.00,0:06:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)