[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.100,0:00:09.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The internet in the year 2009
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.08,0:00:12.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we send e-mails, make calls over the internet,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.70,0:00:15.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and discuss topics we take interest in.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.51,0:00:18.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even our baking is going virtual.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.32,0:00:20.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what we take for granted today
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.97,0:00:24.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was only a vague idea 50 years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.87,0:00:27.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In order to understand how bit got this far
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.66,0:00:31.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lets go back to 1957 when everything began.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.81,0:00:37.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before 1957 computers only worked one task at a time.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.22,0:00:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was called "Batch Processing".
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.00,0:00:42.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course this was quite ineffective.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.05,0:00:44.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With computers getting bigger and bigger
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.30,0:00:47.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they had to be stored in special cooled rooms
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.29,0:00:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but then the developers couldn't work directly on the computers any more -
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.00,0:00:53.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Specialists had to be called in to connect them.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.94,0:00:57.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Programming at that time meant a lot of manual work
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.38,0:00:59.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the indirect connection to the computers
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.92,0:01:02.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,led to a lot of bugs wasting time
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.33,0:01:06.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and fraying developers' nerves.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.71,0:01:09.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The year 1957 marked a big change.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.92,0:01:12.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A remote connection had to be installed,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.44,0:01:16.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,third developers could work directly on the computers.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.28,0:01:19.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the same time the idea of time sharing came up.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.85,0:01:23.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the first concept in computer technology
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.24,0:01:26.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to share the processing power of one computer
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.28,0:01:28.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with multiple users
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.06,0:01:35.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On October 4th 1957 during the Cold War
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.98,0:01:38.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first unmanned satellite, Sputnik I,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.88,0:01:41.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was sent into orbit by Soviet Union
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.28,0:01:45.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fear of "Missile Gap" emerged.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.88,0:01:48.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In order to secure America's lead in technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.76,0:01:52.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The US founded the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.28,0:01:56.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in February 1958.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.04,0:01:59.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At that time knowledge was only transfered by people.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.72,0:02:03.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The DARPA planed a large scale computer network
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.56,0:02:06.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to excelerate knowledge transfer
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.24,0:02:10.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and avoid doubling up of already existing research.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.12,0:02:12.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This network would become the ARPANET.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.93,0:02:15.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Furthermore three other concepts were to be developed,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.96,0:02:18.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are fundamental for the history of the internet
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.48,0:02:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The concepts of a military network by the RAND Corporation in America,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.00,0:02:28.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the commercial network of National Physical Laboratory in England,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.17,0:02:32.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the scientific network, CYCLADES, in France.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.84,0:02:38.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The scientific, military, and commercial approaches of these concepts
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.16,0:02:43.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are the foundations for our modern Internet.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.27,0:02:45.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's begin with the ARPANET,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.07,0:02:47.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the most familiar of these networks.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.56,0:02:50.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Its development began in 1966
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.55,0:02:55.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Universities were generally quite cautious about sharing their computers.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.08,0:02:58.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Therefore small computers were put in front of the mainframe
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.62,0:03:01.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This computer, the Interface Message Processor
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.77,0:03:04.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,took over control of the network activities,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.60,0:03:09.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while the mainframe was only in charge of the initialization of programs and data files.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.94,0:03:14.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the same time, the IMP also served as interface for the mainframe.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.48,0:03:17.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since only the IMPs were inter-connected in the network,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.32,0:03:20.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this was also called IMP subnet.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.34,0:03:22.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the first connections between the computers,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.84,0:03:27.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Network Working Group developed the Network Control Protocol
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.26,0:03:30.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Later on, the NCP was replaced by the more efficient
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.49,0:03:33.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Transmission Control Protocol
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.04,0:03:37.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the specific feature of TCP is the verification of the file transfer.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.57,0:03:40.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's take a short detour to England.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.69,0:03:44.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since the NPL network was designed on a commercial basis,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.26,0:03:48.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of users and file transfer were expected.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.94,0:03:51.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In order to avoid congestion of the lines,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.48,0:03:55.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The sent files were divided into smaller packets,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.08,0:03:58.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which were put together again at the receiver.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.10,0:04:01.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Packet-Swiching was born.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.07,0:04:09.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1962 American ferret aircraft discovered
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.78,0:04:12.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,middle and long range missiles in Cuba
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.24,0:04:15.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which were able to reach the United States.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.56,0:04:19.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This stoked fear of an atomic conflict.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.12,0:04:24.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At that time information systems had a centralized network architecture,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.65,0:04:27.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To avoid breakdown during an attack,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.88,0:04:32.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a de-centralized network architecture had to be developed,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.18,0:04:37.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which in case of loss of node would still be operative.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.56,0:04:41.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Communication still used to work through the radio waves
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.48,0:04:46.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would be of course problems in case of an atomic attack
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.88,0:04:48.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ionosphere would be affected
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.42,0:04:51.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and long-wave radio waves wouldn't work any more.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.55,0:04:54.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Therefore they had to use direct waves
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.20,0:04:58.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,,which, however, don't have a long range
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.48,0:05:02.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A better solution was the model of a distributed network.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.07,0:05:06.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thus long distances could be covered with a minimum of interference.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.68,0:05:11.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another milestone followed with the develoment of the French network, CYCLADES.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.63,0:05:15.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since CYCLADES had a far smaller budget than ARPANET,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.44,0:05:17.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and thus also fewer nodes,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.90,0:05:21.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the focus was layed on communication with other networks.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.90,0:05:27.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this way the term "inter-net" was born.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.01,0:05:33.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Moreover, CYCLADES' concept went further than ARPA's and the NPL's.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.14,0:05:36.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During communication between sender and receiver,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.34,0:05:39.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the computers were not to intervene anymore,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.17,0:05:42.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but simply serve as a transfer node.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.05,0:05:46.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CYCLADES' protocol went through all machines using a physical layer
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.65,0:05:48.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was implemented into the hardware,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.67,0:05:54.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,providing a direct connection with the receiver and end-to-end structure.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.08,0:05:59.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Inspired by the CYCLADES network and driven by the incompatibility between the networks
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.95,0:06:04.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their connection gained importance everywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.38,0:06:07.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The phone companies developed the x.25 protocol
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.92,0:06:10.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which enabled communication through their servers
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.66,0:06:15.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in exchange for monthly basic charge of cost
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.94,0:06:23.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DARPA's Transmission Control Protocol was to connect the computers through gateways
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.37,0:06:27.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the International Organization for Standardization
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.05,0:06:29.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,designed the OSI reference model
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.93,0:06:33.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The innovation of OSI was the attempt to
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.37,0:06:35.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,standardize the network from its ends
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.78,0:06:40.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the channel's division into separated layers.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.06,0:06:45.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Finally the TCP assimiliated the preferences of the OSI reference model
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.26,0:06:48.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and gave way to the TCP/IP protocol -
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.56,0:06:52.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a standard which guaranteed compatibility between networks
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.87,0:06:57.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and finally merged them, creating the INTERNET
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.29,0:07:02.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By February 28th 1990, the ARPANET hardware was removed,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.67,0:07:07.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the internet was up and running.