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Right now, there's a lot[br]happening with the Moon.

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China has announced plans[br]for an inhabited South Pole station

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by the 2030s,

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and the United States has[br]an official road map

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seeking an increasing number of people[br]living and working in space.

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This will start with[br]NASA's Artemis program,

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an international program to send[br]the first woman and the next man

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to the Moon this decade.

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Billionaires and the private sector[br]are getting involved

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in unprecedented ways.

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There are over a hundred[br]launch companies around the world

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and roughly a dozen private[br]lunar transportation companies

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readying robotic missions[br]to the lunar surface.

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We have reusable rockets[br]for the first time in human history.

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This will enable the development[br]of infrastructure

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and utilization of resources.

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While estimates vary, scientists think

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there could be up to a billion metric tons[br]of water ice on the Moon.

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That's greater than the size of Lake Erie,

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and enough water to support[br]perhaps hundreds of thousands of people

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living and working on the Moon.

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So although official plans[br]are always evolving,

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there's real reason to think[br]that we could see people

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starting to live and work on the Moon

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in the next decade.

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However, the Moon is roughly[br]the size of the continent of Africa,

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and we're starting to see[br]that the key resources

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may be concentrated in small areas

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near the poles.

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This raises important questions about[br]coordinating access to scarce resources.

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And there are also legitimate questions[br]about going to the Moon:

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colonialism, cultural heritage

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and reproducing the systemic inequalities[br]of today's capitalism.

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And more to the point:

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Don't we have enough[br]big challenges here on Earth?

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Internet governance, pandemics, terrorism[br]and, perhaps most importantly,

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climate crisis and biodiversity loss.

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In some senses,

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the idea of the Moon as just a destination

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embodies these problematic qualities.

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It conjures a frontier attitude

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of conquest,

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big rockets and expensive projects,

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competition and winning.

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But what's most interesting about the Moon

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isn't the billionaires with their rockets

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or the same old[br]power struggle between states.

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In fact, it's not the hardware at all.

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It's the software.

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It's the norms, customs and laws.

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It's our social technologies.

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And it's the opportunity to update[br]our democratic institutions

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and the rule of law

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to respond to a new era[br]of planetary-scale challenges.

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I'm going to tell you about[br]how the Moon can be a canvas

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for solving some of our biggest[br]challenges here on Earth.

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I've been kind of obsessed with this topic[br]since I was a teenager.

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I've spent the last two decades[br]working on international space policy,

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but also on small community projects[br]with bottom-up governance design.

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When I was 17,

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I went to a UN conference[br]on the peaceful uses of outer space

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in Vienna.

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Over two weeks, 160 young people[br]from over 60 countries

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were crammed into a big hotel[br]next to the UN building.

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We were invited to make recommendations

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to Member States

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about the role of space[br]in humanity's future.

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After the conference,

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some of us were so inspired

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that we actually decided[br]to keep living together.

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Now, living with 20 people[br]might sound kind of crazy,

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but over the years, it enabled us[br]to create a high-trust group

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that allowed us to experiment[br]with these social technologies.

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We designed governance systems[br]ranging from assigning a CEO

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to using a jury process.

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And as we grew into our careers,

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and we moved from DC think tanks[br]to working for NASA

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to starting our own companies,

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these experiments enabled us to see

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how even small groups[br]could be a petri dish

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for important societal questions[br]such as representation,

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sustainability or opportunity.

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People often talk about the Moon[br]as a petri dish

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or even a blank slate.

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But because of the legal agreements[br]that govern the Moon,

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it actually has something[br]very important in common

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with our global challenges here on Earth.

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They both involve issues that require us[br]to think beyond territory and borders,

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meaning the Moon is actually[br]more of a template

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than a blank slate.

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Signed in 1967, the Outer Space Treaty[br]is the defining treaty

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governing activities in outer space,

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including the Moon.

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And it has two key ingredients

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that radically alter the basis[br]on which laws can be constructed.

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The first is a requirement for free access[br]to all areas of a celestial body.

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And the second is that the Moon[br]and other celestial bodies

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are not subject to national appropriation.

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Now, this is crazy,

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because the entire earthly[br]international system --

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the United Nations,

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the system of treaties[br]and international agreements --

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is built on the idea of state sovereignty,

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on the appropriation of land[br]and resources within borders

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and the autonomy to control free access[br]within those borders.

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By doing away with both of these,

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we create the conditions[br]for what are called the "commons."

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Based on the work of Nobel[br]Prize-winning economist Elinor Ostrom,

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global commons are those resources[br]that we all share

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that require us to work together[br]to manage and protect

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important aspects[br]of our survival and well-being,

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like climate or the oceans.

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Commons-based approaches offer[br]a greenfield for institution design

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that's only beginning to be explored

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at the global and interplanetary level.

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What do property rights look like?

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And how do we manage resources

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when the traditional tools[br]of external authority and private property

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don't apply?

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Though we don't have all the answers,

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climate, internet governance,[br]authoritarianism --

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these are all deeply existential threats

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that we have failed to address[br]with our current ways of thinking.

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Successful paths forward[br]will require us to develop new tools.

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So how do we incorporate[br]commons-based logic

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into our global and space institutions?

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Well, here's one attempt[br]that came from an unlikely source.

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As a young activist in World War II,

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Arvid Pardo was arrested[br]for anti-fascist organizing

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and held under death sentence[br]by the Gestapo.

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After the war,

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he worked his way[br]into the diplomatic corps,

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eventually becoming the first[br]permanent representative of Malta

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to the United Nations.

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Pardo saw that international law[br]did not have the tools

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to address management[br]of shared global resources,

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such as the high seas.

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He also saw an opportunity to advocate[br]for equitable sharing between nations.

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In 1967, Pardo gave a famous speech[br]to the United Nations,

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introducing the idea

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that the oceans and their resources[br]were the "common heritage of mankind."

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The phrase was eventually adopted[br]as part of the Law of the Sea Treaty,

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probably the most sophisticated[br]commons-management regime

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on the planet today.

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It was seen as a watershed moment,

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a constitution for the seas.

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But the language proved so controversial

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that it took over 12 years[br]to gain enough signatures

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for the treaty to enter into force,

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and some states still refuse to sign it.

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The objection was not so much[br]about sharing per se,

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but the obligation to share.

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States felt that the principle of equality[br]undermined their autonomy

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and state sovereignty,

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the same autonomy and state sovereignty[br]that underpins international law.

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So in many ways,

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the story of the common heritage principle

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is a tragedy.

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But it's powerful because it makes plain

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the ways in which the current world order[br]will put up antibodies and defenses

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and resist attempts at structural reform.

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But here's the thing:

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the Outer Space Treaty has already[br]made these structural reforms.

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At the height of the Cold War,

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terrified that each[br]would get to the Moon first,

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the United States and the USSR

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made the Westphalian equivalent[br]of a deal with the devil.

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By requiring free access[br]and preventing territorial appropriation,

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we are required to redesign[br]our most basic institutions,

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and perhaps in doing so,

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learn something new[br]we can apply here on Earth.

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So although the Moon might seem[br]a little far away sometimes,

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how we answer basic questions now

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will set precedent[br]for who has a seat at the table

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and what consent looks like.

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And these are questions[br]of social technology,

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not rockets and hardware.

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In fact, these conversations[br]are starting to happen right now.

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The space community is discussing[br]basic shared agreements,

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such as how do we designate[br]lunar areas as heritage sites,

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and how do we get permission[br]for where to land

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when traditional external authority

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doesn't apply?

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How do we enforce requirements[br]for coordination

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when it's against the rules[br]to tell people where to go?

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And how do we manage[br]access to scarce resources

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such as water, minerals

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or even the peaks of eternal light --

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craters that sit[br]at just the right latitude

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to receive near-constant[br]exposure to sunlight --

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and therefore, power?

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Now, some people think[br]that the lack of rules on the Moon

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is terrifying.

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And there are legitimately[br]some terrifying elements of it.

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If there are no rules on the Moon,

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then won't we end up[br]in a first-come, first-served situation?

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And we might,

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if we dismiss this moment.

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But not if we're willing to be bold[br]and to engage the challenge.

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As we learned in our communities[br]of self-governance,

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it's easier to create something new[br]than trying to dismantle the old.

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And where else but the Moon

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can we prototype[br]new institutions at global scale

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in a self-contained environment[br]with the exact design constraints needed

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for our biggest challenges here on Earth?

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Back in 1999,

0:11:11.066,0:11:14.546
the United Nations taught[br]a group of young space geeks

0:11:14.570,0:11:16.731
that we could think bigger,

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that we could impact nations[br]if we chose to.

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Today, the stage is set for the next step:

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to envision what comes after[br]territory and borders.

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Thank you.