0:00:00.000,0:00:01.360 ♪♪ 0:00:01.360,0:00:03.860 ♪♪ 0:00:03.860,0:00:05.460 ♪♪ 0:00:05.460,0:00:08.030 ♪♪ 0:00:08.030,0:00:19.050 ♪♪ 0:00:19.050,0:00:23.420 ( applause ) 0:00:23.420,0:00:26.550 My students often ask me, 0:00:26.550,0:00:31.380 "What is sociology?" and I tell them it's the study of the way 0:00:31.380,0:00:35.620 in which human beings are shaped by things that they don't see. 0:00:35.620,0:00:39.400 And they say "So, how can I be a sociologist?" 0:00:39.400,0:00:41.800 "How can I understand those invisible forces?" 0:00:41.800,0:00:43.450 and I say, "Empathy." 0:00:43.450,0:00:45.440 Start with empathy. 0:00:45.440,0:00:50.520 It all begins with empathy. Take yourself out of your shoes and put yourself 0:00:50.520,0:00:52.700 into the shoes of another person. 0:00:52.700,0:00:55.370 Here, I'll give you an example. 0:00:55.370,0:00:59.410 So I imagine my life if a hundred years ago, China had been 0:00:59.410,0:01:01.490 the most powerful nation in the world, 0:01:01.490,0:01:05.100 and they came to the United States in search of coal. 0:01:05.100,0:01:08.050 And they found it, and in fact they found lots of it right here. 0:01:08.050,0:01:13.730 And pretty soon they began shipping that coal ton by ton, 0:01:13.730,0:01:18.090 rail car by rail car, boat load by boat load back to China 0:01:18.090,0:01:21.150 and elsewhere around the world. 0:01:21.150,0:01:23.390 And they got fabulously weatlthy in doing so. 0:01:23.390,0:01:30.680 They built beautiful cities all powered on that coal. 0:01:30.680,0:01:38.680 And back here in the United States we saw economic despair, depravation. 0:01:38.680,0:01:42.910 This is what I saw. I saw people struggling to get by, 0:01:42.910,0:01:46.280 not knowing what was what and what was next. 0:01:46.280,0:01:48.980 And I asked myself a question. 0:01:48.980,0:01:52.420 I say, "How is it possible that we can be so poor in the United States, 0:01:52.420,0:01:56.580 because the coal is such a wealthy resource. It's so much money?" 0:01:56.580,0:02:01.120 And I realize because the Chinese ingratiated themselves 0:02:01.120,0:02:03.760 with a small ruling class here in the United States 0:02:03.760,0:02:08.200 who stole all of that money and all of that wealth for themselves. 0:02:08.200,0:02:11.920 And the rest of us, the vast majority of us struggle to get by. 0:02:11.920,0:02:15.800 And the Chinese gave this small ruling elite loads 0:02:15.800,0:02:20.230 of military weapons and sophisticated technology in order to insure 0:02:20.230,0:02:25.340 that people like me would not speak out against this relationship. 0:02:25.340,0:02:28.220 Does this sound familiar? 0:02:28.220,0:02:33.200 And they did things like train Americans to help protect the coal. 0:02:33.200,0:02:36.420 And everywhere were symbols of the Chinese. 0:02:36.420,0:02:40.010 Everywhere a constant reminder. 0:02:40.010,0:02:44.120 And back in China? What do they say in China? Nothing. 0:02:44.120,0:02:47.170 They don't talk about us. They don't talk about the coal. 0:02:47.170,0:02:49.900 If you ask them they'll say, "Well, you know, the coal? 0:02:49.900,0:02:51.290 We need the coal. I mean, come on." 0:02:51.290,0:02:56.550 "I'm not going to turn down my thermostat. You can't expect that." 0:02:56.550,0:03:00.460 And so I get angry and I get pissed, 0:03:00.460,0:03:04.820 as do lots of average people, and we fight back. 0:03:04.820,0:03:10.360 And it gets really ugly and the Chinese respond in a very ugly way. 0:03:10.360,0:03:12.690 And before we know it they've sent in the tanks 0:03:12.690,0:03:17.410 and they've sent in the troops and lots of people are dying. 0:03:17.410,0:03:22.250 And it's a very, very difficult situation. 0:03:22.250,0:03:28.550 So, can you feel me? Can you imagine what you would feel 0:03:28.550,0:03:30.690 if you were in my shoes? 0:03:30.690,0:03:34.020 Can you imagine walking out of this building and seeing a tank 0:03:34.020,0:03:38.680 sitting out there or a truck full of soldiers. 0:03:38.680,0:03:41.770 Just imagine what you would feel because you know why they're here 0:03:41.770,0:03:44.300 and you know what they're doing here, and you just feel the anger 0:03:44.300,0:03:48.760 and you feel the fear. Okay? If you can, that's empathy. 0:03:48.760,0:03:54.010 That's empathy. You've left your shoes and stood in mine. 0:03:54.010,0:03:58.760 And you gotta feel that. Okay, so that's the warmup. That's the warmup. 0:03:58.760,0:04:02.760 Now we're going to have the real radical experiment. 0:04:02.760,0:04:06.420 And so for the remainder of my talk what I want you to do 0:04:06.420,0:04:11.010 is put yourselves in the shoes of an ordinary Arab Muslim 0:04:11.010,0:04:16.060 living in the Middle East, in particular in Iraq. 0:04:16.060,0:04:19.020 And so to help you-- 0:04:19.020,0:04:23.340 perhaps you're a member of this middle class family in Baghdad. 0:04:23.340,0:04:26.110 And what you want is the best for your kids. 0:04:26.110,0:04:27.950 You want your kids to have a better life. 0:04:27.950,0:04:30.990 And you watch the news. You pay attention. You read the newspaper. 0:04:30.990,0:04:32.980 You go down to the coffee shop with your friends. 0:04:32.980,0:04:34.780 And you read the newspapers from around the world, 0:04:34.780,0:04:39.050 and sometimes you even watch satellite CNN from the United States 0:04:39.050,0:04:41.350 so you have a sense of what the Americans are thinking. 0:04:41.350,0:04:44.640 But really you just want a better life for yourself. 0:04:44.640,0:04:49.410 That's what you want. You're Arab Muslim living in Iraq. 0:04:49.410,0:04:51.940 You want a better life for yourself. So here, let me help you. 0:04:51.940,0:04:55.730 Let me help you with some things that you might be thinking. 0:04:55.730,0:05:01.430 Number one, this incursion into your land these past twenty years and before? 0:05:01.430,0:05:04.500 The reason anyone's interested in your land in particular the United States? 0:05:04.500,0:05:05.760 It's oil. 0:05:05.760,0:05:08.900 But it's all about oil. You know that. Everybody knows that. 0:05:08.900,0:05:12.190 People here back in the United States know it's about oil. 0:05:12.190,0:05:17.190 It's because somebody else has a design for your resource. 0:05:17.190,0:05:21.370 It's your resource. It's not somebody else's, right? It's your land. 0:05:21.370,0:05:25.510 It's your resource. Somebody else has a design for it. 0:05:25.510,0:05:28.960 And you know why they have a design? You know why they have their eyes set on it? 0:05:28.960,0:05:33.410 Because they have an entire economic system that's dependent on that oil. 0:05:33.410,0:05:37.630 Foreign oil. Oil from other parts of the world that they don't own. 0:05:37.630,0:05:40.840 And what else do you think about these people? 0:05:40.840,0:05:44.770 Well, the Americans, they're rich! Come on, they live in big houses, they have big cars, 0:05:44.770,0:05:48.360 they have blonde hair, blue eyes. They're happy. You think that. 0:05:48.360,0:05:52.790 It's not true, of course, but that's the media impression. That's like what you get? 0:05:52.790,0:05:58.870 And they have big cities and the cities are all dependent on oil. 0:05:58.870,0:06:01.340 And back home what do you see? 0:06:01.340,0:06:06.360 Poverty, despair, struggle. Look, you don't live in a wealthy country. 0:06:06.360,0:06:10.690 I mean this is Iraq. 0:06:10.690,0:06:15.200 This is what you see -- you see people struggling to get by. 0:06:15.200,0:06:18.500 I mean it's not easy. You see a lot of poverty and you feel something about this. 0:06:18.500,0:06:23.070 These people have designs for your resource, and this is what you see? 0:06:23.070,0:06:29.120 It doesn't feel good. But here, a couple other things? 0:06:29.120,0:06:31.340 Something else you see that you talk about. 0:06:31.340,0:06:32.730 Americans don't talk about this, but you do. 0:06:32.730,0:06:37.870 There's this thing this militarization of the world, and it's centered right in the United States. 0:06:37.870,0:06:45.800 And the United States is responsible for almost one half of the world's military spending. 0:06:45.800,0:06:50.230 Four per cent of the world's population and you feel it, you see it every day. 0:06:50.230,0:06:54.160 It's part of your life and you talk about it with your friends. 0:06:54.160,0:06:59.850 You read about it. And back when Sadaam Hussein was in power? 0:06:59.850,0:07:02.670 The Americans didn't care about his crimes. 0:07:02.670,0:07:06.530 When he was gassing the Kurds and gassing Iran they didn't care about it. 0:07:06.530,0:07:13.910 When oil was at stake, somehow suddenly things mattered. 0:07:13.910,0:07:16.270 And what you see? Something else? 0:07:16.270,0:07:19.980 The United States, the hub of democracy around the world? 0:07:19.980,0:07:25.740 They don't seem to really be supporting democratic countries all around the world. 0:07:25.740,0:07:29.430 There are a lot of countries, oil-producing countries, that aren't very democratic 0:07:29.430,0:07:32.480 but supported by the United States. 0:07:32.480,0:07:33.280 That's odd. 0:07:33.280,0:07:37.380 Oh, these incursions. Here, let me help you. 0:07:37.380,0:07:41.880 These incursions? These two years wars? The ten years of sanctions? 0:07:41.880,0:07:45.550 The eight years of occupation? 0:07:45.550,0:07:49.170 The insurgency that's been unleashed on your people? 0:07:49.170,0:07:57.410 The tens of thousand, the hundreds of thousands of civilian deaths 0:07:57.410,0:08:00.080 all because of oil. 0:08:00.080,0:08:04.150 You can't help but think that. You talk about it. 0:08:04.150,0:08:07.150 It's in the forefront of your mind always. 0:08:07.150,0:08:13.380 You say, "How is that possible? Come on." 0:08:13.380,0:08:14.550 And this man? 0:08:14.550,0:08:19.500 He's every man. Your grandfather, your uncle your father, 0:08:19.500,0:08:23.270 your son, your neighbor, your professor, your student -- 0:08:23.270,0:08:30.630 wants a life of happiness and joy and suddenly pain and sorrow. 0:08:30.630,0:08:36.900 Everyone in your country has been touched by the violence, 0:08:36.900,0:08:39.850 the bloodshed, the pain, the horror. Everybody. 0:08:39.850,0:08:45.600 Not a single person in your country has not been touched. 0:08:45.600,0:08:47.210 So here, but there's something else. 0:08:47.210,0:08:51.260 There's something else about these people, these Americans who are there. 0:08:51.260,0:08:54.190 There's something else about them that you see. They don't see themselves. 0:08:54.190,0:08:58.090 And what do you see? They're Christians. 0:08:58.090,0:09:00.560 They're Christians. They worship the Christian God. 0:09:00.560,0:09:02.580 They have crosses, they carry bibles. 0:09:02.580,0:09:08.840 Their Bibles have a little insignia that says U.S. Army on them. 0:09:08.840,0:09:14.230 And their leaders, their leaders, before they send their sons and 0:09:14.230,0:09:17.860 daughters off to war in your country, and you know the reason, 0:09:17.860,0:09:20.660 before they send them off, they go to a Christian church 0:09:20.660,0:09:22.200 and they pray to their Christian God 0:09:22.200,0:09:25.320 and they ask for protection and guidance from that god. 0:09:25.320,0:09:26.400 Why? 0:09:26.400,0:09:32.970 Well, obviously so that when people die in the war they are Muslims. 0:09:32.970,0:09:33.840 They are Iraqis. 0:09:33.840,0:09:35.500 They're not Americans. 0:09:35.500,0:09:38.450 You don't want Americans to die. Protect our troops. 0:09:38.450,0:09:42.140 And you feel something about that. Of course you do? 0:09:42.140,0:09:45.730 And they do wonderful things, beautiful humanitarian things, 0:09:45.730,0:09:48.870 but these humanitarians, I mean because these people, they're there 0:09:48.870,0:09:52.600 you read about it, you hear about it, they're there to build schools 0:09:52.600,0:09:54.120 and help people and that's what they want to do. 0:09:54.120,0:09:57.330 They do wonderful things, but they also do the bad things 0:09:57.330,0:09:58.960 and you can't tell the difference. 0:09:58.960,0:10:00.020 And so you don't. 0:10:00.020,0:10:03.310 And this guy, you got a guy like Lieutenant General William Boykin. 0:10:03.310,0:10:06.530 I mean, here's a guy that says that your god is a false god. 0:10:06.530,0:10:10.570 Your god is an idol. His god is the true god. The solution to the problem in the Middle East 0:10:10.570,0:10:13.710 according to him is to convert you all to Christianity. 0:10:13.710,0:10:15.830 Just get rid of your religion. 0:10:15.830,0:10:16.640 And you know that. 0:10:16.640,0:10:18.520 Americans don't read about this guy. 0:10:18.520,0:10:20.470 They don't know anything about him, but you do. 0:10:20.470,0:10:22.900 You pass it around, you pass his words around. 0:10:22.900,0:10:25.340 I mean this is serious. You're afraid. 0:10:25.340,0:10:28.910 He was one of the leading commanders in the second invasion of Iraq, 0:10:28.910,0:10:31.360 and you're thinking "My god, if this guy is saying that, 0:10:31.360,0:10:34.130 then all the soldiers must be saying that." 0:10:34.130,0:10:34.630 Right? 0:10:34.630,0:10:37.470 This word here. George Bush called this war a "crusade." 0:10:37.470,0:10:41.440 Man, the Americans they're just like, "Crusade, whatever, I don't know what that means." 0:10:41.440,0:10:45.080 But you know what it means. It's a Holy War against Muslims. 0:10:45.080,0:10:51.680 Look, invade, subdue them, take their resources. If they won't submit, kill them. 0:10:51.680,0:10:53.020 That's what this is about. 0:10:53.020,0:10:56.580 And you're thinking "My god, these Christians are coming to kill us." 0:10:56.580,0:10:58.830 This is frightening. You feel frightened. 0:10:58.830,0:11:02.090 Of course you feel frightened? 0:11:02.090,0:11:07.480 Of course you feel frightened. 0:11:07.480,0:11:09.880 Why wouldn't you feel frightened. 0:11:09.880,0:11:15.160 And this man, Terry Jones, I mean here's a guy wants to burn Korans, right? 0:11:15.160,0:11:19.210 And the Americans, "Oh what, he's a knucklehead, he's a former hotel manager, 0:11:19.210,0:11:20.870 he's got three dozen members of his church", 0:11:20.870,0:11:23.590 they laugh him off. You don't laugh him off. 0:11:23.590,0:11:26.660 Because in the context of everything else, all the pieces fit. 0:11:26.660,0:11:28.730 I mean of course this is how the Americans think, 0:11:28.730,0:11:32.300 and so people all over the Middle East, not just in your country are protesting. 0:11:32.300,0:11:35.160 He wants to burn Korans, our holy book. 0:11:35.160,0:11:39.050 These Christians, Who are these Christians? They're so evil, they're so mean. 0:11:39.050,0:11:40.880 I mean this is what they're about? 0:11:40.880,0:11:44.860 This is what you're thinking as an Arab Muslim, as an Iraqi. 0:11:44.860,0:11:48.730 Of course you're going to think this. How can you not think this? 0:11:48.730,0:11:52.810 And then your cousin says "Hey, cuz, check out this website. 0:11:52.810,0:11:55.360 You gotta see this Christian, this Bible Boot Camp. 0:11:55.360,0:11:59.810 These Christians are nuts. They're training their little kids to be soldiers for Jesus." 0:11:59.810,0:12:01.990 And they take these little kids, and they run them through these things 0:12:01.990,0:12:05.450 and they teach them how to say "Sir, yes, sir!", and play games like grenade toss, 0:12:05.450,0:12:07.590 and weapons care and maintenance. 0:12:07.590,0:12:10.800 And go to the website. It says U.S. Army right on it. 0:12:10.800,0:12:12.700 I mean these Christians they're nuts! 0:12:12.700,0:12:14.200 How would they do this to their little kids? 0:12:14.200,0:12:16.250 And you're reading this website and of course Christians 0:12:16.250,0:12:18.690 back in the United States or anybody says 0:12:18.690,0:12:21.300 "Aw, this is a little tiny church in the middle of nowhere." 0:12:21.300,0:12:23.100 You don't know that. 0:12:23.100,0:12:25.570 For you, this is all Christians. 0:12:25.570,0:12:28.030 It's all over the web -- Bible Boot Camp. 0:12:28.030,0:12:31.190 And look at this. They even teach their kids. 0:12:31.190,0:12:34.530 They train them in the same way the U.S. Marines train. 0:12:34.530,0:12:36.020 Isn't that interesting? 0:12:36.020,0:12:38.100 And it scares you and it frightens you. 0:12:38.100,0:12:40.350 So these guys? You see them? 0:12:40.350,0:12:43.470 You see I, Sam Richards, I know who these guys are. 0:12:43.470,0:12:45.990 They're my students, my friends. I mean I know what they're thinking. 0:12:45.990,0:12:47.970 You don't know. 0:12:47.970,0:12:53.310 When you see them they're something else. They're something else. 0:12:53.310,0:12:56.140 That's what they are to you. (Christian Invaders) 0:12:56.140,0:12:58.300 We don't see it that way in the United States. 0:12:58.300,0:13:03.910 But you see it that way? 0:13:03.910,0:13:07.720 So here. Of course, you got it wrong. 0:13:07.720,0:13:10.500 You're generalizing, it's wrong. 0:13:10.500,0:13:14.190 You don't understand the Americans. It's not a Christian invasion. 0:13:14.190,0:13:16.390 We're not just there for oil. We're there for lots of reasons. 0:13:16.390,0:13:19.360 I mean, you have it wrong. You've missed it. 0:13:19.360,0:13:22.000 And of course most of you don't support the insurgency, 0:13:22.000,0:13:25.790 you don't support killing Americans, you don't support the terrorists. 0:13:25.790,0:13:31.200 Of course you don't. Very few people do. But some of you do? 0:13:31.200,0:13:33.020 And this is a perspective. 0:13:33.020,0:13:35.730 Okay, so now, so here's what we're going to do. 0:13:35.730,0:13:39.670 Step outside of your shoes that you're in right now 0:13:39.670,0:13:44.450 and step back into your normal shoes, so everyone's back in the room, okay? 0:13:44.450,0:13:45.900 Now here comes the radical experiment. 0:13:45.900,0:13:50.330 So we're all back home. 0:13:50.330,0:13:52.490 This photo. This woman? 0:13:52.490,0:13:55.930 Man, I feel her. I feel her. 0:13:55.930,0:14:01.680 She's my sister, my wife, my cousin, my neighbor, she's anybody. 0:14:01.680,0:14:04.350 These guys standing there, everybody in the photo? 0:14:04.350,0:14:07.960 I feel this photo, man. 0:14:07.960,0:14:09.620 So here's what I want you to do. 0:14:09.620,0:14:13.710 Let's go back to my first example of the Chinese, okay? 0:14:13.710,0:14:16.570 So I want you to go there, so it's all about coal 0:14:16.570,0:14:18.410 and the Chinese are here in the United States. 0:14:18.410,0:14:23.300 And I want you to picture her as a Chinese woman receiving a Chinese flag 0:14:23.300,0:14:28.770 because her loved one has died in America in the coal uprising. 0:14:28.770,0:14:31.990 And the soldiers are Chinese and everybody else is Chinese. 0:14:31.990,0:14:38.200 Okay? As an American, how do you feel about this picture? 0:14:38.200,0:14:42.740 What do you think about that scene? 0:14:42.740,0:14:44.240 Okay, try this. 0:14:44.240,0:14:47.600 Bring it back. This is the scene, here. It's an American, 0:14:47.600,0:14:51.710 American soldiers, American woman who lost her loved one in the Middle East, 0:14:51.710,0:14:53.850 in Iraq or Afghanistan? 0:14:53.850,0:14:55.990 Now put yourself in the shoes 0:14:55.990,0:15:02.210 of an Arab Muslim living in Iraq. 0:15:02.210,0:15:06.970 What are you feeling and thinking about this photo, 0:15:06.970,0:15:10.170 about this woman? 0:15:10.170,0:15:17.090 0:15:17.090,0:15:20.860 Okay, now follow me on this. 0:15:20.860,0:15:22.910 Because I'm taking a big risk here. 0:15:22.910,0:15:28.910 And so I'm going to invite you to take a risk with me, okay? 0:15:28.910,0:15:32.520 Okay so these gentlemen here, they're insurgents. 0:15:32.520,0:15:36.510 They were caught by the American soldiers trying to kill Americans. 0:15:36.510,0:15:40.830 And maybe they succeeded. Maybe they succeeded? 0:15:40.830,0:15:46.530 Put yourself in the shoes of the Americans who caught them. 0:15:46.530,0:15:48.600 Can you feel the rage? 0:15:48.600,0:15:52.410 Can you feel that you just want to take these guys and wring their necks? 0:15:52.410,0:15:56.720 I mean, can you go there? It shouldn't be that difficult. 0:15:56.720,0:16:00.810 You know you just feel, "Aw, man!" 0:16:00.810,0:16:10.870 Okay, now, put yourself in their shoes. 0:16:10.870,0:16:12.890 Are they brutal killers 0:16:12.890,0:16:16.760 or patriotic defenders? 0:16:16.760,0:16:18.550 Which one? 0:16:18.550,0:16:25.930 Can you feel their anger, their fear, their rage 0:16:25.930,0:16:27.990 at what has happened in their country? 0:16:27.990,0:16:32.540 Can you imagine that maybe one of them in the morning 0:16:32.540,0:16:36.100 bent down to their child and hugged their child and said, 0:16:36.100,0:16:43.100 "Dear, I'll be back later. I'm going out to defend your freedom, your lives." 0:16:43.100,0:16:49.190 "I'm going out to look out for us, the future of our country." 0:16:49.190,0:16:53.250 Can you imagine that? Can you imagine saying that? 0:16:53.250,0:16:57.850 Can you go there? 0:16:57.850,0:17:00.650 What do you think they're feeling? 0:17:00.650,0:17:07.960 0:17:07.960,0:17:09.400 You see that's empathy. 0:17:09.400,0:17:12.740 It's also understanding. 0:17:12.740,0:17:18.170 Now, you might ask, "Okay, Sam, so why do you do this sort of thing?" 0:17:18.170,0:17:20.620 "Why would you use this example of all examples?" 0:17:20.620,0:17:27.070 And I say because you're allowed to hate these people. 0:17:27.070,0:17:32.080 You're allowed to just hate them with every fiber of your being. 0:17:32.080,0:17:35.840 aAd if I can get you to step into their shoes 0:17:35.840,0:17:40.120 and walk in inch, one tiny inch, 0:17:40.120,0:17:44.150 then imagine the kind of sociological analysis that you can do 0:17:44.150,0:17:47.580 in all other aspects of your life. 0:17:47.580,0:17:51.170 You can walk a mile when it comes to understanding 0:17:51.170,0:17:55.640 why that person is driving 40 miles per hour in the passing lane, 0:17:55.640,0:17:59.600 or your teenage son, or your neighbor 0:17:59.600,0:18:02.360 who annoys you by cutting his lawn on Sunday mornings. 0:18:02.360,0:18:07.930 Whatever it is, you can go so far -- and this is what I tell my students. 0:18:07.930,0:18:11.440 Step outside of your tiny little world. 0:18:11.440,0:18:16.210 Step inside of the tiny little world of somebody else. 0:18:16.210,0:18:19.410 And then do it again, and do it again, and do it again 0:18:19.410,0:18:21.380 and suddenly all of these tiny little worlds 0:18:21.380,0:18:23.700 they come together in this complex web 0:18:23.700,0:18:26.650 and they build a big complex world. 0:18:26.650,0:18:31.550 And suddenly without realizing it you're seeing the world differently. 0:18:31.550,0:18:33.300 Everything has changed. 0:18:33.300,0:18:36.100 Everything in your life has changed. 0:18:36.100,0:18:39.220 And that's of course what this is about. 0:18:39.220,0:18:43.700 Attend to other lives, other visions. 0:18:43.700,0:18:48.150 Listen to other people. Enlighten ourselves. 0:18:48.150,0:18:57.420 And so what I will say here is, I'm not saying that I support the terrorists in Iraq. 0:18:57.420,0:19:05.380 But as a sociologist, what I am saying is I understand. 0:19:05.380,0:19:09.590 And now perhaps, perhaps, you do too. 0:19:09.590,0:19:10.610 Thank you. 0:19:10.610,9:59:59.000 ( applause )