[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.23,0:00:03.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We all grew up believing it\Nwould take long periods of time,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.47,0:00:07.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a slow process of evolution, in\Norder to involve,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.67,0:00:10.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to transform a wolf\Ninto a dog.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.91,0:00:14.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, boy, from the\Narchaeological records or\Nwhatever,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.85,0:00:17.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was an instant of\Ntime.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.38,0:00:22.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How could it be possible for one\Nspecies to evolve suddenly into another.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.82,0:00:25.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Clues were to emerge\Nunexpectedly from
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.42,0:00:28.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an experiment conducted in the\Nold Soviet Union.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.73,0:00:35.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I really think that the Belyaev\Nexperiments was one of the most
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.74,0:00:38.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,significant experiments in
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.34,0:00:41.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,evolution that took place in the\Ntwentieth century,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.54,0:00:48.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it affected my life and my\Nthinking in so many ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.01,0:00:53.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The experiment was begun in the\N1950s at a fox farm in Siberia.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.45,0:00:55.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The foxes were being bred\Nfor their fur,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.46,0:00:58.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they were wild animals that\Nwere hard to handle and
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.39,0:01:00.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,often too stressed to breed.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.10,0:01:07.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dmitry Belyaev, a geneticist,\Nwas taken on to see if he could
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.77,0:01:11.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,develop foxes that would be\Neasier to keep.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.07,0:01:13.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He began his experiment by\Nbreeding together those
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.67,0:01:16.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,foxes with the least excitable\Ntemperaments.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.41,0:01:21.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Belyaev selected foxes by a\Nsimple method.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.71,0:01:24.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He extended a gloved hand into\Neach animal's cage.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.98,0:01:27.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The foxes that attacked,\Ncowered,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.69,0:01:33.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or bit him were excluded from breeding.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.60,0:01:39.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But those that showed tolerance
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.16,0:01:42.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or curiosity were mated together.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.20,0:01:47.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In effect, Belyaev was selecting\Nthe foxes for their flight distance.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.37,0:01:50.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The subsequent results were\Nstaggering.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.68,0:01:53.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The new generations of foxes\Nwere transformed,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.18,0:01:56.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not just in behavior but in\Ntheir appearance.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.22,0:02:01.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Within just ten years, the\Nselected foxes showed new
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.69,0:02:03.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,variety in their color.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.02,0:02:07.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some were born with mottled\Ncoats or black
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.53,0:02:10.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and white patches.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.36,0:02:12.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their ears became floppy.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.03,0:02:15.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They started to bark, vocalize.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.13,0:02:19.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They became highly playful even\Ninto adulthood and were no
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.34,0:02:21.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,longer afraid of people.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.24,0:02:28.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of the foxes even began to\Nanswer to their names.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.75,0:02:35.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Belyaev had stumbled across the\Ndiscovery that selecting for the
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.46,0:02:38.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quality of tameness alone could
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.16,0:02:40.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,set off a cascade of other changes.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.16,0:02:45.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can still see evidence of\Nthis quantum leap at the same
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.40,0:02:49.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,research center today.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.70,0:02:52.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Up to that point, we all kind of\Nbelieved Darwin,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.67,0:02:57.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Darwin said nature does not\Ngo in leaps.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.01,0:02:59.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Things don't happen fast.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.08,0:03:00.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They happen gradually.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.91,0:03:05.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the answer was with Belyaev\Nexperiment - he was wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.08,0:03:07.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They do go in leaps and\Nsometimes big leaps.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.99,0:03:09.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Things that you wouldn't expect.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.89,0:03:12.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The theory is here that we're\Ndealing with some underlying
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.99,0:03:14.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,structure.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.09,0:03:15.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we're dealing with\Ntameness,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.66,0:03:19.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're dealing with a set of\Ngenetics that is producing a
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.63,0:03:23.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,characteristic response.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.47,0:03:26.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is not a coincidence that\Nmany domesticated animals are
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.34,0:03:27.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,black and white.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.91,0:03:29.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When selection is made for\Ntameness,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.91,0:03:32.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it impacts on the entire makeup\Nof the animal.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.58,0:03:37.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientists have determined that\Nadrenalin,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.95,0:03:42.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the fight or flight hormone, and\Nmelanin, the skin and fur\Npigment,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.46,0:03:46.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are chemically connected, so\Nthey change together,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.19,0:03:49.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as are the neurotransmitters\Ndopamine and noradrenaline which
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.80,0:03:51.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,control behaviors.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.56,0:03:57.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Affect one system, and there is\Na domino effect from color to behaviors.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.51,0:04:03.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Koppenja's scavenging wolves\Nmay have undergone a similar
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.74,0:04:04.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,transformation.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.74,0:04:08.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When all of a sudden\NBelyaev's experiments...
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.11,0:04:15.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It changed the way a lot\Nof us began to think about dogs.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.25,0:04:17.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People talked about...
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.62,0:04:21.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why did people select dogs to\Nhave this coat color or
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.43,0:04:23.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that coat color and so on?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.16,0:04:27.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why did people select dogs to\Nbark?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.10,0:04:29.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then all of a sudden we\Nrealized those were a bunch of
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.84,0:04:31.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really silly questions,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.84,0:04:36.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we could get all of that\Njust by selecting for tameness.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.81,0:04:41.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Belyaev created foxes that\Nlooked and behaved like dogs.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.78,0:04:45.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His experiment suggested that\Nthe transformation of the wild
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.35,0:04:49.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wolf into the dog could have\Nhappened in the blink of an
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.19,0:04:51.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,evolutionary eye.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.42,0:04:54.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The stage was set for the\Ndevelopment of the dog
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.59,0:04:57.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the incredible\Nvariety we have today.