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Welcome to “How to Create a Scoping

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Review.” Thank you for joining me.

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My name is Bebe Makena and

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I am an Occupational Therapist.

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I also happen to be completing

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my clinical doctorate in occupational

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therapy. A requirement of my doctoral

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program is the completion of a final

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capstone project.

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Mine is a scoping review.

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Very briefly, a scoping review

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is a type of literature review

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that looks for existing evidence

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that shows whether or not a specific

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type of treatment will work for a

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specific type of concern.

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My intention with this lesson

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is to teach other students

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who are just beginning in their

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journey towards completing a

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scoping review, how to do so.

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This lesson is a broad overview

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of the process.

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Another type of literature review

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is a systematic review. It attempts

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to answer the same question as a

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scoping review, but with greater rigor.

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A systematic review team may conduct

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additional statistical analyses of the

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outcome measures used within the

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research articles they include in their

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reviews. I have previously been a part of

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one of these teams. This prior experience

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helped me to prepare for completing my

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current scoping review. You may also

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benefit from participating in another

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team’s review. Step one, then, is to

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see if any opportunities exist for

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you to build your experience.

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Step two is to decide on your

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capstone topic.

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It is possible that your topic has

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enough existing research for you

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to go forward towards conducting

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a research study.

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If there is not enough evidence to

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justify a study, though, you will

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want to help lay the foundation

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for future research. A scoping review

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is a good first step.

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Step three is to improve your

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understanding of the required scoping

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review styles and elements. Even if you

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have participated in one in the past,

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the criteria may have changed, or the

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nature of your scoping review may be

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different from the one prior. For example,

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you may be focused more on showing

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that there is or is not a gap in

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available information.

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Or, you may be trying to dig

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deeply to prove or disprove the

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efficacy of a very specific type of

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intervention.

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If the first, then you may confine your

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research to electronic databases.

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If the second, you may dive into paper

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journals and articles listed in reference

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sections as well as the electronic

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databases.

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Key scoping review elements often

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include philosophical grounding and a

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framework to guide you. Philosophical

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grounding pertains to a professional

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philosophy or model that will underpin

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your work.

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For example, I used the Model of Human

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Occupation also known as MOHO.

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I used MOHO to help explain why my

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research question was important,

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and to see if MOHO elements were

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present in the included studies.

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MOHO is a keystone philosophy in

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occupational therapy. Knowing if the

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MOHO elements are present in research

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helps to identify if or how it is being

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used. You may have a similar interest

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in your profession.

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The framework you choose will

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help you identify the questions you

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should answer in your scoping review.

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I chose the preferred reporting items for

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systematic review and meta-analysis

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also known as PRISMA.

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This is a widely respected framework

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that promotes consistent approaches

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across literature reviews so that the

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quality of each review is as high

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as possible and so that future reviews

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can be compared well to past reviews.

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Common framework criteria include

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completion of background research

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and specific formatting requirements,

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in addition to other criteria.

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Background research includes an

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examination of existing literature

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related to your topic that helps to

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explain why your topic is important.

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For example, I was interested in whether

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or not sensory integration methods

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would be effective in treating

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posttraumatic stress disorder,

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also known as PTSD, in adults.

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My background information discussed

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how many adults are affected by PTSD,

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how debilitating the symptoms can be,

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the neurology involved in PTSD, and

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how similar that neurology is to brain

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regions impacted by sensory integration.

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Other criteria defined by your framework

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can be extensive. With PRISMA, I needed

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to address concerns related to conflicts

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of interest, how the data from the

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results would be assessed, what articles

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would be included or excluded, and how

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I would search for the articles,

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among several other items.

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Whatever framework you choose,

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you will need to track each stage of your

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work and collaboration with others to

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prove that you were rigorous and ethical.

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I found a simple Excel spreadsheet

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useful for doing this. You will also

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benefit from consulting with a librarian

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who can help you define your search terms

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and identify the best databases to

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explore.

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Once you have addressed all of the

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criteria, focus on refining your

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formatting. There may be specific style

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guidelines dictating how a table should

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look, how to align your headers, if you

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need to add a key to define abbreviated

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terms, and so on.

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Take one final look over your work

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to see if you have answered all of the

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criteria well, have formatted all items

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correctly, and have synthesized your

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information appropriately. It is very

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common to miss something. It might seem

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small to you, but it may cause a delay in

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your capstone completion, or potential

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publication, if it is not addressed.

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For example, I discovered an updated set

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of professional guidelines from the

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American Occupational Therapy Association

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that I found I needed to incorporate.

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This set of criteria was very helpful

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in assessing bias correctly within

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my scoping review.

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Once done, your final step is to

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submit your scoping review to your

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committee and prepare for your defense.

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Your committee will review your draft and

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provide insights to you before your

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defense. This is very helpful as it

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allows you to make any final revisions

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that will boost your chances

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for passing your defense and,

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ultimately, your doctoral program.

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Thank you for tuning into this lesson.

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I hope you have found it useful.