[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.24,0:00:08.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(audience applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.45,0:00:11.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Good morning.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.45,0:00:16.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the past three\Nyears, I was a researcher
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.22,0:00:18.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.31,0:00:22.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at Harvard University, where\NI examined corrupting influences
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.23,0:00:25.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and hidden biases in the\Npursuit of knowledge.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.50,0:00:27.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During this time, I\Nconducted in-depth interviews
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.47,0:00:30.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with professors from\Nmedicine, business, law,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.72,0:00:33.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the natural life sciences,\Nas well as the humanities
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.53,0:00:35.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and social sciences.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.86,0:00:38.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My goal was to try to\Nunderstand the everyday life
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.99,0:00:43.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of scientists and professors\Nacross all the disciplines.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.13,0:00:45.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the end, I ended up\Nwith close to 10,000 pages
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.94,0:00:48.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of interview transcripts.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.21,0:00:50.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today I would like to share with you
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.97,0:00:53.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of the ethical dilemmas\Nthat professors face.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.68,0:00:57.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In particular, whether they\Nexperience an increased risk
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.16,0:01:01.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of bias depending on who\Nis funding their research.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.40,0:01:05.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, why should we be\Nconcerned about the ethics
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.15,0:01:07.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of knowledge production?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.70,0:01:11.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I first started university,\NI had this idealistic,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.99,0:01:14.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and perhaps naive, view of science.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.87,0:01:17.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I believed that scientists\Ninquired about the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.94,0:01:20.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,practiced the scientific\Nmethod with integrity,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.50,0:01:24.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and made new discoveries\Nthat drive progress forward.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.06,0:01:27.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But close examination of how\Nscientist conduct research
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.15,0:01:30.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reveals that what we can\Nknow depends not only
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.12,0:01:33.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the scientist, but\Nalso on the structures
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.25,0:01:35.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and institutions that\Ngive scientists the means
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.94,0:01:38.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to pursue knowledge.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.12,0:01:40.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As I interviewed\Nscientists and professors,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.21,0:01:44.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I began to uncover patterns\Nof scientific distortion,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.46,0:01:47.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or what some might call "the\Ncorruption of knowledge."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.77,0:01:49.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, the majority of these distortions
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.93,0:01:53.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were not produced by bad\Npeople behaving unethically
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.35,0:01:56.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or illegally, although this does happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.29,0:01:58.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But rather by good people, like the people
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.18,0:02:01.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sitting beside you right now:\Nyour friends and your family
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.77,0:02:03.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who in response to the daily pressures
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.92,0:02:06.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of work may simply begin to rationalize
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.40,0:02:11.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to themselves little ethical\Nlapses here and there.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.23,0:02:15.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now by ethical lapse, I mean\Nscientific integrity lapses
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.72,0:02:18.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that appear to be very\Nsmall, or inconsequential,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.41,0:02:19.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.88,0:02:22.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the most common examples of this
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.56,0:02:24.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,involves a scientist thinking,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.99,0:02:27.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe I won't ask\NQuestion A when pursuing
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.97,0:02:30.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my research because my\Nfunder who may be relying
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.89,0:02:33.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the results of this study\Nto obtain regulatory approval
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.80,0:02:36.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for potential commercialization\Nmay not be too happy
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.52,0:02:39.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the higher risk of a negative result
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.97,0:02:42.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which might also affect\Nmy future funding.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.45,0:02:44.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So maybe instead I'll self-censor myself
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.41,0:02:46.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and ask a different question of the data
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.32,0:02:48.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the possible\Noutcome will most likely
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.92,0:02:51.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not ruffle too many feathers\Nand I will then answer
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.62,0:02:55.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that question honestly and\Nwith scientific integrity.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.96,0:02:59.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now these types of rationalizations,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.41,0:03:02.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these little compromises,\Nwhere we convince ourselves
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.09,0:03:04.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the moment that what\Nwe're doing is okay,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.90,0:03:07.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,help to neutralize any\Nguilt we might experience
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.46,0:03:10.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in our ethical decision making.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.13,0:03:13.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, over time the accumulation
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.31,0:03:15.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of these little ethical lapses is leading
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.68,0:03:18.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a broader system of\Nknowledge production
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.20,0:03:20.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is becoming increasingly distorted
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.90,0:03:23.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and more difficult to trust.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.56,0:03:27.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want you to think about\Nthat word for a moment: trust.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.98,0:03:31.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And how it plays a role\Nin your daily activities.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.55,0:03:35.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For instance, plastic water bottles.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.05,0:03:37.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're so common that\Nwhen we pick one up,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.36,0:03:38.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're probably not thinking anything
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.73,0:03:40.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other than, "I'm thirsty."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.94,0:03:46.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't ask ourselves,\NHmm, does bisphenol-a,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.24,0:03:49.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or BPA, a common compound\Nused in hard plastic products,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.40,0:03:51.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lead to cancer, behavioral disorders,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.16,0:03:52.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or reproductive problems?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.59,0:03:54.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, of course not.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.94,0:03:56.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We take a drink and we go on with our day.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.67,0:03:58.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We trust that drinking\Nfrom the water bottle
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.73,0:04:03.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can't be bad, or at least\Nbad enough to worry about.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.35,0:04:06.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While on the one hand, you can feel safe
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.09,0:04:08.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because every study\Nperformed by scientists
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.27,0:04:12.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,funded by the industry\Nconcludes, "No harm from BPA."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.40,0:04:17.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words: it's\Nokay, you can trust BPA.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.29,0:04:21.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, at the same time,\N93% of the non industry
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.10,0:04:25.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,funded studies show that there\Nmight be cause for concern.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.30,0:04:28.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that maybe we should\Nbe a little less trusting
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.52,0:04:33.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the next time we pick up a\Nhard plastic water bottle.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.43,0:04:35.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So who do you trust?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.57,0:04:39.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And how is it possible that\Nthe industry funded scientists
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.03,0:04:43.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,studying BPA are so certain\Nthat there is no harm?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.69,0:04:46.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it simply because\Nthey're better scientists?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.99,0:04:48.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have bigger data sets?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.53,0:04:50.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Know the compound better?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.84,0:04:54.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe, perhaps, but we see this pattern
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.41,0:04:57.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,often called the funding effect,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.03,0:04:59.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,across many different areas of research
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.80,0:05:03.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from cell phone safety to\Nclimate change to soft drinks.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.70,0:05:06.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In each case, scientists\Nfunded by the industry,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.48,0:05:09.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or industry supported think\Ntanks, reached conclusions
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.34,0:05:13.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that overall tend to deny\Nor downplay any harm.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.66,0:05:16.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While non industry funded\Nscientists overwhelmingly
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.69,0:05:19.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,find evidence of harm.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.11,0:05:22.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Among the professors I\Ninterviewed in food and nutrition,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.30,0:05:26.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was acknowledgement\Nof this funding effect bias.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.14,0:05:30.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When food scientists said,\N"There is a tendency for people
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.14,0:05:32.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in my discipline to develop sympathies
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.74,0:05:34.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the food industry and to say
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.61,0:05:37.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'Yeah this is definitely\Nsafe.' Rather than to say,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.92,0:05:39.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Okay, here's this research study,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.80,0:05:42.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this research study, and this research study.'"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.92,0:05:45.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I interviewed another\Nprofessor, who was also
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.83,0:05:49.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an editor of a scientific\Njournal in nutrition,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.34,0:05:53.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he said the following to me,\N"So we get some manuscripts
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.57,0:05:56.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are industry\Nsponsored and one senses
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.25,0:05:58.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that their story is a little\Nslanted towards the benefit
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.53,0:06:00.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of whatever it might be.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.12,0:06:02.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their product did this, never mind that
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.40,0:06:05.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it didn't do 10 other things.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.27,0:06:07.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The most frequent scenario\Nis not that the study
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.44,0:06:11.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is done poorly, but that\Nthe questions themselves
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.05,0:06:13.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are kind of selective."
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.05,0:06:18.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now if a funding effect bias does exist,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.39,0:06:21.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then surely the regulatory\Nbodies who look out
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.93,0:06:25.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for our safety must be aware of it, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.38,0:06:28.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For instance, what about\Nour prescription drugs?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.89,0:06:30.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pharmaceutical companies must first obtain
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.56,0:06:34.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,regulatory approval for\Ntheir products, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.08,0:06:37.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, however, many of the drug evaluation
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.52,0:06:39.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and research advisory committee members
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.51,0:06:41.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who vote on whether a\Ndrug should be granted
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.43,0:06:44.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,regulatory approval also\Nhave financial conflicts
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.05,0:06:47.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of interest with these\Nsame drug companies.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.47,0:06:52.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These voting members\Noften serve as consultants
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.81,0:06:55.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and have ownership interest\Nin the same drug companies
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.17,0:06:56.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seeking approval.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.86,0:07:00.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They also sit on their advisory boards
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.19,0:07:02.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even receive funding from these firms
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.50,0:07:05.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for their own individual research.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.54,0:07:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, they might be experts,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.00,0:07:12.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they are not independent experts.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.23,0:07:16.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As you know, in 2008 the world suffered
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.94,0:07:19.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a major financial crisis.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.30,0:07:22.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Oscar-winning documentary, Inside Job,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.55,0:07:25.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,suggested that economics\Nprofessors were being corrupted
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.27,0:07:28.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and blinded through their\Nconsulting relationships
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.66,0:07:32.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and conflicts of interest\Nwith the financial sector.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.34,0:07:35.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was so serious that even\Nan upset Queen of England
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.64,0:07:38.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(audience laughs)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.99,0:07:42.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,visited the LSC, the\Nprestigious London School
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.36,0:07:44.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Economics, and sternly asked her top
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.88,0:07:49.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,economics professors, "If the\Nproblem was so widespread,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.40,0:07:52.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"then why didn't anyone notice it?"
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.86,0:07:55.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Director of LSC's\NManagement Department,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.56,0:07:57.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who was standing beside\Nthe Queen at the time,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.74,0:08:01.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,said to her, "At every\Nstage, someone was relying
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.20,0:08:03.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on somebody else and everyone thought
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.23,0:08:06.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were doing the right thing."
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.08,0:08:09.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In my interviews with business\Nand economics professors,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.90,0:08:11.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was observed, as it was with professors
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.86,0:08:15.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,across all the disciplines,\Nthat a lack of independence
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.24,0:08:18.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can distort the production of knowledge.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.64,0:08:20.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One economics professor, who researches
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.80,0:08:25.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,private equity finance,\Ntold me during an interview,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.19,0:08:27.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The only way to get the data is to get
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.48,0:08:30.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"the private equity\Nfirms to give it to you.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.43,0:08:32.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"If you then say these people\Ndon't know what they're doing,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.60,0:08:35.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or they only make returns\Nby taking excessive risks,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.96,0:08:38.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then there is the potential\Nyou simply will not
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.52,0:08:41.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get data going forward\Nand you will be forced
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.18,0:08:43.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to leave the field of economics.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.45,0:08:45.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you have to worry that\Nthe research that comes out
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.94,0:08:48.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is more favorable to the\Nprivate equity industry
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.49,0:08:50.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than otherwise it would be."
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.89,0:08:55.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now despite all these cautionary examples
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.80,0:08:58.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of corrupting influences\Nand hidden biases,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.39,0:09:00.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of you out there, I'm certain,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.48,0:09:03.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are still thinking to\Nyourself, "Okay, Gary,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.40,0:09:05.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I hear what you're saying,\Nbut I would never distort
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.96,0:09:08.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my work, and no conflict\Nof interest would change
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.90,0:09:11.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how I pursue my research."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.29,0:09:15.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fair enough, many of us do believe
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.31,0:09:17.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we can manage any\Nconflict of interest
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.64,0:09:21.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and still maintain our\Nown personal integrity.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.88,0:09:24.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, we should never\Nforget that the power
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.86,0:09:27.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to rationalize our own\Nlittle ethical lapses
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.26,0:09:28.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is remarkable.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.41,0:09:32.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Consider this everyday example.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.18,0:09:34.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Statistics demonstrate\Nthat there are disturbingly
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.31,0:09:36.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,high rates of accidents and deaths
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.63,0:09:39.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,due to cell phone related\Ndistracted driving.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.89,0:09:43.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet, despite knowing this,\Nmany of us will continue
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.14,0:09:44.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to use cell phones when we drive,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.84,0:09:46.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even after we leave here today.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.94,0:09:49.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Studies show that more\Nthan half of us believe
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.02,0:09:50.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that when we use cell phones and drive,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.87,0:09:52.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it makes no real difference on our own
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.70,0:09:55.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,individual driving performance.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.69,0:09:59.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet, when we switch from being\Nthe driver to the passenger,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.70,0:10:02.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,90% of us now will suddenly\Nstate, " I would feel
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.77,0:10:06.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very unsafe if I observed my\Ndriver using a cell phone."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.46,0:10:13.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So saying you have integrity is easy.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.84,0:10:16.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Practicing integrity is not easy.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.85,0:10:19.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And recognizing our own\Nlittle ethical lapses
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.52,0:10:22.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and rationalizations\Nis even more difficult.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.88,0:10:25.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what does this all mean in the context
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.15,0:10:27.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of knowledge production?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.87,0:10:31.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, we should be aware\Nthat funders increasingly want
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.35,0:10:34.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more influence over what\Nquestions scientists can ask,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.79,0:10:36.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what findings they can\Nshare, and ultimately
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.100,0:10:39.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what kind of knowledge is produced.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.18,0:10:43.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So ask yourself, "What\Nare the strings attached
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.80,0:10:46.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"when we accept funding?"
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.41,0:10:49.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Are the strings visible,\Nwhere the scientist is told
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.43,0:10:51.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that she cannot publish her\Nwork until given approval
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.80,0:10:54.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do so by the funder?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.45,0:10:56.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or does the funder require that the data
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.10,0:10:58.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,remain confidential so that\Nthe research conclusions
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.65,0:11:03.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can never be verified within\Nthe scientific community?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.15,0:11:05.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or are the strings invisible?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.51,0:11:09.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Increasingly, scientists and\Nprofessors are self-censoring
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.76,0:11:12.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their work in order to appeal to funders.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.47,0:11:15.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in so doing are\Nsidestepping important questions
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.58,0:11:17.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that may be critical to the public good
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.50,0:11:19.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and society as a whole.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.04,0:11:22.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My interviews make clear
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.83,0:11:25.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the funding effect bias is real.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.98,0:11:32.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, if left unchecked, will\Ncontinue to have a real impact
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.48,0:11:34.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on what we can know.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.76,0:11:38.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So next time you pick up a\Nbook or a research article,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.90,0:11:42.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,check to see who is\Nfunding the author's work.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.18,0:11:46.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And pay close attention to\Nthe author's affiliations.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.42,0:11:49.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In order to be informed\Nin this information age,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.65,0:11:52.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to take extra\Nmeasures to vet the legitimacy
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.27,0:11:55.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the content that we rely\Non, to develop a critical eye
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.87,0:11:59.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for independence, and to\Nvalue scientific integrity
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.68,0:12:01.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,above anything else.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.80,0:12:06.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Information and knowledge require science,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.64,0:12:08.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unfettered and unbiased.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.53,0:12:11.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's time we all take\Nmeasures to demand it.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.73,0:12:12.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.84,0:12:15.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(audience applause)