[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.10,0:00:14.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}Music{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.39,0:00:17.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Herald: Because Iran pops up in the news
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.39,0:00:21.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,frequently and mostly when it pops up,\Nit's often about censorship and
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.20,0:00:26.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,surveillance and our speaker here Mahsa\NAlimardani she's actually an expert on
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.82,0:00:30.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this topic. She's a specialist, she\Ncurrently works at the Oxford Internet
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.98,0:00:37.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Institute, where she researches politics\Nof Iran and of the Iranian internet but
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.25,0:00:43.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she also works for the NGO Article 19 and\Nin her talk - which we hope we'll have
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.49,0:00:50.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the slides up very soon - in her talk\Nshe's doing a rundown of the current state
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.29,0:00:55.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of censorship and surveillance in Iran. So\Nthank you for waiting until now, please
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.53,0:00:57.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,give a warm round of applause to
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.63,0:00:59.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mahsa Alimardani
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.53,0:01:07.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}Applause{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.82,0:01:10.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mahsa Alimardani: Well, thank you for coming and
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.04,0:01:16.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being so patient to hear me talk today I\Nhave to admit I did not anticipate doing
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.07,0:01:20.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this without my computer in front of me\Nbut I guess it's a good exercise in
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.99,0:01:25.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,becoming less reliant on my devices. But I\Ndo still have my phone in my hand with the
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.20,0:01:30.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,slide so I think that'll be useful; so,\Nthe name of the talk is "Tightening the
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.81,0:01:36.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Net" and so as the introduction went I'm\Ngoing to be talking a little bit about how
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.72,0:01:43.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,information controls work on the Iranian\Nintranet. You're probably listening to my
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.06,0:01:49.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,voice wondering why someone with an\NIranian name sounds kind of American. I'm
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.94,0:01:54.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- I grew up in Canada and I spent most of\Nmy life going back and forth between the
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.95,0:02:01.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,various countries I lived in abroad and\Nback to Iran, so that's why I sound this
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.13,0:02:08.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,way. It's a Canadian accent. And so I, I\Nhad slides to accompany what I was going
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.01,0:02:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to say next and it had a frightening\NIranian vampire, that I was going to get
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.00,0:02:21.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into later on, but it seems that I can you\Nknow replace the frightening Iranian
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.33,0:02:30.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vampire for now. So the reason why I am\Nhere. Who am I?Well I wear a lot of
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.44,0:02:34.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,different hats, the introduction said that I am,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.28,0:02:36.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,oh, that's not my slide,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.44,0:02:39.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's a frightening woman in front of me.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.01,0:02:44.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}Laughter{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.69,0:02:50.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I, I'm doing my PhD at the Oxford Internet
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.49,0:02:54.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Institute and there I'm studying how\Nsocial media evolves in Iran's information
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.98,0:03:00.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,control space to see how political\Nparticipation shapes, especially during
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.37,0:03:06.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,elections and things like that. I also\Nspend the majority of my time at a london-
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.26,0:03:14.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,based NGO called Article 19 and there I\Nwork with an Iran team that tracks how
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.47,0:03:19.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,freedom of expression and access to\Ninformation takes shape in Iran, and uh, I
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.45,0:03:32.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think my slides are on their way up here?\NNo? Is it there? It will come? That's
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.18,0:03:34.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,promising. So at Article 19.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.94,0:03:42.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}Applause{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.15,0:03:44.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yay, my slides are here, that's so
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.30,0:03:50.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exciting. Oh can I actually? then I it goes
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.68,0:03:53.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,... can I actually control it?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.12,0:03:54.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Herald: You have to signal.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.33,0:03:56.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MA: Oh, I have to signal, okay. We
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.34,0:04:00.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can go to the next slide.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.65,0:04:03.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}Laughter{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.89,0:04:09.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, nope, oh\Nthis is fun, okay, so this was the part
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.46,0:04:14.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would appear when I'm explaining\Nwho I am. What are you? It's the scene
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.04,0:04:18.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the movie, but, I've been\Nreferencing, it's called "A girl walkes
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.17,0:04:23.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,home alone at night" I think you should\Nall watch it. So, we can go to the next
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.35,0:04:30.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,slide. So, um, there was a troll on\NTwitter yesterday when I posted about my
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.58,0:04:34.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,talk, who were saying that I'm kind of\Ndoing war-mongering or something like
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.78,0:04:39.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that, so I just want to leave a\Ndisclaimer: I do work on human rights, I
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.67,0:04:43.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,am talking about some of the repressive\Nthings that happens in Iran, but this is
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.95,0:04:54.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not a talk to scare you away from Iran. In\Nfact, if - you can go back - in fact, if
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.39,0:04:58.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it, if I weren't here and if I weren't\Ndoing this particular type of work I would
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.35,0:05:04.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,probably be in Iran with my family for the\Nholidays, so I urge you, if you have no
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.24,0:05:10.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,security concerns, please go. It's a\Namazing country lots to see. But, one
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.89,0:05:15.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thing you will find is that the internet\Nexperience is a little bit different than
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.87,0:05:22.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what you would experience here in Leipzig,\Nwhich kind of brings me round to the topic
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.27,0:05:28.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of my talk. So, the Iranian internet is\Nsometimes known as "Filter-Net", this is a
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.71,0:05:34.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,term that a lot of us who do kind of\Ndigital advocacy for Iran know and often
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.39,0:05:42.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,use. I think the term was coined around\N2009 or 2010 by a Iranian journalist, who
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.33,0:05:48.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,focuses on technology named Mima Akbar,\Nfor, you can follow the hashtag on Twitter
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.24,0:05:51.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you could see lots of different things\Nrelated to Internet censorship and
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.84,0:06:00.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,surveillance in Iran. And so - next slide\N- there's also the series, that I helped
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.77,0:06:06.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,run with a number of colleagues at Article\N19, which is called "Tightening the Net"
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.14,0:06:09.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the name of this talk and if you want to\Nget into the nitty gritty details of what
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.84,0:06:16.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,happens in terms of internet policy, in\Nterms of how users are put at risk in Iran
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.17,0:06:21.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is a series you can follow and it\Nstarted initially with the national
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.67,0:06:26.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,internet project, which is sort of\Nsometimes known as the "Halal-Net".
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.81,0:06:31.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, we looked at software and cyber\Ntactics in Iran for the next edition and
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.50,0:06:37.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now every quarter we come out with a\Nrundown of what's going on, online in
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.36,0:06:42.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Iran, with a series of advocacy\Nrecommendations for various branches of
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.09,0:06:47.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Iranian government. So, if you want to\Nget more information beyond the
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.08,0:06:56.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,generalities of this talk to check that\Nout. Next slide. So, understanding the
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.85,0:07:03.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,#filternet. In order to understand - next\Nslide - so whenever I do this, it means
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.26,0:07:09.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,next slide.\NSo, understanding what happens online you
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.18,0:07:14.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have to kind of understand that in Iran\Nthere is an infrastructure of control,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.81,0:07:23.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that kind of shapes how this works and I\Ncan show this to you. Here, which is kind
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.22,0:07:32.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a map of what's going on in Iran and\Nyou can see that in Iran the head of state
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.19,0:07:38.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is in fact not elected, it's the supreme\Nleader. He's kind of a religious
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.14,0:07:42.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,authority, but also he has ultimate veto-\Npower over everything that happens in the
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.36,0:07:47.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,country and you can see him up at the top.\NI'm not signaling to change, I'm just pointing.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.53,0:07:52.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's, he's up at the top there\Nand everything sort of like falls under
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.25,0:07:58.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his umbrella. And, what's interesting to\Nknow that, every four years there, are
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.77,0:08:03.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is a democratic element to the\Ngovernment in Iran and there is a
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.43,0:08:09.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,president that gets elected and within the\Npresident's cabinet you have the Ministry
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.01,0:08:16.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of ICT information communications and\Ntechnology and within the Ministry of ICT
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.49,0:08:22.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you see a lot of what happens in terms of\Ncontrol inside of Iran. So the Ministry of
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.35,0:08:28.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ICT runs the telecommunications company of\NIran and they maintain and authorize all
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.18,0:08:34.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ISP and so in some ways this has been\Nreally good, because the current
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.26,0:08:40.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,administration, that was elected back in\N2013 and it was reelected in 2017 is a
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.13,0:08:45.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,moderate administration and so it's done a\Nlot to improve internet conditions in
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.37,0:08:49.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Iran.\NInternet speeds have improved by huge
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.67,0:08:54.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,amounts. So, sometimes the Iranian\Ninternet was named, known as "condnet"
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.66,0:09:00.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which, kind of is like "slow internet",\Nbut that's really improved since this
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.14,0:09:05.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,government has come into power and it's\Nthe government of President Rouhani and
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.55,0:09:10.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other things, like Internet access has\Ncome to villages, that often didn't have
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.20,0:09:14.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this kind of access. So in terms of ICT\Nfor development there's been a lot of
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.70,0:09:20.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,progress over the past few years because\Nof the work of this government in that
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.01,0:09:26.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ministry, but in terms of how surveillance\Noccurs. So all Internet traffic is routed
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.39,0:09:32.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through the telecommunications company of\NIran including private and government ISPs
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.52,0:09:39.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the TCI - as you can see right below\Nthe Ministry of ICT - is responsible for
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.28,0:09:45.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,blocking webpages and blacklists and\Nkeywords and in terms of surveillance the
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.68,0:09:51.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,TCI also uses proxy servers for\Nsurveillance by logging all unencrypted
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.66,0:09:55.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,web traffic which is why it's really\Nimportant for there to be HTTPS over
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.54,0:10:02.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,websites in Iran.\NWhat was particularly concerning is that
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.02,0:10:05.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,underneath the control of the Supreme\NLeader there's a body called the
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.34,0:10:12.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Revolutionary Guards and so, every time\Nthere's a protest movement in Iran or
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.44,0:10:18.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's any sort of opposition's of the\Nstatus quo the Revolutionary Guards help
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.05,0:10:24.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the regime kind of, you know, quell\Nprotesters, arrest them, gather
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.11,0:10:37.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,intelligence and so the IRGC, excuse me.\NIn 2009 the IRGC a consortium owned by
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.27,0:10:43.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this kind of paramilitary organization\Nbought about 51% of the telecommunications
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.32,0:10:47.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,company of Iran, because the government\Nwas trying to privatize it, but in essence
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.57,0:10:53.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,its ownership falls, fell under this kind\Nof repressive body within the
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.27,0:11:00.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,establishment. So, beyond strengthening\Nthe the Revolutionary Guards, with you
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.04,0:11:05.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,know, financial, through financial means\Nthey had direct access to the data of
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.62,0:11:11.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ordinary citizens which is super\Nconcerning. We can go to the next slide now.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.35,0:11:15.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was the news back in 2009 when they
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.92,0:11:22.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,got 51% of the shares of the\Ntelecommunications company of Iran. Next
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.37,0:11:32.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,slide. So, just to go over a brief history\Nof controls, because along with the
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.32,0:11:38.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,infrastructure of control, there's kind of\Na legal mechanism for how this kind of
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.29,0:11:45.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,established itself. So, back in 2001,\Nfiltering really started in Iran because
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.49,0:11:52.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is a crackdown on newspapers and a\Nlot of people started migrating online.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.14,0:11:58.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The scripts for writing Persian online was\Ndeveloping so, there was this huge
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.28,0:12:02.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,migration and it was only around 2001 that\Nthe government started targeting and doing
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.30,0:12:07.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,censorship of these, you know, more\Nreformist or progressive journalists and
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.84,0:12:14.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,activists, who were writing and kind of\Ngoing against the ethos of the regime.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.27,0:12:20.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can go back, you went ahead too. Oh,\Nso were you doing it? Oh sorry.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.44,0:12:22.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}Laughter{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.42,0:12:29.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Totally did not make that connection.\NSo that was in 2001 and they wanted to
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.82,0:12:36.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,codify how the system works, in terms of\Nthe filtering committee that enables this
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.09,0:12:43.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so in 2006 there was a draft law known\Nas the computer crimes law and actually
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.46,0:12:47.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Article 19, the law team and that Iran\Nteam - I wasn't part
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.30,0:12:51.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of it because this was before my time at\Nthe organization - they actually are the
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.98,0:13:00.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only source of translating and analyzing\Nthis law and so, it came into a draft form
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.53,0:13:06.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in 2006 and then by 2009 they really\Nwanted to mobilize it and make sure it
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.95,0:13:14.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,went into law. And 2009 was when the green\Nmovement happened and so the government
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.59,0:13:18.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was kind of trying to rein in control over\Nwhat kind of discourse was going on
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.75,0:13:24.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,online, because they they effectively shut\Ndown the internet for a small period of
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.43,0:13:30.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,time during that protest movement and so\Nright after this happened they picked up
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.28,0:13:35.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,speed on this and made sure it passed and\Nby 2010 this became law.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.33,0:13:43.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can take a look at this document in\Nmore precise form, different things like
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.17,0:13:47.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,article 10, which makes things like\Nencryption illegal came out of this
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.84,0:13:53.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,document, different things like the\Nfiltering committee that decides through
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.64,0:13:58.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,multi agency network of different\Nministries and different experts in the
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.74,0:14:00.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,government what content needs to be\Nfiltered.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.63,0:14:02.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you want me to do this and you can.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.98,0:14:04.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}Laughs{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.55,0:14:08.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sorry I feel bad I've made you, yeah.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.65,0:14:10.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}Laughter{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.58,0:14:11.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here she is.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.58,0:14:16.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}Applause{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.79,0:14:21.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, okay, yeah, I'm sorry, I\Ndidn't realize and she was crouching here
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.78,0:14:31.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the entire time and that's not cool.\NSo, so the next thing I have is a video
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.78,0:14:37.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I feel like it's gonna get really\Ndifficult. So, the law came into effect in
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.97,0:14:44.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,2010 and different bodies came into\Nformation as well, things like the
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.82,0:14:50.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Revolutionary Guard set up their own cyber\Ndivision known as Gharargah in 2009, right
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.84,0:14:58.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after the protest movement.\NIran's police forces also established
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.17,0:15:04.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their own pulley of cyber force named\NFatah in 2011 and because the
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.51,0:15:09.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,establishment was realizing that the\Ninternet was so, basically crucial to the
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.19,0:15:13.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,functioning of the nation, national\Nsecurity was being compromised, things
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.36,0:15:18.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like cyber attacks against the country's\Ninfrastructure was happening, the supreme
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.46,0:15:22.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leader basically wanted everything\Ncentralized to him, and so he created the
Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.24,0:15:26.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Supreme Council of Cyberspace" which, its\Nname translated into English, is very
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.99,0:15:32.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scifi and fun to say sometimes and that\Nhappened in 2012.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.69,0:15:38.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, this is all kind of like boring\Nand I guess lots of dates and lots of
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.15,0:15:41.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,things, but it's really important to how\Nthings happen day to day in Iranian's
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.97,0:15:48.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lives and how they experience the internet\Nand so... Back in a few years ago, a
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.33,0:15:53.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,colleague and I, okay, at the University\Nof Amsterdam, decided to go through the
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.90,0:15:59.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,censorship redirect page. So everytime you\Nwant to visit a page that's censored it's
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.74,0:16:04.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called peyvandha.ir - you can probably\Nlook this up, if you want - and so we
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.99,0:16:09.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using the wayback machine we, like, traced\Nit over the years and how it evolved and
Dialogue: 0,0:16:09.30,0:16:13.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how it kind of reflects on this changing\Ninternet policy.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.26,0:16:17.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'm gonna take a crack at playing this,\NI'm probably gonna really mess this up,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.92,0:16:26.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually, but... uhm... so this is the\Nvideo... Can I do it without...?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:26.86,0:16:28.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,AH: Let's try it... I can\N
Dialogue: 0,0:16:28.04,0:16:33.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MA: Yes. Yeah!
Dialogue: 0,0:16:33.73,0:16:38.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Video: arose with the establishment of\NIran cybercrime laws following the 2009
Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.09,0:16:42.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Green movement. The different versions of\Npeyvandha.ir, which contain literature
Dialogue: 0,0:16:42.46,0:16:46.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,related to these laws and regulations,\Nevolve as norms of what constitutes as
Dialogue: 0,0:16:46.69,0:16:50.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,filtered content becomes more entrenched\Nwith Iran. From the inception of the very
Dialogue: 0,0:16:50.29,0:16:55.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,first version of the page, whereby users\Nare told: "In the name of god, according
Dialogue: 0,0:16:55.27,0:16:59.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the Computer Crimes Act, access to this\Nwebsite requested, is not possible." The
Dialogue: 0,0:16:59.92,0:17:04.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,messages users are viewing as censorship\Npage, is toned down in the next version,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:04.64,0:17:08.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whereby users are only told, that the\Nlinks they are viewing are some of the
Dialogue: 0,0:17:08.24,0:17:14.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,registered links. Within version 2, we\Nalso see the peyvandha.ir website creating
Dialogue: 0,0:17:14.42,0:17:19.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pages related to Internet policy. the 3rd\Nversion of peyvandha.ir continues with the
Dialogue: 0,0:17:19.57,0:17:24.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,theme of religious references, with a poem\Nfeatured that states: "If you listen to
Dialogue: 0,0:17:24.27,0:17:30.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the words of the poet Saadi, he says, he\Nconsents to require the consent of him".
Dialogue: 0,0:17:30.01,0:17:33.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Immediately to the right of this, users\Nsee the text: "In the name of god and the
Dialogue: 0,0:17:33.97,0:17:38.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,merciful", as if to subtly tell users that\Nthe censorship they are experiencing, is
Dialogue: 0,0:17:38.97,0:17:42.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the will of god.\NThese religious references are continued
Dialogue: 0,0:17:42.82,0:17:47.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in version 4, whereby the main feature of\Nthe page is a changing image that makes
Dialogue: 0,0:17:47.49,0:17:52.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,references to national holidays and\Nevents, maintaining the theme of allusions
Dialogue: 0,0:17:52.05,0:17:58.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to Shia Islam and national Imams. This\Nimage, for instance, depicts a mosque,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:58.06,0:18:02.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,marking the festival of Imam Reza, asking\Nusers to click on a link to submit ideas
Dialogue: 0,0:18:02.95,0:18:06.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the festival.\NVersion 5 of peyvandha.ir brings attention
Dialogue: 0,0:18:06.78,0:18:10.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the islamic nature of censorship. The\Nlinks featured here are perhaps the most
Dialogue: 0,0:18:10.61,0:18:15.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,related to state propaganda in comparisons\Nto the other versions. While the previous
Dialogue: 0,0:18:15.32,0:18:19.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,version did not display any links, all\Nprevious versions of peyvandha.ir featured
Dialogue: 0,0:18:19.74,0:18:24.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the popular Persian language blogging\Nplatform, BlogFa. However, this version
Dialogue: 0,0:18:24.05,0:18:28.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,omits the website. The omission of the\Nmain image in version 5 makes it hard to
Dialogue: 0,0:18:28.10,0:18:32.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,establish a firm connection between the\Nprevious and following versions. This
Dialogue: 0,0:18:32.39,0:18:35.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,finding is in line with the notion that\Narchives of web pages are not always
Dialogue: 0,0:18:35.96,0:18:39.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,successful in capturing all of the\Ncontent. However, further research shows
Dialogue: 0,0:18:39.94,0:18:45.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this version still made use of images\Nregarding Shia Islam. The after the Green
Dialogue: 0,0:18:45.18,0:18:50.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,movement, internet controls in Iran from\N2009 and 2012 report, by the OpenNet
Dialogue: 0,0:18:50.30,0:18:54.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,initiative has captured and saved the\Nversion of peyvandha.ir, as it was on a
Dialogue: 0,0:18:54.96,0:19:01.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,25th of October 2012. This image features\Nquranic writings. The last 2 iterations of
Dialogue: 0,0:19:01.85,0:19:06.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the website in version 6 and 7 are very\Nsimilar in design. The sudden change in
Dialogue: 0,0:19:06.69,0:19:11.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,design was explained by an anonymous\Nsource to make filtering more pleasant. Or
Dialogue: 0,0:19:11.69,0:19:16.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather to appear as a subtle part of the\NIranian internet experience rather than
Dialogue: 0,0:19:16.37,0:19:21.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one presented with indoctrinating aspects\Nof the government. The significant change
Dialogue: 0,0:19:21.18,0:19:25.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that comes in version 7, however, is the\Nprominent feature of the Internet policy
Dialogue: 0,0:19:25.76,0:19:31.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,links. Concluding, we can say that this\Nhistoriography of the peyvandha.ir website
Dialogue: 0,0:19:31.85,0:19:35.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,demonstrates a timeline of the beginning\Nof the heightened internet controls from
Dialogue: 0,0:19:35.22,0:19:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the inception of the page in 2010 to the\Npresent day. The changes in the page
Dialogue: 0,0:19:41.00,0:19:45.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,essentially demonstrate the evolution of\Nthe ways the Iranian state represents its
Dialogue: 0,0:19:45.29,0:19:50.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,censorship policies. The notions of\Nreligious motifs decrease over time,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:50.52,0:19:54.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whereas the focus on internet policy\Nbecomes more present by the last iteration
Dialogue: 0,0:19:54.49,0:19:57.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the page.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:57.87,0:20:00.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MA: And that was that. And as I struggle
Dialogue: 0,0:20:00.87,0:20:06.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to go back to my presentation... Oh, I did\Nit... without any glitches... how
Dialogue: 0,0:20:06.82,0:20:10.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exciting... and so, over the years there\Nhave been different programs that the
Dialogue: 0,0:20:10.99,0:20:16.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,government has kind of put into place\Nbeyond the censorship that they do. Things
Dialogue: 0,0:20:16.04,0:20:20.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I have been following through my own\Nwork have been "the spider program", which
Dialogue: 0,0:20:20.46,0:20:26.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,comes from the Revolutionary Guards\NGarrideb division, the cyber... kind of
Dialogue: 0,0:20:26.32,0:20:29.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Iranian cyber division of the\NRevolutionary Guards and intelligent
Dialogue: 0,0:20:29.82,0:20:37.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,filtering, the National Information\NNetwork, and the different ways that the
Dialogue: 0,0:20:37.08,0:20:41.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Iranian government has been trying to\Nattack journalist, activists, and human
Dialogue: 0,0:20:41.55,0:20:47.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rights defenders in terms of... that the\Nattacking these kind of vulnerable
Dialogue: 0,0:20:47.51,0:20:52.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,individuals that pose a threat. There's a\Nlot of different projects article 19
Dialogue: 0,0:20:52.37,0:20:56.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had an Iranian cyber army report about\Nthis, and there's been really great work
Dialogue: 0,0:20:56.80,0:21:03.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to track this being done by the campaign\Nfor human rights in Iran by their
Dialogue: 0,0:21:03.23,0:21:08.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,researcher Amir Rashidi and by two other\Nresearchers who've been tracking this with
Dialogue: 0,0:21:08.30,0:21:14.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Iran threats project - Colin Anderson\Nand Claudio Ranieri - so there's tons of
Dialogue: 0,0:21:14.39,0:21:20.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,great research being done in terms of\Nidentifying these attackers. The
Dialogue: 0,0:21:20.85,0:21:24.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,intelligent filtering project that the\NIranian government has been doing is
Dialogue: 0,0:21:24.95,0:21:31.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something that I looked into with another\Ncolleague - Frederic Jacobs - in 2015 and
Dialogue: 0,0:21:31.28,0:21:35.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,basically at that time we were noticing\Nthat the Iranian government was making
Dialogue: 0,0:21:35.10,0:21:41.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these really grand statements. That's the\NMinistry of ICT about how they had
Dialogue: 0,0:21:41.19,0:21:46.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sophisticated means to censor individual\Npages on different social media. And
Dialogue: 0,0:21:46.89,0:21:52.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,basically this has been a old policy that\Nthey've wanted to do, so sites like
Dialogue: 0,0:21:52.86,0:21:58.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Facebook and Twitter were censored after\Nthe protest movement in 2009. Actually in
Dialogue: 0,0:21:58.71,0:22:04.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the lead-up to the protest movement they\Nwere censored. And so for a long time
Dialogue: 0,0:22:04.41,0:22:08.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,various members of the government have\Nsaid they want to unblock these platforms
Dialogue: 0,0:22:08.39,0:22:12.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and find the means to just censor\Nindividual pages, or problematic content
Dialogue: 0,0:22:12.60,0:22:15.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and leave these websites open.\NHowever, that's really
Dialogue: 0,0:22:15.67,0:22:20.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hard to do, unless the government has a\Nrelationship with these companies. If they
Dialogue: 0,0:22:20.36,0:22:25.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have a relationship with Facebook or\NTwitter. And so back in 2015, they made a
Dialogue: 0,0:22:25.08,0:22:28.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,grand announcement that they had finally\Nnailed it, and they were doing this on
Dialogue: 0,0:22:28.18,0:22:34.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instagram. And Instagram is one of the\Nmore popular social media platforms and so
Dialogue: 0,0:22:34.44,0:22:38.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we noticed was that the censorship -\Nintelligence censorship, which is just
Dialogue: 0,0:22:38.60,0:22:44.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,individual pages or individual pictures or\Naccounts being censored - it was only
Dialogue: 0,0:22:44.16,0:22:50.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being done on the mobile app, and the\Nreason was that Instagram hadn't yet
Dialogue: 0,0:22:50.61,0:22:56.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rolled out HTTPS on the mobile\Napplication. It had enabled it on the the
Dialogue: 0,0:22:56.58,0:23:02.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,browser version of the website, and so the\Nrunning governments great, grand unveiling
Dialogue: 0,0:23:02.31,0:23:08.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of intelligent censorship was in reality\Njust Instagram not doing this.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:08.32,0:23:12.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we found what kind of content they\Nwere targeting, which was really
Dialogue: 0,0:23:12.100,0:23:18.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,interesting, kind of cultural research in\Nterms of how censorship was working.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:18.65,0:23:24.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then my colleague got in touch with\NInstagram, and they soon rolled out the
Dialogue: 0,0:23:24.84,0:23:30.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,HTTPS on the mobile app and then\Nintelligent censorship came unraveling as
Dialogue: 0,0:23:30.85,0:23:35.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the motherboard writer Lorenzo "Iran smart\NInstagram censorship isn't that smart."
Dialogue: 0,0:23:35.97,0:23:42.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so that's just one example of these\Ngrand policies that actually don't really
Dialogue: 0,0:23:42.38,0:23:47.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,add up to very much in terms of\Nintelligent filtering. The researcher
Dialogue: 0,0:23:47.24,0:23:53.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Colin Anderson recently found this\Ndatabase of Europe URLs that different
Dialogue: 0,0:23:53.32,0:24:01.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ISPs were giving to this company called\NSahab Pardaz. I can't talk too much about
Dialogue: 0,0:24:01.31,0:24:06.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this, but this was kind of a public notice\Nhe put out to ask anyone interested in
Dialogue: 0,0:24:06.09,0:24:10.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this data set, to see if this is actually\Nanother phase of intelligent filtering.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:10.53,0:24:17.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, the minister of ICT did respond\Nto this and said that they are not
Dialogue: 0,0:24:17.24,0:24:23.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually compromising users' data, and he\Ncondemned the work of this company Sahab
Dialogue: 0,0:24:23.37,0:24:30.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pardaz, which doesn't quite add up, which\NI guess helps illustrate how confusing
Dialogue: 0,0:24:30.20,0:24:34.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Internet policy is in Iran, like what are\Nthey actually doing, what are they
Dialogue: 0,0:24:34.32,0:24:40.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually saying, how does it align with\Nthe laws, and those kinds of regulations.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:40.22,0:24:47.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2016... through the budget, it was\Nannounced that Iran was spending about 66
Dialogue: 0,0:24:47.38,0:24:52.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,million on the intelligent filtering\Nproject, however it's really unclear what
Dialogue: 0,0:24:52.01,0:24:55.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that adds up to, like what are the\Ndeliverables on this work that they're
Dialogue: 0,0:24:55.61,0:25:02.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doing? So again, it's kind of like this\Nchaotic quagmire of what's actually
Dialogue: 0,0:25:02.64,0:25:07.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,happening or not in terms of their ability\Nto silence
Dialogue: 0,0:25:07.63,0:25:16.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,different voices in Iran. They have been\Nkind of targeting different users in
Dialogue: 0,0:25:16.75,0:25:25.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,different ways in 2015, 2016 the Garrideb\Nspider program was rounding up series of
Dialogue: 0,0:25:25.77,0:25:29.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,models and people in the fashion industry\Nin Iran that are quite prominently present
Dialogue: 0,0:25:29.44,0:25:36.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on Instagram, and while some of the\Nstatements coming from Garrideb was saying
Dialogue: 0,0:25:36.26,0:25:39.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they had technical hacking abilities,\Nwhat they were actually doing
Dialogue: 0,0:25:39.61,0:25:45.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was arresting these models and forcing\Npasswords and getting their accounts that
Dialogue: 0,0:25:45.39,0:25:50.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,way, but during that time I actually got\Nan Instagram request from one of these
Dialogue: 0,0:25:50.45,0:25:56.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seized accounts, Nikahang Clothing, which\Nyou can see over there, and you can see
Dialogue: 0,0:25:56.78,0:26:02.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Garrideb had taken it over, because\Nthere's a notice that's saying because of
Dialogue: 0,0:26:02.09,0:26:07.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such-and-such law this account has been\Nseized under the spider program, and so
Dialogue: 0,0:26:07.61,0:26:14.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was happening for a while under this.\NAgain, more actual physical takeover than
Dialogue: 0,0:26:14.19,0:26:18.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,technical sophistication of that kind of\Nwork. Another thing that's quite
Dialogue: 0,0:26:18.80,0:26:22.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,concerning, that the campaign for human\Nrights actually was the first to report
Dialogue: 0,0:26:22.95,0:26:30.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on, was the Supreme Council of cyberspace\Nrequiring all telegram accounts to
Dialogue: 0,0:26:30.54,0:26:37.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,register with the government, and so\NTelegram is hugely popular inside of Iran,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:37.69,0:26:42.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's almost ubiquitous, and it's often\Nused as a social media application,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:42.44,0:26:47.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so the public channels are run by\Nadministrators, and if you have more than
Dialogue: 0,0:26:47.47,0:26:52.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,5,000 followers, they basically needed you\Nto register and get approval, and by
Dialogue: 0,0:26:52.31,0:26:57.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,registering they would add a bot to the\Naccount, and the bot could basically get
Dialogue: 0,0:26:57.46,0:27:01.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,information of the administrators and the\Nfollowers, which was quite dangerous
Dialogue: 0,0:27:01.62,0:27:07.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because last May, when in the lead-up to\Nthe presidential elections there was a
Dialogue: 0,0:27:07.57,0:27:13.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,roundup of Telegram administrators that a\Nlot of digital activists believe was
Dialogue: 0,0:27:13.06,0:27:23.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through this registration program of\Nhaving all of this personal data. Excuse
Dialogue: 0,0:27:23.35,0:27:30.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,me. In terms of the national internet\Nproject, it's quite a contentious project
Dialogue: 0,0:27:30.22,0:27:36.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in that a lot of people say that on one\Nextreme it goes towards being like North
Dialogue: 0,0:27:36.06,0:27:41.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Korea's intranet, kind of closed off from\Nthe rest of the world. I... through
Dialogue: 0,0:27:41.03,0:27:45.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my own work I don't think this is what\Nthe Iranian government wants to do. They
Dialogue: 0,0:27:45.40,0:27:49.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do want to localize certain things like\Nbanking and different forms of
Dialogue: 0,0:27:49.76,0:27:55.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,infrastructure against cyberattacks like\NStuxnet, but in general what they want to
Dialogue: 0,0:27:55.62,0:28:00.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do is keep data inside of the country, so\Nthey can have access and control in...
Dialogue: 0,0:28:00.92,0:28:04.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,part of this project has been to create\Nimitation versions
Dialogue: 0,0:28:04.26,0:28:09.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of foreign companies, so like I\Nsaid they couldn't force Facebook or
Dialogue: 0,0:28:09.43,0:28:13.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Twitter to censor things for them, because\Nthey don't have a relationship, but if
Dialogue: 0,0:28:13.20,0:28:17.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they have local versions they can\Neffectively do this, and so and they've
Dialogue: 0,0:28:17.81,0:28:22.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,come up with alternatives for things like\NInstagram, with Lenzor, which you can see
Dialogue: 0,0:28:22.86,0:28:31.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has a very oddly similar user interface,\Nbut oftentimes users inside of Iran don't
Dialogue: 0,0:28:31.56,0:28:36.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trust these imitation apps, so usage\Namongst for like Instagram it's always
Dialogue: 0,0:28:36.43,0:28:40.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,much higher than it is\Nfor the local alternatives. One researcher
Dialogue: 0,0:28:40.60,0:28:48.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a few years ago saw that the way that a\NTelegram imitation app was implemented
Dialogue: 0,0:28:48.85,0:28:53.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kind of traced how the data was going back\Nto the government, so there's generally a
Dialogue: 0,0:28:53.46,0:29:00.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sense of distrust for this kind of work.\NThroughout the year, since 2016 this
Dialogue: 0,0:29:00.55,0:29:05.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,attempt to localize user content has\Nreally increased. They put a ultimatum on
Dialogue: 0,0:29:05.70,0:29:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,platforms that have not been censored yet,\Nlike Telegram and Instagram, that they had
Dialogue: 0,0:29:10.00,0:29:14.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a year to bring their servers inside of\Nthe country, or else it would be censored.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:14.100,0:29:21.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This obviously didn't work, so in 2017,\Nthis past year, they've been doing
Dialogue: 0,0:29:21.96,0:29:27.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,different things that kind of have\Nbasically added up to net discrimination,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:27.59,0:29:32.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like they've been going against net\Nneutrality values by offering incentives
Dialogue: 0,0:29:32.01,0:29:38.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for people to use local traffic, access\Nlocal traffic, local platforms and
Dialogue: 0,0:29:38.32,0:29:43.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,websites over international ones, and\Nthey've been giving million-dollar
Dialogue: 0,0:29:43.27,0:29:48.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,incentives to developers to create apps,\Nand for example if they got a million
Dialogue: 0,0:29:48.83,0:29:56.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,users, they would get a million American\Ndollars for developing such a platform.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:56.83,0:30:04.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Recently, we just translated and analyzed\Na new policy that's forming into a law by
Dialogue: 0,0:30:04.71,0:30:09.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Supreme Council of cyberspace policy,\Nan action on organizing social media
Dialogue: 0,0:30:09.34,0:30:14.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,messaging applications, and this is just a\Nset of rules for local apps and foreign
Dialogue: 0,0:30:14.86,0:30:18.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,apps that\Nneed to follow in order to operate inside
Dialogue: 0,0:30:18.07,0:30:27.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Iran. This is supposed to be a gif,\Nbut that didn't work. So, another point
Dialogue: 0,0:30:27.85,0:30:32.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's kind of come up over... especially\Nover the past year, is how controls don't
Dialogue: 0,0:30:32.100,0:30:34.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only come from the Iranian government,\Nbut they
Dialogue: 0,0:30:34.98,0:30:46.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also come from abroad. So companies like\NApple and Google, in order to comply and
Dialogue: 0,0:30:46.50,0:30:51.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sometimes over-comply with US sanctions,\Nthey've been denying certain services to
Dialogue: 0,0:30:51.09,0:30:56.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Iranians. So what has been happening... it\Nhas been... Iranian app developers have
Dialogue: 0,0:30:56.65,0:31:02.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,been seeing their apps being rejected from\Nthe Google Play Store, and the Apple...
Dialogue: 0,0:31:02.35,0:31:09.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the App Store. Mainly because they were\Nproviding financial transactions over it,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:09.33,0:31:13.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even things that weren't directly\Ndoing financial payments were getting
Dialogue: 0,0:31:13.33,0:31:19.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,blocked, such as one particular app, which\Nis kind of the Uber of Iran, called Snap,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:19.08,0:31:23.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were told to remove financial\Npayments over the app or else they would
Dialogue: 0,0:31:23.33,0:31:27.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be getting removed from the App Store.\NOnce they did remove that, it seemed that
Dialogue: 0,0:31:27.90,0:31:32.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they knew that there was some sort of\Nfinancial transaction occurring offline
Dialogue: 0,0:31:32.08,0:31:36.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they still removed\Nthat app from the App Store, just to
Dialogue: 0,0:31:36.98,0:31:46.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,comply with sanctions. There's also a kind\Nof threat to other companies, as the
Dialogue: 0,0:31:46.18,0:31:50.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nuclear negotiations went through back in\N2015, there's a lot of foreign companies
Dialogue: 0,0:31:50.93,0:31:56.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going in. There's been a huge influx of\Nthe telecom sector, like Vodafone and
Dialogue: 0,0:31:56.50,0:32:00.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Orange, and different companies like that\Ngoing to Iran, and there's kind of a fear
Dialogue: 0,0:32:00.70,0:32:05.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that social media giants like Twitter\Nand Facebook might find incentive to also
Dialogue: 0,0:32:05.27,0:32:10.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,go, so it's always good to keep pressure\Nto... for them to the remain transparent
Dialogue: 0,0:32:10.90,0:32:18.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about their dealings with Iran. The new\Nminister of ICT recently said that he had
Dialogue: 0,0:32:18.30,0:32:23.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,started negotiations with Twitter to\Nunfilter Twitter in Iran, however Twitter
Dialogue: 0,0:32:23.32,0:32:31.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has refused to officially reply, or say\Nanything. So the thing that I spend most
Dialogue: 0,0:32:31.03,0:32:37.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of my time working on in terms of social\Nmedia discourse is Telegram, because
Dialogue: 0,0:32:37.13,0:32:42.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Telegram is kind of an exciting new\Nterritory in understanding social media,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:42.30,0:32:47.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially in Iran, because internet\Npenetration and Telegram usage are
Dialogue: 0,0:32:47.22,0:32:55.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,almost on par, so there's about 40 to 45\Nmillion Internet users inside of Iran, and
Dialogue: 0,0:32:55.10,0:32:59.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,according to the company Telegram, there's\Nabout 25 million daily users and about
Dialogue: 0,0:32:59.87,0:33:04.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,40 million monthly users. \NSo what this means for how
Dialogue: 0,0:33:04.50,0:33:10.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people communicate, how people are\Naccessing information in Iran, is huge,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:10.02,0:33:14.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because oftentimes everything from\Nshopping to staying in touch with friends
Dialogue: 0,0:33:14.52,0:33:18.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to getting updates on the weather and\Ntraffic and news, it comes from Telegram
Dialogue: 0,0:33:18.98,0:33:27.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the public channels. So understanding\Nthis, and how the government is responding
Dialogue: 0,0:33:27.30,0:33:31.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to such an important application for\Ncommunication, is also really important
Dialogue: 0,0:33:31.74,0:33:38.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as always it's become sort of a target\Nfor vulnerable at-risk users, for example
Dialogue: 0,0:33:38.79,0:33:44.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a number of journalists a few years ago\Nwere having their accounts seized through
Dialogue: 0,0:33:44.78,0:33:51.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,SMS brute-force entry, I mean through SMS\Nlogins, they were
Dialogue: 0,0:33:51.15,0:33:59.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,able to get in, and so there's those kinds\Nof concerns. Telegram has been kind of
Dialogue: 0,0:33:59.66,0:34:04.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reactive to these security flaws. When the\Njournalist had their accounts taken over
Dialogue: 0,0:34:04.62,0:34:10.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through the SMS hacks, they did help\Nreinstate them. A few weeks ago there was
Dialogue: 0,0:34:10.60,0:34:18.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a flaw in a notification that users got in\NIran on Telegram, that hackers were able
Dialogue: 0,0:34:18.85,0:34:23.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to sort of take over - you can see in that\Npicture over there - and Telegram kind of
Dialogue: 0,0:34:23.17,0:34:31.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reacted really fast and fixed the flaw.\NBut the issue that a lot of digital rights
Dialogue: 0,0:34:31.15,0:34:37.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,activists on Iran find is that Telegram is\Nso important, and it's so crucial to how a
Dialogue: 0,0:34:37.76,0:34:42.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lot of things operate inside of Iran, yet\Nthey're not really trying to prevent
Dialogue: 0,0:34:42.96,0:34:50.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anything, they're being much more\Nreactive. There's also been concerns about
Dialogue: 0,0:34:50.76,0:34:56.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how they interact with the Iranian\Ngovernment as well, and... however,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:56.91,0:35:02.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Telegram has kind of always made a...\Ntaking a stand to say that they are not
Dialogue: 0,0:35:02.57,0:35:11.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cooperating with the Iranian government\Nand... but they do say large things,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:11.94,0:35:16.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,boastful things, that they stand for\Nfreedom of speech, yet they have failed to
Dialogue: 0,0:35:16.79,0:35:23.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really reach out to civil society and\Nhuman rights activists for Iran and so
Dialogue: 0,0:35:23.09,0:35:28.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's a general kind of plea towards\Nthis platform that's so important, for
Dialogue: 0,0:35:28.69,0:35:34.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,them to be a bit more cooperative and\Nprioritize these human rights concerns in
Dialogue: 0,0:35:34.33,0:35:42.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Iran a little bit more. I was going to\Nslightly get into more security
Dialogue: 0,0:35:42.86,0:35:49.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,aspects of things, but I'll quickly go over\Nit. Obviously, there's security concerns
Dialogue: 0,0:35:49.67,0:35:55.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with Telegram. It takes up some of the\Nwork that I do at article 19, working with
Dialogue: 0,0:35:55.15,0:36:00.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,civil society and protecting them in that\Nway, so I'll just quickly go over it
Dialogue: 0,0:36:00.94,0:36:09.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I wanted to end on a particular\Nnote. This is like a very... a standard
Dialogue: 0,0:36:09.61,0:36:14.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thing I'd like to say is you don't\Nnecessarily apply the same security
Dialogue: 0,0:36:14.57,0:36:19.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,concerns to Iran that you would here, so\Njust these grand statements of
Dialogue: 0,0:36:19.23,0:36:24.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"use Signal, use TOR" often don't work.\NTelegram is hugely popular, so I often say
Dialogue: 0,0:36:24.69,0:36:28.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"why don't we work on making Telegram\Nsafer," because users are not going to
Dialogue: 0,0:36:28.70,0:36:33.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,migrate away from it unless Signal comes\Nand creates a whole infrastructure
Dialogue: 0,0:36:33.74,0:36:38.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and platform that's going to cater to\Nthose specific needs of being both social
Dialogue: 0,0:36:38.38,0:36:44.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,media and having the different usability\Nfeatures. That's really the last point
Dialogue: 0,0:36:44.20,0:36:53.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wanted to take away with. But I also just\Nwanted to have one kind of message, which is
Dialogue: 0,0:36:53.37,0:36:59.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am super privileged to be standing\Nhere and talking about this topic that
Dialogue: 0,0:36:59.13,0:37:07.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am really passionate about and I am really\Ngrateful that I've had this opportunity,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:07.28,0:37:15.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since over the years to work on these kind\Nof digital rights concerns on Iran, and
Dialogue: 0,0:37:15.41,0:37:22.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've had certain personal hurdles in terms\Nof, without cutting into the nitty-gritty
Dialogue: 0,0:37:22.58,0:37:28.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of my personal life and the things I've\Nhad to go through, but there's been this
Dialogue: 0,0:37:28.07,0:37:34.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,general kind of mood in the past year,\Nwith the #MeToo movement and all these
Dialogue: 0,0:37:34.83,0:37:43.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,different stories of harassment and\Nbasically I've been really grateful to all
Dialogue: 0,0:37:43.80,0:37:48.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the people who have supported me over the\Nyears to make sure that the hurdles I've
Dialogue: 0,0:37:48.03,0:37:54.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had to encounter for the specific kind of\Nunfortunate personal events that took
Dialogue: 0,0:37:54.84,0:38:00.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,place, that have affected my career...\NTo really help support me and when I was
Dialogue: 0,0:38:00.58,0:38:05.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,coming to Leipzig I\Nwas super proud to be coming to the Chaos
Dialogue: 0,0:38:05.31,0:38:11.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Computer Club's events and the stories\NI've been hearing about people who have
Dialogue: 0,0:38:11.55,0:38:18.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,been victims of harassment have really\Nupset me and I think it would be...
Dialogue: 0,0:38:18.54,0:38:22.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would be remiss to not make a point\Nof saying that I'm a little bit
Dialogue: 0,0:38:22.52,0:38:28.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,disappointed, that I've been reading these\Nthings, and
Dialogue: 0,0:38:28.08,0:38:39.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}Applause{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:38:39.12,0:38:41.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And while I really appreciate all of you
Dialogue: 0,0:38:41.98,0:38:47.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all the help you\Ngive me to set up my talk and I appreciate
Dialogue: 0,0:38:47.84,0:38:52.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I've been given this platform, but I\Nreally hope we can do better, because this
Dialogue: 0,0:38:52.16,0:38:58.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is just not cool. It's not cool for people\Nto not feel safe and I know how it feels
Dialogue: 0,0:38:58.11,0:39:04.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,personally and I hope Dina - I haven't\Nseen her yet, I have chatted with her
Dialogue: 0,0:39:04.45,0:39:09.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,briefly, I hope she's having a great time\Nat this Congress, because... and I'm
Dialogue: 0,0:39:09.62,0:39:14.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really sorry to hear that some of... some\Npeople that I think are doing great work
Dialogue: 0,0:39:14.17,0:39:19.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and should be in the space are not here\Nthis year, and I just hope we can do
Dialogue: 0,0:39:19.39,0:39:24.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,better in 2018. And that's about it. Thank\Nyou.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:24.70,0:39:45.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}Applause{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:39:45.13,0:39:46.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Herald: Thanks for your talk. Mahsa
Dialogue: 0,0:39:46.30,0:39:51.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alimardani, and for your patience with our\Ntechnical problems. Thank you very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:51.27,0:39:56.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Please line up at the microphones. There\Nare four microphones here in the room.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:56.36,0:39:59.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Please\Nline up there. We have a couple more
Dialogue: 0,0:39:59.31,0:40:02.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,minutes for Q&A. You wanna hold a Q&A? Yes?
Dialogue: 0,0:40:02.35,0:40:04.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MA: Sure.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:40:04.45,0:40:06.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,H: But first, maybe there are the signal
Dialogue: 0,0:40:06.03,0:40:10.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,angels in the back. Is he waving or not,\Nare there any questions from the internet?
Dialogue: 0,0:40:10.29,0:40:13.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Signal angel: No, nothing.\NH: Okay, thank you. There is someone
Dialogue: 0,0:40:13.73,0:40:15.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,standing at microphone 3. What's your\Nquestion?
Dialogue: 0,0:40:15.77,0:40:21.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Microphone 3: Hi. Thanks for your last\Nstatement, really. Thanks a lot. My
Dialogue: 0,0:40:21.54,0:40:27.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,question would be about Instagram and\NTelegram. I don't know if I missed that
Dialogue: 0,0:40:27.82,0:40:32.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,part, but does it mean that then the\NIranian government has relationships with
Dialogue: 0,0:40:32.06,0:40:36.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,them? Because you mentioned that they\Nhelp. I mean, they show these things, so
Dialogue: 0,0:40:36.25,0:40:41.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you've been blocked and this is because of\Nthis. So why this happens? And why is it
Dialogue: 0,0:40:41.72,0:40:46.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only these two particular platforms? I\Nunderstood that Twitter and Facebook don't
Dialogue: 0,0:40:46.84,0:40:50.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cooperate. If you could say more about \Nthat, thanks.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:50.19,0:40:54.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MA: yeah, that's a really great question,\Nand something that's been really
Dialogue: 0,0:40:54.36,0:40:58.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,interesting. So, I think, I mentioned that\Nthis new government the moderate Rouhani
Dialogue: 0,0:40:58.38,0:41:03.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,administration has kind of, at least in\Nterms of how its positioned the words it
Dialogue: 0,0:41:03.85,0:41:09.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,says, has been a bit more open to internet\Nfreedoms and things like that. And so I think
Dialogue: 0,0:41:09.64,0:41:13.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the achievements of that government\Nis stopping the censorship of Instagram
Dialogue: 0,0:41:13.77,0:41:16.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Telegram.\NBecause there's lots of hardline elements
Dialogue: 0,0:41:16.05,0:41:20.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the establishment that have wanted this\Nto get censored. And it's kind of like
Dialogue: 0,0:41:20.78,0:41:24.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,come to deliberation to censor it over the\Nyears. There have been some rumors that
Dialogue: 0,0:41:24.54,0:41:32.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Telegram has been working with... with the\NIranian government. Although, I think that
Dialogue: 0,0:41:32.41,0:41:35.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might be rumors, because the Ministry of\NICT every so often says that they have a
Dialogue: 0,0:41:35.77,0:41:42.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,direct relationship and then Telegram\Ncomes and refutes it. So, yeah, that's up
Dialogue: 0,0:41:42.17,0:41:47.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the realm of rumours, however. But I\Nthink it's mainly the work of this
Dialogue: 0,0:41:47.04,0:41:51.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,moderate administration that's been able\Nto prevent the censorship. If that answers
Dialogue: 0,0:41:51.49,0:41:53.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your question.\NM3: So they are in connection
Dialogue: 0,0:41:53.03,0:41:58.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with Instagram?\NMA: No, there are as far as I know they're
Dialogue: 0,0:41:58.21,0:42:02.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not working with Instagram. Instagram is\Nowned by Facebook, so Facebook is
Dialogue: 0,0:42:02.10,0:42:06.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,censored. But, I mean there could be many\Ndifferent reasons but these are all
Dialogue: 0,0:42:06.83,0:42:11.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,conjecture. Instagram is just kind of more\Nfor entertainment, so they have less of a
Dialogue: 0,0:42:11.98,0:42:18.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reason to block it, but also the work of\Nthis moderate administration to kind of
Dialogue: 0,0:42:18.78,0:42:22.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,keep Instagram going. Although, for a\Nshort while during the elections they were
Dialogue: 0,0:42:22.48,0:42:27.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,blocking Instagram live, because it was\Nbeing used for like protests and
Dialogue: 0,0:42:27.23,0:42:35.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gatherings and things like that.\NH: Microphone number 1 please.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:35.13,0:42:37.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Microphone 1: Mahsa I just wanted to thank\Nyou for you for your talk, and also
Dialogue: 0,0:42:37.75,0:42:40.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,appearing persevering through all the\Nadversity. Not only of nation state
Dialogue: 0,0:42:40.92,0:42:43.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actors but of also people inside the\Ncommunity that might.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:43.27,0:42:45.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,H: Come a little bit closer to the\Nmicrophone please.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:45.23,0:42:47.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,M3: Sure. I just wanted to say\Nthank you for persevering through all the
Dialogue: 0,0:42:47.83,0:42:51.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,adversity that has come your way, and for\Nbeing here today to give this talk. It's
Dialogue: 0,0:42:51.70,0:42:58.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,important and vital and your voice is\Nvalued. The question about Iran in a
Dialogue: 0,0:42:58.55,0:43:03.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,geopolitical landscape as its exerting\Nitself more in Yemen, Lebanon, perhaps
Dialogue: 0,0:43:03.64,0:43:07.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other places. Do you see that the\Ntechnology that's being pioneered by the
Dialogue: 0,0:43:07.32,0:43:13.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,state apparatuses, the state bodies inside\Nof, inside of Tehran and Iran, will have a
Dialogue: 0,0:43:13.25,0:43:19.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trickle-down effect into other countries,\Nthat may replicate the oppressive
Dialogue: 0,0:43:19.41,0:43:24.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,structures in which that Iran has placed?\NDo you see it being a model, as Iran
Dialogue: 0,0:43:24.98,0:43:28.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,geopolitically exerts this muscle? Well,\Ndo you see that some of these the
Dialogue: 0,0:43:28.85,0:43:33.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,technical sophistication and other things\Nwill be picked up by other actors in the
Dialogue: 0,0:43:33.08,0:43:36.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,region?\NA: Yeah, that's a good question. I think
Dialogue: 0,0:43:36.80,0:43:41.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Iran would like to have the technical\Nsophistication that would be replicated
Dialogue: 0,0:43:41.10,0:43:47.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,elsewhere. And I guess in some ways the\Ncapabilities are some that you're on cyber
Dialogue: 0,0:43:47.46,0:43:52.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Iran cyber army which is kind of very hard\Nto associate directly with the government,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:52.69,0:43:56.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because sometimes the affiliations are\Nvery loose. They have certain
Dialogue: 0,0:43:56.99,0:44:01.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,capabilities, but in terms of the\Ntechnology, I think, for censorship and
Dialogue: 0,0:44:01.52,0:44:06.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,surveillance, I think Iran more models\Nitself on the technology coming out of
Dialogue: 0,0:44:06.58,0:44:11.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,China and Russia. Because they have had\Nmore effective and more sophisticated
Dialogue: 0,0:44:11.52,0:44:15.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,platforms and means of doing it. So, I\Nthink it's a little bit the other way
Dialogue: 0,0:44:15.43,0:44:20.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around.\NH: Microphone number 1 please.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:20.21,0:44:26.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Microphone 1: Thank you for your talk.\NYou, if I'm not wrong, you mentioned some
Dialogue: 0,0:44:26.33,0:44:35.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,government supporters being arrested. Is\Nthis correct? Do you see any kind of clash
Dialogue: 0,0:44:35.65,0:44:41.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the Revolutionary Guard or the\Nreligious power and the government?
Dialogue: 0,0:44:41.74,0:44:46.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MA: Yeah, absolutely. I mean after the\Nnuclear negotiations the foreign minister
Dialogue: 0,0:44:46.90,0:44:52.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Javad Zarif, who is like kind a little\Nbit westernized, he speaks perfect
Dialogue: 0,0:44:52.06,0:44:57.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,English. And he had, he has a huge fan\Nbase in Iran because he established the
Dialogue: 0,0:44:57.95,0:45:02.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nuclear deal. He had like almost physical\Nconfrontations in Parliament with the
Dialogue: 0,0:45:02.38,0:45:08.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hardline elements. So, yeah there\Ndefinitely is that, and the reason why
Dialogue: 0,0:45:08.47,0:45:12.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of the Telegram administrators, who\Nare actually supporters of Rouhani, were
Dialogue: 0,0:45:12.52,0:45:16.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,arrested is because of this kind of clash\Nbetween hardline elements like the
Dialogue: 0,0:45:16.99,0:45:22.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Revolutionary Guards and the more moderate\Nadministration. So, there is this kind of,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:22.31,0:45:24.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yeah, differentiation and nuance that\Nhappens.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:24.97,0:45:30.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,H: I guess we're moving to the last\Nquestion at microphone number 3 please.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:30.14,0:45:33.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,M3: Oh hey. I just want to ask a question.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:33.10,0:45:36.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What can we... First of all\Nthank you for your great talk, it was very
Dialogue: 0,0:45:36.29,0:45:42.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well researched and great information and\Nfor your very brave proclamation. What can
Dialogue: 0,0:45:42.17,0:45:46.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we in the room do, other than fund your\Nwork? Can we put pressure on the companies
Dialogue: 0,0:45:46.51,0:45:52.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that, you know, work inside of Iran? Can\Nwe put pressure on the governments of the
Dialogue: 0,0:45:52.44,0:45:57.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nations we're citizens in? What's the next\Nstep for people who are listening and want
Dialogue: 0,0:45:57.94,0:46:01.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do something? Thank you.\NMA: Yeah, I mean especially if you're not
Dialogue: 0,0:46:01.99,0:46:06.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,American, I think, {\i1}laughs{\i0}, Iranian\Ngovernment would be more open to hearing
Dialogue: 0,0:46:06.43,0:46:10.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kind of the non-western perspective. But I\Nthink the reason why I think it's so
Dialogue: 0,0:46:10.36,0:46:14.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,important to be here in Europe, is because\NEurope is actively engaging in dialogue
Dialogue: 0,0:46:14.64,0:46:18.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with Iran. So, if there's way to put\Npressure through the different companies
Dialogue: 0,0:46:18.83,0:46:23.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are going into Iran, like I mentioned\Nthere's you know the British Vodafone and
Dialogue: 0,0:46:23.61,0:46:28.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like Frances Orange that are going in. If\Nthey can make certain demands for, you
Dialogue: 0,0:46:28.06,0:46:33.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,know, human rights standards and things\Nlike that. That would be, that would also
Dialogue: 0,0:46:33.68,0:46:38.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be really great. I mean campaigning and\Nputting pressure different ways through
Dialogue: 0,0:46:38.38,0:46:45.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,social media is always helpful. The main\Nthing that I think we could perhaps have
Dialogue: 0,0:46:45.30,0:46:50.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,effect on is, hopefully a company like\NTelegram is listening and they can make
Dialogue: 0,0:46:50.65,0:46:56.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the security and privacy of Iranians one\Nof them one of their bigger priorities. So
Dialogue: 0,0:46:56.63,0:47:03.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's really the place that I think can\Nhave the most change, because we can have
Dialogue: 0,0:47:03.17,0:47:08.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more, we can have easier dialogue with\Nlike Facebook, Telegram and all these
Dialogue: 0,0:47:08.46,0:47:13.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,different platforms to ensure that privacy\Nand security is upheld.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:13.06,0:47:18.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,H: Mahsa Alimardani, thank you very much\Nfor the talk. And please give her a warm
Dialogue: 0,0:47:18.14,0:47:19.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,round of applause.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:47:19.82,0:47:26.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}Applause{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:47:26.24,0:47:31.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}Music{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:47:31.65,0:47:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,subtitles created by c3subtitles.de\Nin the year 2017. Join, and help us!