[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.14,0:00:05.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I waltzed off to high school\Nwith my new Nokia phone,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.28,0:00:07.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I thought I just had the new,\Ncoolest replacement
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.72,0:00:09.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for my old pink princess walkie-talkie.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.70,0:00:14.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Except now, my friends and I\Ncould text or talk to each other
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.58,0:00:15.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wherever we were,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.85,0:00:16.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of pretending,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.02,0:00:19.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we were running around\Neach other's back yards.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.40,0:00:21.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, be honest.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.16,0:00:25.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Back then, I didn't think a lot\Nabout how these devices were made.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.47,0:00:28.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They tended to show up\Non Christmas morning,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.82,0:00:32.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so maybe they were made\Nby the elves in Santa's workshop.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.87,0:00:34.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me ask you a question.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.04,0:00:38.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who do you think the real elves\Nthat make these devices are?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.33,0:00:41.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I ask a lot of the people I know,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.50,0:00:45.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they would say it's the hoodie-wearing\Nsoftware engineers in Silicon Valley,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.17,0:00:46.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hacking away a code.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.82,0:00:49.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But a lot has to happen to these devices
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.78,0:00:52.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before they're ready for any kind of code.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.12,0:00:55.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These devices start at the atomic level.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.66,0:00:57.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you ask me,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.37,0:00:59.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the real elves are the chemists.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.86,0:01:03.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's right, I said the chemists.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.98,0:01:07.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chemistry is the hero\Nof electronic communications.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.19,0:01:10.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And my goal today is to convince you
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.100,0:01:12.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to agree with me.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.68,0:01:15.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, let's start simple,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.57,0:01:19.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and take a look inside these\Ninsanely addictive devices.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.03,0:01:22.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because without chemistry,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.07,0:01:25.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what is an information\Nsuperhighway that we love,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.99,0:01:29.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would just be a really expensive,\Nshiny paperweight.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.73,0:01:33.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chemistry enables all of these layers.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.18,0:01:35.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's start at the display.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.38,0:01:38.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do you think we get\Nthose bright, vivid colors
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.95,0:01:40.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we love so much?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.16,0:01:42.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I'll tell you.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.46,0:01:45.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's organic polymers\Nembedded within the display,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.28,0:01:49.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can take electricity and turn it\Ninto the blue, red and green
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.49,0:01:51.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we enjoy in our pictures.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.76,0:01:54.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if we move down to the battery?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.100,0:01:56.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now there's some intense research.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.33,0:02:01.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do we take the chemical principles\Nof traditional batteries
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.19,0:02:04.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and pair it with new,\Nhigh surface area electrodes,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.64,0:02:08.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we could pack more charge\Nin a smaller footprint of space,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.29,0:02:10.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that we could power\Nour devices all day long,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.68,0:02:12.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while we're taking selfies,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.36,0:02:14.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without having to recharge our batteries
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.33,0:02:16.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or sit tethered to an electrical outlet.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.12,0:02:21.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if we go to the adhesives\Nthat bind it all together,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.66,0:02:24.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that it could withstand\Nour frequent usage?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.53,0:02:26.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After all, as a millennial,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.53,0:02:30.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have to take my phone out\Nat least 200 times a day to check it,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.49,0:02:33.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the process,\Ndrop it two to three times.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.02,0:02:38.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what are the real brains\Nof these devices?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.27,0:02:41.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What makes them work\Nthe way that we love them so much?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.09,0:02:45.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well that all has to do\Nwith electrical components and circuitry
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.23,0:02:47.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are tethered\Nto a printed circuit board.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.65,0:02:51.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or maybe you prefer a biological metaphor,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.19,0:02:53.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the motherboard,\Nyou might have heard of that.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.01,0:02:58.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the printed circuit board\Ndoesn't really get talked about a lot.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.31,0:03:00.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'll be honest,\NI don't know why that is.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.58,0:03:02.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe it's because\Nit's the least sexy layer
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.85,0:03:06.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's hidden beneath all of those\Nother sleek-looking layers.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.54,0:03:09.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's time to finally give this\NClark Kent layer
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.87,0:03:12.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Superman-worthy praise it deserves.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.66,0:03:15.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so I ask you a question.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.22,0:03:18.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do you think\Na printed circuit board is?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.51,0:03:21.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, consider a metaphor.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.61,0:03:23.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about the city that you live in.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.90,0:03:27.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have all these points of interest\Nthat you want to get to:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.21,0:03:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your home, your work, restaurants,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.12,0:03:32.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a couple of Starbucks on every block.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.23,0:03:36.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we build roads\Nthat connect them all together.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.83,0:03:40.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what a printed circuit board is.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.37,0:03:43.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Except, instead of having\Nthings like restaurants,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.15,0:03:46.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have transistors on chips,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.95,0:03:48.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,capacitors, resistors,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.31,0:03:50.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of these electrical components
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.78,0:03:53.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that need to find a way\Nto talk to each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.01,0:03:55.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so what are our roads?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.66,0:03:59.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we build tiny copper wires.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.67,0:04:01.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the next question is,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.92,0:04:04.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how do we make these tiny copper wires?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.27,0:04:05.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're really small.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.92,0:04:08.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Could it be that we go\Nto the hardware store,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.40,0:04:10.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pick up a spool of copper wire,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.44,0:04:13.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get some wire cutters, a little clip-clip,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.41,0:04:16.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,saw it all up and then, bam --\Nwe have our printed circuit board?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.99,0:04:19.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No way.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.18,0:04:21.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These wires are way too small for that.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.76,0:04:25.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we have to rely\Non our friend, chemistry.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.72,0:04:29.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the chemical process\Nto make these tiny copper wires
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.83,0:04:31.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is seemingly simple.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.89,0:04:33.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We start with a solution
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.68,0:04:36.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of positively charged copper spheres.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.10,0:04:41.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We then add to it an insulating\Nprinted circuit board.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.52,0:04:44.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we feed those\Npositively charged spheres
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.95,0:04:46.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,negatively charged electrons,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.75,0:04:49.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by adding formaldehyde to the mix.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.16,0:04:50.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you might remember formaldehyde.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.90,0:04:52.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Really distinct odor,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.76,0:04:55.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,used to preserve frogs in biology class.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.07,0:04:58.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well it turns out it can do\Na lot more than just that.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.86,0:05:00.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's a really key component
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.95,0:05:03.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to making these tiny copper wires.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.20,0:05:07.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see, the electrons\Non formaldehyde have a drive.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.60,0:05:11.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They want to jump over to those\Npositively charged copper spheres.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.51,0:05:16.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's all because of a process\Nknown as redox chemistry.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.81,0:05:18.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when that happens,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.04,0:05:21.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can take these positively\Ncharged copper spheres,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.80,0:05:24.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and turn them into bright,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.24,0:05:28.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shiny, metallic and conductive copper.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.72,0:05:30.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And once we have conductive copper,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.94,0:05:32.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now we're cooking with gas.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.46,0:05:34.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we can get all\Nof those electrical components
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.81,0:05:35.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to talk to each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.02,0:05:38.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So thank you once again to chemistry.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.57,0:05:41.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And let's take a thought
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.25,0:05:44.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and think about how far\Nwe've come with chemistry.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.58,0:05:48.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Clearly, in electronic communications,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.28,0:05:49.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,size matters.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.98,0:05:53.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's think about\Nhow we can shrink down our devices.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.45,0:05:57.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that we can go from our 1990s\NZack Morris cell phone,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.03,0:05:58.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to something a little bit more sleek,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.93,0:06:01.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the phones of today\Nthat can fit in our pockets.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.97,0:06:03.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although, let's be real here:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.51,0:06:07.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,absolutely nothing can fit\Ninto ladies' pants pockets,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.40,0:06:10.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you can find a pair of pants\Nthat has pockets.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.40,0:06:11.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.43,0:06:14.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, I don't think chemistry\Ncan help us with that problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.83,0:06:20.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But more important\Nthat shrinking the actual device,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.09,0:06:22.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how do we shrink\Nthe circuitry inside of it,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.51,0:06:24.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and shrink it by 100 times,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.47,0:06:27.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that we can take the circuitry\Nfrom the micron scale
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.86,0:06:30.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the way down to the nanometer scale?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.83,0:06:32.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because, let's face it,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.04,0:06:35.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right now we all want more powerful\Nand faster phones.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.77,0:06:39.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, more power and faster\Nrequires more circuitry.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.34,0:06:42.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how do we do this?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.06,0:06:46.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not like we have some magic\Nelectromagnetic shrink ray,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.79,0:06:49.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like professor Wayne Szalinsky used\Nin "Honey, I Shrunk the Kids"
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.88,0:06:51.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to shrink his children.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.23,0:06:52.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On accident, of course.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.79,0:06:54.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or do we?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.95,0:06:57.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, actually, in the field,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.74,0:07:00.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's a process\Nthat's pretty similar to that.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.48,0:07:02.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's name is photolitography.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.43,0:07:06.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In photolitography,\Nwe take electromagnetic radiation,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.77,0:07:08.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or what we tend to call light,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.78,0:07:11.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we use it to shrink down\Nsome of that circuitry,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.45,0:07:15.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that we could cram more of it\Ninto a really small space.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.58,0:07:19.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, how does this work?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.100,0:07:21.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we start with a substrate
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.97,0:07:24.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that has a light sensitive film on it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.91,0:07:28.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We then cover it with a mask\Nthat has a pattern on top of it
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.50,0:07:30.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of fine lines and features,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.09,0:07:33.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are going to make the phone work\Nthe way that we want it to.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.90,0:07:37.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We then expose a bright light\Nand shine it through this mask,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.65,0:07:40.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which creates a shadow\Nof that pattern on the surface.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.86,0:07:44.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, anywhere that the light\Ncan get through the mask,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.84,0:07:48.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's going to cause\Na chemical reaction to occur.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.13,0:07:51.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's going to burn the image\Nof that pattern into the substrate.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.70,0:07:54.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the question you're probably asking is,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.84,0:07:56.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how do we go from a burned image
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.80,0:07:59.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to clean fine lines and features?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.87,0:08:02.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for that, we have to use\Na chemical solution
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.51,0:08:04.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called the developer.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.14,0:08:05.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the developer is special.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.18,0:08:09.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What it can do is take\Nall of the nonexposed areas
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.74,0:08:11.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and remove them selectively,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.72,0:08:14.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leaving behind clean\Nfine lines and features,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.67,0:08:17.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and making our miniaturized devices work.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.42,0:08:22.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we've used chemistry now\Nto build up our devices,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.13,0:08:25.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we've used it\Nto shrink down our devices.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.51,0:08:28.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I've probably convinced you\Nthat chemistry is the true hero,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.71,0:08:30.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we could wrap it up there.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.71,0:08:31.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.87,0:08:33.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hold on, we're not done.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.42,0:08:34.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not so fast.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.14,0:08:36.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because, we're all human.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.90,0:08:39.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as a human, I always want more.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.56,0:08:42.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so now I want to think\Nabout how to use chemistry
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.24,0:08:44.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to extract more out of a device.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.83,0:08:49.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right now, we're being told\Nthat we want something called 5G,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.85,0:08:52.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the promised\Nfifth generation of wireless.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.46,0:08:55.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, you might have heard of 5G
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.57,0:08:58.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in commercials\Nthat are starting to appear.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.72,0:09:00.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or maybe some of you even experienced it
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.70,0:09:02.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the 2018 winter Olympics.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.86,0:09:06.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I'm most excited about for 5G
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.24,0:09:09.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that, when I'm late,\Nrunning out of the house to catch a plane,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.95,0:09:13.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can download movies\Nonto my device in 40 seconds
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.11,0:09:14.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as opposed to 40 minutes.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.01,0:09:17.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But once true 5G is here,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.82,0:09:20.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's going to be a lot more\Nthan how many movies
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.12,0:09:21.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can put on our device.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.44,0:09:25.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the question is,\Nwhy is true 5G not here?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.40,0:09:28.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'll let you in on a little secret.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.36,0:09:30.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's pretty easy to answer.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.90,0:09:32.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's just plain hard to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.84,0:09:36.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see, if you used\Nthose traditional materials and copper
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.69,0:09:38.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to build 5G devices,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.61,0:09:42.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the signal can't make it\Nto its final destination.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.82,0:09:48.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Traditionally, we use really rough\Ninsulating layers
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.39,0:09:50.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to support copper wires.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.92,0:09:52.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about Velcro fasteners.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.100,0:09:56.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the roughness of the two pieces\Nthat make them stick together.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.19,0:10:00.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's pretty important\Nif you want to have a device
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.65,0:10:01.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's going to last longer
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.00,0:10:04.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than it takes you to rip it out of the box
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.04,0:10:06.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and start installing\Nall of your apps on it.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.24,0:10:09.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this roughness causes a problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.94,0:10:13.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see, at the high speeds for 5G
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.43,0:10:16.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the signal has to travel\Nclose to that roughness.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.22,0:10:20.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it makes it get lost\Nbefore it reaches its final destination.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.25,0:10:24.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about a mountain range.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.05,0:10:27.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you have a complex system of roads\Nthat goes up and over it.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.54,0:10:29.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you're trying\Nto get to the other side.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.27,0:10:31.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Don't you agree with me
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.49,0:10:34.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it would probably take\Na really long time,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.100,0:10:37.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you would probably get lost,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.08,0:10:39.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you had to go up and down\Nall of the mountains,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.74,0:10:42.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as opposed to if you just\Ndrilled a flat tunnel
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.18,0:10:44.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that could go straight on through?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.64,0:10:47.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well it's the same thing\Nin out 5G devices.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.32,0:10:49.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we could remove this roughness,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.69,0:10:51.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then we can send the 5G signal
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.60,0:10:53.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,straight on through uninterrupted.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.62,0:10:55.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sounds pretty good, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.79,0:10:56.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But hold on.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.98,0:10:59.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Didn't I just tell you\Nthat we needed that roughness
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.47,0:11:00.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to keep the device together?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.84,0:11:02.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if we remove it,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.07,0:11:04.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're in a situation where now the copper
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.05,0:11:06.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,isn't going to stick\Nto that underlying substrate.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.59,0:11:10.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about building\Na house of Lego blocks,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.46,0:11:14.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with all of the nooks and crannies\Nthat latch together,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.71,0:11:17.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as opposed to smooth building blocks.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.39,0:11:20.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which of the two is going to have\Nmore structural integrity
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.73,0:11:23.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the two-year-old comes\Nripping through the living room,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.57,0:11:26.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trying to play Godzilla\Nand knock everything down?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.36,0:11:30.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what if we put glue\Non those smooth blocks?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.12,0:11:33.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's what\Nthe industry is waiting for.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.89,0:11:36.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're waiting for the chemists\Nto design new, smooth surfaces
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.01,0:11:39.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with increased inherent adhesion
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.52,0:11:41.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for some of those copper wires.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.46,0:11:43.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when we solve this problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.97,0:11:45.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we will solve the problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.68,0:11:47.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we'll work\Nwith physicists and engineers
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.90,0:11:51.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to solve all of the challenges of 5G,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.13,0:11:54.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well then the number of applications\Nis going to skyrocket.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.61,0:11:57.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So yeah, we'll have things\Nlike self-driving cars,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.56,0:12:01.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because now our data networks\Ncan handle the speeds
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.20,0:12:03.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the amount of information\Nrequired to make that work.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.68,0:12:07.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But let's start to use imagination.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.52,0:12:11.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can imagine going into a restaurant\Nwith a friend that has a peanut allergy,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.71,0:12:13.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,taking out my phone,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.47,0:12:14.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,waving it over the food,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.86,0:12:17.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and having the food tell us
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.10,0:12:20.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a really important answer to a question --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.33,0:12:23.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,deadly or safe to consume?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.86,0:12:26.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or maybe our devices will get so good
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.86,0:12:29.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at processing information about us,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.92,0:12:32.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they'll become\Nlike our personal trainers.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.93,0:12:36.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they'll know the most efficient way\Nfor us to burn calories.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.23,0:12:37.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know come November,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.52,0:12:40.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I'm trying to burn off\Nsome of these pregnancy pounds,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.32,0:12:43.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would love a device\Nthat could tell me how to do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.54,0:12:46.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I really don't know\Nanother way of saying it,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.100,0:12:49.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,except chemistry is just cool.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.17,0:12:52.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it enables all of these\Nelectronic devices.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.06,0:12:57.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the next time you send a text\Nor take a selfie,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.03,0:12:59.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think about all those atoms\Nthat are hard at work
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.58,0:13:02.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the innovation that came before them.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.01,0:13:04.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who knows,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.26,0:13:06.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe even some of you\Nlistening to this talk,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.62,0:13:08.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perhaps even on your mobile device,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.73,0:13:11.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will decide that you too\Nwant to play sidekick
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.16,0:13:12.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to Captain Chemistry,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.50,0:13:15.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the true hero of electronic devices.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.33,0:13:17.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you for your attention,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.98,0:13:19.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and thank you chemistry.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.60,0:13:22.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)