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34C3 preroll music
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Herald: And yeah, please give[br]a warm welcome to Sebastian!
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applause
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Sebastian: Hi, and thank you for the[br]introduction. Thank you all so much for
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having me. So, what am I gonna[br]talk about tonight? I will
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of course, being an artist, talk a bit[br]about some art projects but mostly
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I will speak about the research I do[br]as part of my practice, specifically
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about humans as software extensions.[br]And towards the end I will
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share some thoughts on why being a human[br]software extension could actually be
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something maybe not positive but brings[br]some new possibilities. So I will try to
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end the talk on a positive note. In 2008,[br]the science fiction movie "Sleep Dealer"
0:01:05.590,0:01:10.789
speculated about a future which couldn't[br]be more timely. The border between Mexico
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and the US has been closed. Therefore,[br]immigrant workers in the US have been
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replaced by robots. However, the robots[br]are remotely controlled by people in
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Mexico who have their bodies plugged[br]directly into the network. Then, 2 years
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later, in 2010, the CEO of CrowdFlower,[br]which is a crowdsourcing and cloud work
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platform, Lukas Biewald speaks of a[br]similar situation: "Before the Internet,
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it would be really difficult to find[br]someone, sit them down for 10 minutes and
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get them to work for you, and then fire[br]them after those 10 minutes. But with
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technology, you can actually find them,[br]pay them the tiny amount of money, and
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then get rid of them when you don't need[br]them anymore." Biewald's remarks, however,
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are not Science Fiction. Instead, they[br]describe a contemporary condition. So,
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humans as software extensions: What is[br]this condition? I would summarize it as
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people extending computational systems by[br]offering their bodies, their senses and
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their cognition. And specifically bodies[br]and minds that can be easily plugged in
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and later easily be discarded, so bodies[br]and minds algorithmically managed and
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under the permanent pressure of constant[br]availability efficiency and perpetual self
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optimization. So, as such, humans as[br]software extensions are both, the
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foundation and the result, of a mega[br]structure which Benjamin Breton calls "The
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Stack". It's a computational totality of[br]planetary scale so somehow we can imagine
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it as a planetary scale computer[br]consisting of a stack of layers from rare
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earth minerals to data centers to bots and[br]people which in this model are exactly the
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same. So, in this computational totality,[br]even the smallest nodes can be addressed
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and can be programmed. What The Stack also[br]describes is a new geography so Google
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Maps defining borders or, as just seen in[br]Sleep Dealer, the US building a wall while
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still being able to plug right into the[br]bodies of Mexican workers. But to be
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clear, from my point of view, the model of[br]planetary scale computation as a totality
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is as much a reality as it is also a[br]gigantic fantasy and ideology of power,
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optimization and efficiency. So this is[br]the state of self-driving cars right now,
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at least from the perspective of a Ford.[br]So I would now like to give some examples
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about what I mean by humans as software[br]extensions and what effects these, like,
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this way of managing digital labor has. 3[br]years ago, I worked on a piece in which I
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explored digital colonialism and, among[br]other things, I explored Google's and
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Facebook's attempts to integrate into[br]their services those 2/3 of the world
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population who are not online, yet. As you[br]all know, Google wants to use balloons,
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Facebook wants to use drones and they want[br]them to circle above these areas that do
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not have any internet connection basically[br]sucking that which is below up into the
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network. So the piece of which you see a[br]little bit here is called "How to Appear
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Offline Forever" and it consists of a mix[br]of found material like videos, images, and
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questions and there's also a layer of[br]stories written by people from Silicon
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Valley, Sri Lanka and Zambia which are all[br]locations of importance to this piece. And
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so in order to get in contact with people[br]in Sri Lanka, I ended up using the
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outsourcing platform Upwork which offers a[br]highly efficient interface for hiring
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freelancers from all around the world. On[br]that platform, you can sort freelancers by
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price, skills, rating and then you can[br]pick whoever you think fits the job best.
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And their user experience of hire and fire[br]is well crafted. So it's software
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extensions that can be plugged in and[br]removed again easily. It doesn't matter
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where they are, who they are as long as[br]they get it done. So once the freelancers
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in Sri Lanka got to work I noticed that it[br]was not only able but also encouraged to
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spy on them. Upwork records every[br]keystroke and regularly takes screenshots
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while freelancers work, building a growing[br]diary of their activity. So I found myself
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in a situation in which I wasn't only[br]being surveilled by corporations or
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states, I was also doing the same myself,[br]managing my extensions spying on them in
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order to monitor their performance. So[br]this is not them, like corporations or
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states, spying on us, us protecting[br]ourselves against them through encryption.
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This is all of us fighting for our place[br]in the network trying to be valuable
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nodes. So this is me and one of the[br]freelancers which is a very lovely lady I
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got to meet in Sri Lanka later. So if you[br]look at this historically and if you go
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back just 15, maybe 20 years, outsourcing[br]via the internet was a practice that could
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only be employed by big IT companies,[br]mostly from the US, India. Today it is
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cheap and easy and it can be done by[br]anybody. A new service by Amazon called
0:07:11.330,0:07:17.980
Amazon Key illustrates this rather new[br]situation perfectly. With Amazon Key, you
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can remotely grant access to an apartment[br]while you're not at home using the Amazon
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Key camera, lock and app, you can spy on[br]the otherwise completely invisible workers
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from your smartphone. So this is the lock[br]remotely unlocked. So here outsourcing
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doesn't generate free time. Instead, it is[br]born out of necessity. It is marketed as
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making possible the transformation and a[br]liberation from being managed to also
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being able to manage others and, in this[br]case, you're able to deal with them like
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without ever having to meet them in[br]person. So now everybody, not only can but
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has to, and actually, of course, wants to,[br]we all want to use people as software
0:08:13.070,0:08:18.650
extensions and with that comes also that[br]we have to remotely track and rate their
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performance. So let's recap: Factory[br]workers are extending machines with their
0:08:27.600,0:08:32.869
bodies. Freelancers have escaped the[br]factory but have to offer themselves as
0:08:32.869,0:08:37.540
flexible extensions to the modern media[br]assembly line, for example like which I
0:08:37.540,0:08:45.160
saw on Upwork. So now micro-entrepreneurs[br]have to invent their own shops, offering
0:08:45.160,0:08:52.199
their creativity in the form of little[br]packages that are called gigs. You can buy
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such gigs at a fixed price on platforms[br]like Fiverr. For those who do not know
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Fiverr: Initially each each gig on Fiverr[br]was priced at exactly $5 of which the
0:09:06.859,0:09:14.319
platform kept $1. So some months ago, I[br]found a way to directly access all videos
0:09:14.319,0:09:19.390
uploaded to the platform in real time,[br]including every single video that people
0:09:19.390,0:09:25.350
on Fiverr are producing for their clients.[br]So through this crack in the surface, or
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you could also call it a security problem[br]or a privacy issue they have, I could look
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at the leaked stream of videos and I did[br]this for days and weeks and months and I
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downloaded videos worth of like more than[br]100 GB and I was looking for some patterns
0:09:42.749,0:09:51.230
to understand this marketplace. So to give[br]you some ideas about what I saw there: On
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the platform it is dog-eat-dog. Be the[br]best the cheapest, the most creative, the
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most efficient, be just like a proper[br]software extension. Never sleep, work all
0:10:03.170,0:10:09.339
the time. At the same time, everybody is[br]also fighting against the platform's
0:10:09.339,0:10:16.879
algorithms and clean interfaces that hide[br]most gig workers on page 2, 3, 4 and so
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on. As many gigs offer unrealistically[br]short delivery times for creative work, it
0:10:27.860,0:10:34.319
becomes clear that they themselves use[br]bots, generators and templates, simulating
0:10:34.319,0:10:41.129
creative work and creating yet another[br]layer of man-machine complexity. So using
0:10:41.129,0:10:47.010
automation in order to not be replaced by[br]automation. Their biggest selling point
0:10:47.010,0:10:55.280
seems to be their low cost coupled with a[br]truly natural interface: a human being. In
0:10:55.280,0:11:01.040
contrast, there is another group of people[br]consciously offering their bodies often as
0:11:01.040,0:11:06.660
carriers of messages like screens. So[br]here, the fantasy of the universal
0:11:06.660,0:11:12.410
addressability and availability of all[br]nodes manifests itself in the distant and
0:11:12.410,0:11:23.339
often exotic body that acts as a screen.[br]This goes hand in hand with gigs offering
0:11:23.339,0:11:38.350
personal porn or erotic videos and fetish[br]videos. So here, I would summarize: Being
0:11:38.350,0:11:43.889
a software extension on a hyper-[br]competitive platform fosters and demands
0:11:43.889,0:11:49.269
something that I would call survival[br]creativity, that means coming up with
0:11:49.269,0:11:55.539
whatever it takes to survive in a[br]competitive environment. And as I
0:11:55.539,0:12:00.910
reminder, Fiverr might be an extreme[br]example but it exemplifies a development
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that has become a reality for many already[br]and it's not like it's them and us, we are
0:12:08.399,0:12:17.729
all human software extensions. So far I've[br]managed to talk about software without
0:12:17.729,0:12:22.899
mentioning artificial intelligence even[br]once, that's nice I think. Instead I've
0:12:22.899,0:12:28.769
drawn this a bleak picture of a quasi[br]totality of work and exploitation.
0:12:28.769,0:12:34.829
However, automation and artificial[br]intelligence supposedly imply a future
0:12:34.829,0:12:43.079
without work, right? So in the previous[br]examples, platforms, software, artificial
0:12:43.079,0:12:48.309
intelligence acted as scientific[br]management. The Taylorist boss
0:12:48.309,0:12:53.189
algorithmically distributing and[br]modulating human workers as software
0:12:53.189,0:13:01.360
extensions. Now, one great post work ideas[br]is to not only automate the management of
0:13:01.360,0:13:09.019
working bodies and minds, but instead to[br]completely replace all human nodes with AI
0:13:09.019,0:13:14.559
as well. While I think this is an[br]excellent foundation for discussing our
0:13:14.559,0:13:21.670
society's obsession with work, I would[br]also argue this hypothesis is as appealing
0:13:21.670,0:13:29.769
as it is flawed, unfortunately. So my[br]observation is this: AI, artificial
0:13:29.769,0:13:35.379
intelligence, is an appropriation and a[br]possible extrapolation of existing
0:13:35.379,0:13:41.819
knowledge and skills, yes. And as such it[br]might as well do our jobs but it is first
0:13:41.819,0:13:49.069
and foremost used as a scheme to fragment[br]work into tasks that can be done anywhere
0:13:49.069,0:13:55.720
24/7 and to make this labor invisible.[br]What we see here is a piece called
0:13:55.720,0:14:01.980
"Segmentation Network" which I made last[br]year it plays back over 600,000
0:14:01.980,0:14:07.870
segmentations manually created by[br]mechanical crowd workers, Mechanical Turk
0:14:07.870,0:14:14.380
crowd workers, for Microsoft's cocoa image[br]recognition data set. These so-called
0:14:14.380,0:14:19.249
segmentations are based on photos we have[br]uploaded to Flickr and they are used in
0:14:19.249,0:14:26.269
machine learning, training AI what it can[br]see and what not. So you can automate as
0:14:26.269,0:14:32.579
much as you want but at some point you[br]will have to train and especially maintain
0:14:32.579,0:14:39.999
the machines and the software. So I would[br]say AI creates yet another layer of badly
0:14:39.999,0:14:48.679
or unpaid care and maintenance work which[br]is often invisible on purpose. So I would
0:14:48.679,0:14:53.679
say this needs to change. And I think[br]Feminist theory and practices have to lot
0:14:53.679,0:14:58.110
have a lot to say about this issue but[br]that's another talk and I would like to
0:14:58.110,0:15:07.759
hear it. So here is a point in case and[br]maybe a solution: At the end of 2011,
0:15:07.759,0:15:12.779
while still being students and sharing a[br]studio Silvia Larusso, a friend and
0:15:12.779,0:15:18.339
artist, and me we started to take a[br]screenshot of every single captcha that we
0:15:18.339,0:15:25.139
had to solve while navigating the web. So[br]over the years, proving that we are human
0:15:25.139,0:15:34.029
time and time again, we captured hundreds[br]of captchas. This year, we thought about
0:15:34.029,0:15:38.790
how to make this little thing or these[br]like little things, the collection of
0:15:38.790,0:15:42.910
these things, into something which is as[br]valuable and as expensive as possible and
0:15:42.910,0:15:48.589
so we published the complete collection as[br]a series of five handmade Leporello books.
0:15:48.589,0:15:55.939
So each of these books is one year. And if[br]you if you expand all these Leporello,
0:15:55.939,0:16:02.399
they have a total length of 90 meters[br]chronicling five years of micro labor as
0:16:02.399,0:16:07.660
well as the history of captures. So if you[br]look at it, captures started as a
0:16:07.660,0:16:15.209
technique to merely prevent spam and then[br]they kind of morphed into a method for
0:16:15.209,0:16:22.609
deciphering house numbers and transcribing[br]books. And then lately it's become a means
0:16:22.609,0:16:30.970
of teaching image recognition to AI[br]software. While we were collecting these
0:16:30.970,0:16:37.990
captures, Gabriela Rojas Lozano in 2015[br]filed a class action lawsuit against
0:16:37.990,0:16:43.250
Google and she claimed that Google[br]operates a highly profitable transcription
0:16:43.250,0:16:49.179
business built upon free labor which it[br]deceptively and unfairly obtains from
0:16:49.179,0:16:56.529
unwitting website users. Unfortunately,[br]her claims were rejected. So here the
0:16:56.529,0:17:01.379
judge states that it's like you spent only[br]a few seconds on this it cannot be
0:17:01.379,0:17:07.579
expected to pay for such a small job. So,[br]however, her attempt to sue Google was
0:17:07.579,0:17:13.500
still a success I would say because it led[br]to the proof that Google has perfected a
0:17:13.500,0:17:19.910
magical process in which work is[br]transformed into literally nothing. So
0:17:19.910,0:17:26.949
welcome post-work society! How does this[br]magical trick work? It's rather simple.
0:17:26.949,0:17:30.550
You take a job, let's say transcribing[br]books, and you fragment it and you
0:17:30.550,0:17:36.250
fragment it more and more and more until[br]suddenly the job is magically done without
0:17:36.250,0:17:42.430
anyone having ever worked on it. Because,[br]if nobody has to get paid, nobody had to
0:17:42.430,0:17:47.370
work either, right? Hence, the judge's[br]statement is proof that this magic
0:17:47.370,0:17:52.220
actually works. It gets better. In the end[br]Google still ends up being paid even
0:17:52.220,0:17:57.920
though they have just made the job[br]disappear magically. So what I want to
0:17:57.920,0:18:04.750
suggest now is to seize the means of[br]magic. What about this: Fragmenting those
0:18:04.750,0:18:11.309
platforms that algorithmically manage us[br]to such a great degree they simply do not
0:18:11.309,0:18:17.870
exist anymore? Magically, their job will[br]still be done and in the end we get the
0:18:17.870,0:18:23.799
money. I guess in like a less magical[br]version we could call this platform co-
0:18:23.799,0:18:30.159
operativism. If you do not believe in[br]magic then I have two more suggestions
0:18:30.159,0:18:38.380
about what we, as a software extensions,[br]can do. So I will show you two clips from
0:18:38.380,0:18:43.350
my latest video piece which is called "I[br]Will Say Whatever You Want in Front of a
0:18:43.350,0:18:48.570
Pizza". You can see the full version[br]online on this website, all that's gonna
0:18:48.570,0:18:52.520
be, I think there's going to be a[br]screening somewhere here in the in the
0:18:52.520,0:18:57.470
video lounge. Anyway, I will show you two[br]bits even though it's a 12-minute video
0:18:57.470,0:19:03.130
and just looking at two bits doesn't make[br]too much sense still I think they show a
0:19:03.130,0:19:08.130
point I wanted to make pretty nicely. So[br]the video is narrated from the perspective
0:19:08.130,0:19:14.520
of a cloud worker and this is the[br]protagonist:
0:19:14.520,0:19:23.080
Protagonist: [unintelligeable speech from[br]video] Instead, I was working for a pizza
0:19:23.080,0:19:29.680
delivery company. Brian, your next[br]automated pizza delivery is scheduled for
0:19:29.680,0:19:36.500
Saturday February the 25th at 12:00 p.m..[br]To confirm, text yes. To decline, text no.
0:19:36.500,0:19:39.360
Text help for help.[br]Other voice: Thank you, Papa John, you
0:19:39.360,0:19:43.032
handsomeman. I shall call[br]you the Carbs Vixen.
0:19:43.032,0:19:46.600
Protagonist: We're sorry, we didn't[br]understand. Please confirm or decline.
0:19:46.600,0:19:51.190
Other voice: When I make love I imagine[br]you tossing some dough shirtless
0:19:51.190,0:19:54.660
Protagonist: Dude, our automated system[br]isn't set up yet. This is a real person
0:19:54.660,0:20:00.000
texting you. I make minimum wage, please[br]just tell me if you want the pizza
0:20:06.470,0:20:13.429
S: So, that's a protagonist. To give you[br]some background: In 2016, Donald Trump's
0:20:13.429,0:20:18.350
team hired a Singaporean teenager through[br]Fiverr which is the platform I talked
0:20:18.350,0:20:24.149
about before, and they hired her to[br]convert a PowerPoint into a Prezi which is
0:20:24.149,0:20:29.300
the software I'm using for the video,[br]basically outsourcing the Make America
0:20:29.300,0:20:34.389
Great Again campaign, which is it's a true[br]story. laughter in background So at some
0:20:34.389,0:20:38.769
point in the video, the protagonist who is[br]now working and only as a pizza delivery
0:20:38.769,0:20:44.690
bot but also as a cloud work on Amazon's[br]Mechanical Turk platform, preparing data
0:20:44.690,0:20:50.240
sets for AI, at some point he gets to know[br]the Singaporean teenager as a fellow
0:20:50.240,0:20:57.519
worker. And she has got an idea.[br]Protagonist: One day, I found a thread
0:20:57.519,0:21:04.850
started by her. She talked about the[br]political implications of what we did and
0:21:04.850,0:21:17.600
what kind of things we could do. Of[br]course, we on Mechanical Turk had created
0:21:17.600,0:21:23.669
the data set. It was sad to see how[br]depressed many of us actually were.
0:21:23.669,0:21:27.611
Other voice: Researchers asked 500 workers[br]to complete a survey which contained a
0:21:27.611,0:21:32.100
standard clinical depression survey. 170[br]workers agreed to share their Instagram
0:21:32.100,0:21:40.020
post for the study. Out of those 170[br]workers, 70 were clinically depressed. By
0:21:40.020,0:21:45.291
the way, the depression filter is Inkwell.[br]It turns photos to black and white and
0:21:45.291,0:21:51.671
adds high contrast. Better not to use it.[br]Protagonist: But she pointed to something
0:21:51.671,0:21:58.290
else. It was in our power to manipulate or[br]even to change the very core of such
0:21:58.290,0:22:13.520
mechanisms: our data sets, machines,[br]society, you, the future. We started to
0:22:13.520,0:22:20.849
discuss, to organize and to experiment. Of[br]course, we didn't always agree. Was this
0:22:20.849,0:22:28.679
just for fun, like Easter eggs? Did we[br]share a political agenda? In any case,
0:22:28.679,0:22:42.380
things had to happen secretly. Otherwise,[br]it wouldn't work. Teaching Google to
0:22:42.380,0:22:48.220
identify a photo of an eggplant as British[br]singer Chris Meloni served as a proof of
0:22:48.220,0:22:53.755
concept.[br]S: Okay, so the ideas is this: When we are
0:22:53.755,0:22:58.889
extending software with our bodies and[br]minds, we are also extending our reach
0:22:58.889,0:23:04.520
into the software, and reaching into the[br]software, being part of the software, we
0:23:04.520,0:23:09.200
can start to manipulate these systems that[br]govern us and that we have to use to
0:23:09.200,0:23:15.470
govern others. And once we are plugged, in[br]we can manipulate data, we can create new
0:23:15.470,0:23:21.149
and weird and slow and inefficient[br]software from within. So it can be fun,
0:23:21.149,0:23:26.570
like leaving easter eggs for others to[br]find realizing yes, there are actual
0:23:26.570,0:23:36.360
people inside these systems. Which brings[br]me to my third and last thought: Why being
0:23:36.360,0:23:43.500
a software extension also has some chances[br]or possibilities. I will end the talk by
0:23:43.500,0:23:48.899
talking about Mark Zuckerberg which will[br]make me look like a fool anyway. Being a
0:23:48.899,0:23:53.151
software extension can also offer a new[br]aesthetic and a new way of being and I
0:23:53.151,0:23:58.830
think this video which could be called the[br]father of all stupid demos illustrates
0:23:58.830,0:24:04.699
this in a rather interesting way. Here,[br]for whatever reason Zuckerberg is
0:24:04.699,0:24:09.919
demonstrating Facebook's virtual reality[br]by visiting Puerto Rico in the wake of
0:24:09.919,0:24:17.340
Hurricane Maria. So why do I show this[br]video? Contrary to what he had intended,
0:24:17.340,0:24:22.639
Zuckerberg as a crudely abstracted version[br]of himself turned into a software
0:24:22.639,0:24:28.770
extension, detaches and dissociates[br]himself from the real world. This is what
0:24:28.770,0:24:36.519
I like. Because I think and you will agree[br]with me: Software is not perfect. It's
0:24:36.519,0:24:41.880
full of bugs, it often behaves in[br]unexpected and weird and glitchy ways,
0:24:41.880,0:24:50.759
doing stupid things often and like often[br]over and over again, in an infinite loop.
0:24:50.759,0:24:57.110
Therefore, embracing the weird and[br]abstract asthetic of a of a human as a
0:24:57.110,0:25:02.779
software extension could actually allow us[br]to detach ourselves from circumstances and
0:25:02.779,0:25:10.120
which we are required to be our best[br]working selves all the time. So being like
0:25:10.120,0:25:15.470
available all the time, addressable,[br]programmable, to update ourselves all the
0:25:15.470,0:25:21.180
time. We could like use being a software[br]extension, the aesthetic of being a
0:25:21.180,0:25:28.120
software extension, as a mask behind which[br]we can hide, pretending to be a bot.
0:25:28.120,0:25:30.720
That's the idea. Thank you.
0:25:30.720,0:25:41.080
applause
0:25:41.080,0:25:45.520
Herald: Thank you, Sebastian, indeed, for[br]making a bleak future look a little bit
0:25:45.520,0:25:50.270
more bright. I think we have about five[br]minutes for very short Q&A, otherwise, he
0:25:50.270,0:25:56.029
said you have a Twitter account and you[br]can also meet Sebastian next to the stage.
0:25:56.029,0:26:02.070
So are there questions, maybe from the[br]Signal Angel? None? Okay, then just
0:26:02.070,0:26:05.380
another round of applause for Sebastian![br]Sebastian: Thank you.
0:26:05.380,0:26:08.279
[br]applause
0:26:08.279,0:26:15.492
postroll music
0:26:15.492,0:26:29.240
subtitles created by c3subtitles.de[br]in the year 2018