[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.60,0:00:19.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would like to introduce you to my favorite parasite.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.72,0:00:21.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are millions that I could choose from
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.55,0:00:22.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is it:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.87,0:00:24.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's called the jewel wasp.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.34,0:00:27.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can find it in parts of Africa and Asia.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.28,0:00:28.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a little under an inch long,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.61,0:00:30.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it is a beautiful looking parasite.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.100,0:00:32.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, you may be saying to yourself,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.66,0:00:34.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"This is not a parasite.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.22,0:00:35.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not a tapeworm,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.15,0:00:35.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not a virus,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.90,0:00:38.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how could a wasp be a parasite?"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.64,0:00:40.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You are probably thinking about regular wasps,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.55,0:00:45.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know, the ones that build paper nests as their house.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.01,0:00:48.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, the thing is that the jewel wasp
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.66,0:00:52.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,makes its house inside a living cockroach.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.63,0:00:57.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's how it happens.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.67,0:01:00.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A jewel wasp is flying around, looking for a cockroach.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.55,0:01:03.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When it sees one, it lands and bites on its wing.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.72,0:01:04.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I'll be the cockroach.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.93,0:01:06.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Be-wha! Bewha!
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.27,0:01:08.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the cockroach starts shaking it off,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.35,0:01:10.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Get away from me!"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.67,0:01:14.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The wasp very quickly starts stinging the cockroach.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.55,0:01:17.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of a sudden, the cockroach can't move,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.04,0:01:18.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for about a minute.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.47,0:01:21.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then it recovers
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.10,0:01:22.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and stands up.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.84,0:01:24.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It could run away now,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.29,0:01:26.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it doesn't.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.29,0:01:28.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It just doesn't want to.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.60,0:01:30.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It just stays there.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.48,0:01:33.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's become a zombie slave.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.37,0:01:37.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, I'm not making this up.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.44,0:01:38.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The wasp goes off,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.65,0:01:41.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it walks away and finds a hole
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.27,0:01:44.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and digs it out, makes it into a burrow.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.16,0:01:45.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It walks back.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.59,0:01:48.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This can take up to half an hour.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.27,0:01:51.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The cockroach is still there.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.18,0:01:53.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do we do now?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.70,0:01:56.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The wasps grabs onto one of the antenna,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.92,0:01:58.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bites down on it,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.20,0:01:59.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the cockroach,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.13,0:02:01.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and pulls the cockroach.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.93,0:02:04.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the cockroach says, "Alright,"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.77,0:02:07.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and walks like a dog on a leash.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.85,0:02:11.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The wasp takes it all the way down into the burrow.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.76,0:02:14.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The cockroach says, "Nice place."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.74,0:02:16.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The wasp takes care of some business
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.33,0:02:17.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then goes and leaves the burrow
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.93,0:02:19.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and seals it shut,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.13,0:02:23.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leaving the cockroach entombed in darkness, still alive.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.41,0:02:27.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The cockroach says, "Alright, I'll stay here if you want."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.32,0:02:29.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I mentioned that the cockroach took care,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.56,0:02:32.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ah, the wasp took care of a little business
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.28,0:02:34.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before it left the burrow.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.68,0:02:37.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The business was laying an egg
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.10,0:02:39.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the underside of the cockroach.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.38,0:02:40.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The egg hatches.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.73,0:02:42.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Out comes a wasp larva.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.14,0:02:45.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It looks kind of like a maggot with big, nasty jaws.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.79,0:02:49.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It chews a hole into the cockroach
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.32,0:02:51.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and starts to feed from the outside.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.91,0:02:55.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It gets bigger, like you can see over here.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.35,0:02:56.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then when it gets big enough,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.92,0:03:00.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it decides to crawl into the hole,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.46,0:03:02.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the cockroach.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.22,0:03:05.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now it's inside the still-living cockroach
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.80,0:03:09.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the cockroach doesn't mind much.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.56,0:03:11.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This goes on for about a month.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.70,0:03:14.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The larva grows and grows and grows,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.29,0:03:16.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then makes a pupa, kind of like a cocoon.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.68,0:03:18.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Inside there it grows eyes,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.93,0:03:19.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it grows wings,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.92,0:03:21.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it grows legs,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.80,0:03:24.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the cockroach is still alive, still waiting.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.77,0:03:27.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Finally the wasp is ready to leave,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.14,0:03:30.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's when the cockroach finally dies
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.55,0:03:33.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the fullly-formed adult wasp
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.14,0:03:36.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,crawls out of the cockroach's dying body.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.19,0:03:40.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The wasp shakes itself off,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.97,0:03:42.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,climbs out of the burrow,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.21,0:03:44.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,goes and finds another wasp to mate with
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.35,0:03:47.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to start this whole, crazy cycle again.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.96,0:03:50.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, this is not science fiction,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.73,0:03:54.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this happens every day, all over the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.59,0:03:58.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And scientists are totally fascinated by this.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.34,0:04:01.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're just starting to figure out how all this happens.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.54,0:04:04.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, when you really start to look at the science of it,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.21,0:04:08.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you start to kind of respect this very creepy wasp.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.13,0:04:12.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see, the thing is that when it attacks the cockroach,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.08,0:04:13.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not just stinging wildly,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.57,0:04:18.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it delivers two precise stings.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.100,0:04:21.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It knows this cockroach's nervous system
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.06,0:04:23.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like you know the back of your hand.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.51,0:04:26.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first sting goes to that spot there,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.31,0:04:28.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called the "walking rhythm generators,"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.47,0:04:29.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, as you can guess,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.31,0:04:30.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those are the neurons that send signals
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.98,0:04:33.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the legs to move.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.12,0:04:36.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It blocks the channels that the neurons use
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.02,0:04:36.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to send these signals.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.99,0:04:39.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the cockroach wants to go, it wants to run away,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.51,0:04:42.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it can't because it can't move its legs.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.84,0:04:45.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that lasted for about a minute.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.04,0:04:49.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is really sophisticated pharmacology.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.92,0:04:51.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We actually use the same method,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.100,0:04:53.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a drug called Ivermectin,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.27,0:04:54.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to cure river blindness,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.23,0:04:55.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is called by a parasitic worm
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.50,0:04:57.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that gets into your eye.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.60,0:05:00.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you take Ivermectin, you paralyze the worm
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.73,0:05:03.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using the same strategy.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.07,0:05:05.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, we discovered this in the 1970s,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.15,0:05:08.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the wasp has been doing this for millions of years.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.50,0:05:11.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then comes the second sting.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.55,0:05:14.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the second sting actually hits two places along the way.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.97,0:05:18.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to try to imagine how this can happen,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.06,0:05:22.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want you to picture yourself with a friend
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.17,0:05:25.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who's got a very long, very, very scary looking needle.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.79,0:05:26.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And your friend,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.57,0:05:28.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or at least you thought he was your friend,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.09,0:05:31.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sticks it in your neck,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.31,0:05:33.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,goes into your skull,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.29,0:05:35.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stops off at one part of your brain
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.67,0:05:38.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and injects some drugs,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.79,0:05:40.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then keeps going in your brain
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.99,0:05:43.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and injects some more.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.62,0:05:45.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are two particular spots,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.19,0:05:46.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,marked here, "SEG",
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.20,0:05:50.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can see the tip of it in the brain, marked "Br".
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.31,0:05:55.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, we can do this, but it's really hard for us.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.75,0:05:57.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's called stereotactic drug delivery.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.100,0:06:00.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have to put a patient in a big metal frame
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.52,0:06:01.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to hold them still,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.64,0:06:03.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you need CAT Scans to know where you're going,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.80,0:06:05.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you look at the picture and say,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.09,0:06:07.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Are we going the right way?"
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.30,0:06:10.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The jewel wasp has sensors on its stinger
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.54,0:06:14.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and scientists think that it can actually feel its way
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.49,0:06:17.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through the cockroach's brain until it gets
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.09,0:06:19.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the exact, right place,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.88,0:06:22.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then penetrates an individual neuron
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.70,0:06:25.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then delivers the goods.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.24,0:06:29.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, this is quite amazing stuff,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.39,0:06:31.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what seems to happen then
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.44,0:06:36.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the wasp is taking away the control
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.77,0:06:39.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the cockroach has over its own body.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.21,0:06:42.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's taking away the cockroach's free will.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.12,0:06:43.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We didn't really appreciate that cockroaches
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.69,0:06:46.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have free will until this wasp showed us.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.66,0:06:50.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, we have no idea how it's doing this,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.34,0:06:52.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we don't know yet what the venom has in it
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.44,0:06:53.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we don't know which circuits
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.93,0:06:56.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's hitting in the cockroach's brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.38,0:06:58.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think that's why this is,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.28,0:07:00.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most of all, my favorite parasite
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.21,0:07:03.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we have so much left to learn from it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.19,0:07:05.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much.