0:00:00.000,0:00:02.639
hey guys I'm fighter and today we're

0:00:02.639,0:00:04.170
going to be talking about the African

0:00:04.170,0:00:16.470
diaspora in Brazil did you know that

0:00:16.470,0:00:19.050
Brazil has the biggest African asper

0:00:19.050,0:00:22.140
community outside of Africa the 2010

0:00:22.140,0:00:24.359
census in Brazil shows that for the

0:00:24.359,0:00:26.880
first time the majority of the Brazilian

0:00:26.880,0:00:28.560
population identified this

0:00:28.560,0:00:31.710
afro-descendant this between 7% of

0:00:31.710,0:00:33.809
Brazilians the equivalent of over a

0:00:33.809,0:00:37.020
hundred million people self-identified

0:00:37.020,0:00:39.629
as black or mixed-race the statistic I'm

0:00:39.629,0:00:41.460
about to give you are truly staggering

0:00:41.460,0:00:44.280
the transatlantic slave trade as we know

0:00:44.280,0:00:46.500
it began when the Portuguese completed

0:00:46.500,0:00:48.570
the first transatlantic slave voyage to

0:00:48.570,0:00:53.219
Brazil in 1526 from 1501 to 1866 an

0:00:53.219,0:00:56.579
estimated 4.9 million enslaved Africans

0:00:56.579,0:00:57.870
were trafficked to Brazil

0:00:57.870,0:01:00.960
that's nearly 40% of all slaves traded

0:01:00.960,0:01:03.329
in the transatlantic slave trade and at

0:01:03.329,0:01:05.040
least four times the number of slaves

0:01:05.040,0:01:06.479
that were trafficked to the United

0:01:06.479,0:01:08.850
States Brazil was the last country in

0:01:08.850,0:01:10.439
the Western Hemisphere to a boyish

0:01:10.439,0:01:13.770
slavery in 1888 slave labor was the

0:01:13.770,0:01:15.659
driving force behind several key

0:01:15.659,0:01:17.880
industries in Brazil including sugar

0:01:17.880,0:01:20.490
production golden diamond mining coffee

0:01:20.490,0:01:23.130
production and agriculture as was the

0:01:23.130,0:01:25.830
case across Latin America enslaved

0:01:25.830,0:01:28.049
Africans in Brazil escaped and formed

0:01:28.049,0:01:30.390
maroon settlements could Columbus the

0:01:30.390,0:01:32.340
most famous of which was Palumbo dos

0:01:32.340,0:01:34.799
palmares which existed for most of the

0:01:34.799,0:01:37.619
17th century it was a relatively large

0:01:37.619,0:01:39.869
Colombo with a population of several

0:01:39.869,0:01:41.909
thousand escaped slaves and indigenous

0:01:41.909,0:01:43.950
people who formed a complex and

0:01:43.950,0:01:46.710
structured society at its height it had

0:01:46.710,0:01:49.200
a population of 30,000 people and

0:01:49.200,0:01:52.110
spanned over eleven villages occupying a

0:01:52.110,0:01:54.810
landmass the size of Portugal the most

0:01:54.810,0:01:56.759
famous afro-brazilian slave resistance

0:01:56.759,0:01:59.399
leader was zombie the last king of

0:01:59.399,0:02:01.259
palmares who led the fierce

0:02:01.259,0:02:03.119
counter-attack against the Portuguese

0:02:03.119,0:02:05.340
forces trying to seize the Colombo

0:02:05.340,0:02:07.520
although the settlement was captured in

0:02:07.520,0:02:10.649
1695 and zombie was decapitated

0:02:10.649,0:02:12.819
today he is a powerful symbol of

0:02:12.819,0:02:14.829
assistance against slavery in Brazil and

0:02:14.829,0:02:18.010
Portuguese colonial rule to this day the

0:02:18.010,0:02:20.139
descendants of Africa's ilion's living

0:02:20.139,0:02:22.359
in Colombo settlements fight for the

0:02:22.359,0:02:25.780
right to their ancestral land in 2018

0:02:25.780,0:02:28.060
for the first time a Colombo community

0:02:28.060,0:02:30.250
was given land titles when the cash

0:02:30.250,0:02:32.560
weighed a pathetic immunity of 500

0:02:32.560,0:02:36.400
people was formally granted 220,000

0:02:36.400,0:02:39.129
hectares of Amazonian rainforest a key

0:02:39.129,0:02:41.260
turning point was the Haitian Revolution

0:02:41.260,0:02:43.810
which ended in 1804 whereby the

0:02:43.810,0:02:45.790
afro-descendant population of Haiti

0:02:45.790,0:02:47.919
rebelled against the white French elites

0:02:47.919,0:02:50.439
and claimed their independence both from

0:02:50.439,0:02:52.840
French colonial rule and their European

0:02:52.840,0:02:55.150
slave masters this sent shockwaves

0:02:55.150,0:02:57.699
across Latin America which were felt as

0:02:57.699,0:03:00.669
far as Brazil some afro-brazilians even

0:03:00.669,0:03:02.709
wore portraits of Haitian revolutionary

0:03:02.709,0:03:04.510
leader jean-jacques the saloon in

0:03:04.510,0:03:07.060
pendants around their necks however

0:03:07.060,0:03:09.219
after the collapse of the sugar industry

0:03:09.219,0:03:10.150
in Haiti

0:03:10.150,0:03:12.280
it was Brazil that catered to the

0:03:12.280,0:03:14.769
increased demand for sugar enslaved

0:03:14.769,0:03:16.989
Africans continued to be imported in

0:03:16.989,0:03:18.909
large numbers to the region of by air

0:03:18.909,0:03:21.310
from the Haitian Revolution onwards

0:03:21.310,0:03:23.680
slave rebellions became more frequent

0:03:23.680,0:03:26.199
and more brutal the largest rebellion

0:03:26.199,0:03:29.109
occurred in 1835 in salvador and was

0:03:29.109,0:03:31.389
known as the male uprising it was

0:03:31.389,0:03:33.549
orchestrated by African born Muslim

0:03:33.549,0:03:35.530
slaves who intended to free all of the

0:03:35.530,0:03:36.759
slaves in Bahia

0:03:36.759,0:03:39.040
however the rebellion was crushed and

0:03:39.040,0:03:41.650
many participants were arrested executed

0:03:41.650,0:03:44.650
flogged or deported relations were tense

0:03:44.650,0:03:46.569
between enslaved Africans who had

0:03:46.569,0:03:49.030
recently been imported and the enslaved

0:03:49.030,0:03:51.159
Africa's ilion's who had been born into

0:03:51.159,0:03:53.290
slavery on Brazilian soil the

0:03:53.290,0:03:55.239
afro-brazilians were comprised of blacks

0:03:55.239,0:03:57.099
and mulattoes who were mixed with the

0:03:57.099,0:03:59.259
European ancestry of their slave masters

0:03:59.259,0:04:01.479
they were treated better were more

0:04:01.479,0:04:03.790
likely to be emancipated often because

0:04:03.790,0:04:05.709
they were the slave masters children and

0:04:05.709,0:04:07.540
had great opportunity for social

0:04:07.540,0:04:09.519
mobility once they had been freed in

0:04:09.519,0:04:12.189
fact it was not uncommon for wealthy

0:04:12.189,0:04:14.139
free blacks and mulattoes in Brazil to

0:04:14.139,0:04:16.389
have slaves of their own it was arguably

0:04:16.389,0:04:18.668
these internal divisions that held the

0:04:18.668,0:04:21.070
enslaved population back from staging a

0:04:21.070,0:04:23.529
successful revolt although Brazil gained

0:04:23.529,0:04:25.450
its independence from Portugal in 80

0:04:25.450,0:04:28.090
22 slavery wasn't formally abolished

0:04:28.090,0:04:31.210
until 1888 when Princess Isabel of

0:04:31.210,0:04:33.700
Brazil passed the lay area the golden

0:04:33.700,0:04:34.240
act

0:04:34.240,0:04:36.520
this made Brazil the last country in the

0:04:36.520,0:04:38.320
Western Hemisphere to abolish slavery

0:04:38.320,0:04:40.900
the sheer amount of slaves that had been

0:04:40.900,0:04:42.700
trafficked to Brazil during the slavery

0:04:42.700,0:04:44.830
era meant that the Brazilian population

0:04:44.830,0:04:46.750
was now majority black and

0:04:46.750,0:04:48.880
afro-descendant at a time when

0:04:48.880,0:04:51.030
scientific racism was gaining popularity

0:04:51.030,0:04:53.500
the Brazilian government sought to

0:04:53.500,0:04:55.690
whiten the racial profile of the country

0:04:55.690,0:04:58.180
it implemented a tactical whitening

0:04:58.180,0:05:01.000
whereby from the late 1800s to the early

0:05:01.000,0:05:03.820
1900s Brazil encouraged and even

0:05:03.820,0:05:05.980
subsidized the mass influx of white

0:05:05.980,0:05:08.320
European immigrants to Brazil the

0:05:08.320,0:05:09.910
countries with the highest numbers

0:05:09.910,0:05:11.920
settling in Brazil were Italians

0:05:11.920,0:05:14.590
Portuguese and Spanish although this

0:05:14.590,0:05:16.630
didn't eradicate blackness from Brazil

0:05:16.630,0:05:18.970
it reinforced the trope that whiteness

0:05:18.970,0:05:21.040
should be aspired to and that marrying

0:05:21.040,0:05:22.960
someone whiter was an instrument of

0:05:22.960,0:05:26.050
social mobility in the 20th century the

0:05:26.050,0:05:28.000
black movement in Brazil gained momentum

0:05:28.000,0:05:31.600
a defining moment was in 1931 when the

0:05:31.600,0:05:34.300
French ii- Brazil ADA was formed the

0:05:34.300,0:05:36.240
first black political party in Brazil

0:05:36.240,0:05:39.280
organized by our Linda Vega dos Santos

0:05:39.280,0:05:41.620
the party put forward candidates for

0:05:41.620,0:05:43.900
political office run literacy classes

0:05:43.900,0:05:46.420
health clinics and legal services for

0:05:46.420,0:05:48.670
black communities across Brazil they

0:05:48.670,0:05:50.920
also published a newspaper called avoid

0:05:50.920,0:05:53.410
ste Haase which circulated news about

0:05:53.410,0:05:55.450
black communities both in Brazil and

0:05:55.450,0:05:57.700
overseas the party was short-lived

0:05:57.700,0:06:00.790
however when in 1937 the Brazilian

0:06:00.790,0:06:03.520
dictator J Tulio Vargas dissolved all

0:06:03.520,0:06:06.580
political parties from the 1950s onwards

0:06:06.580,0:06:08.500
there were a number of black social

0:06:08.500,0:06:10.300
movements in Brazil they lobbied for

0:06:10.300,0:06:13.030
black rights one of the most famous was

0:06:13.030,0:06:15.370
the unified black movement also known as

0:06:15.370,0:06:18.820
the M nu founded in 1978 which is

0:06:18.820,0:06:20.770
arguably the most influential black

0:06:20.770,0:06:22.780
organization in Brazil in the second

0:06:22.780,0:06:25.270
half of the 20th century among things

0:06:25.270,0:06:27.340
the organization spoke out against

0:06:27.340,0:06:29.620
police brutality the oppression of black

0:06:29.620,0:06:31.830
women and discrimination against the

0:06:31.830,0:06:36.400
LGBTQ community in 1995 the M nu helped

0:06:36.400,0:06:38.060
organize the march for zombie

0:06:38.060,0:06:40.400
in the capital of Brasilia the event

0:06:40.400,0:06:42.770
protested racism in Brazil and also

0:06:42.770,0:06:44.840
celebrated the anniversary of the death

0:06:44.840,0:06:47.090
of zombie the slave resistance leader

0:06:47.090,0:06:48.980
who was the last king of the Colombo dos

0:06:48.980,0:06:52.310
palmares with a turnout of over 40,000

0:06:52.310,0:06:54.650
people it was the largest national black

0:06:54.650,0:06:57.410
demonstration in Brazil in recent years

0:06:57.410,0:06:59.540
social media has played a pivotal role

0:06:59.540,0:07:01.820
in black political activism in Brazil

0:07:01.820,0:07:04.070
particularly amongst afro-brazilian

0:07:04.070,0:07:06.470
Millennials social media platforms such

0:07:06.470,0:07:09.110
as YouTube Instagram and Facebook have

0:07:09.110,0:07:11.150
allowed afro-brazilians to connect and

0:07:11.150,0:07:13.940
mobilize online social media provides a

0:07:13.940,0:07:15.740
forum to discuss the collective struggle

0:07:15.740,0:07:18.139
but crucially it has also allowed the

0:07:18.139,0:07:20.030
dissemination of photos and video

0:07:20.030,0:07:22.550
footage showing police brutality against

0:07:22.550,0:07:23.540
afro-brazilians

0:07:23.540,0:07:25.729
one such example is the murder of

0:07:25.729,0:07:28.430
Claudia the Silva fajita who passed away

0:07:28.430,0:07:31.880
in 2014 after a police van dragged her

0:07:31.880,0:07:33.860
down the road for over a thousand feet

0:07:33.860,0:07:36.169
the grisly incident was captured on

0:07:36.169,0:07:38.389
camera and circulated on social media

0:07:38.389,0:07:41.360
sparking national outrage the black

0:07:41.360,0:07:43.039
lives matter movement in particular

0:07:43.039,0:07:45.110
gained traction with afro-brazilian

0:07:45.110,0:07:47.510
youths who coined the hashtag vidas

0:07:47.510,0:07:49.669
import them the fact an

0:07:49.669,0:07:51.620
unprecedented number of people

0:07:51.620,0:07:53.930
self-identified as black and mixed-race

0:07:53.930,0:07:57.350
in the 2010 Brazilian census shows that

0:07:57.350,0:07:59.510
Brazilians are prouder and more willing

0:07:59.510,0:08:01.250
to claim their African heritage than

0:08:01.250,0:08:02.270
ever before

0:08:02.270,0:08:04.640
however the census also brought to light

0:08:04.640,0:08:06.470
the grave disparities between the

0:08:06.470,0:08:08.600
distribution of wealth amongst white and

0:08:08.600,0:08:10.760
afro-descendant Brazilians the

0:08:10.760,0:08:12.830
socio-economic gap between white and

0:08:12.830,0:08:16.070
black Brazilians persists the 2010

0:08:16.070,0:08:18.740
census found that in major cities white

0:08:18.740,0:08:21.139
Brazilians earn 2 to 3 times more than

0:08:21.139,0:08:23.479
their black counterparts the wealthiest

0:08:23.479,0:08:26.570
strata of Brazilian society remains 82%

0:08:26.570,0:08:30.139
white and the poorest rata is 76 percent

0:08:30.139,0:08:32.659
black afro Brazilians have far less

0:08:32.659,0:08:35.208
access to quality education health care

0:08:35.208,0:08:37.190
or fair wages and they are

0:08:37.190,0:08:39.409
underrepresented in the government the

0:08:39.409,0:08:41.630
most prominent African derive religions

0:08:41.630,0:08:44.000
in Brazil are candomble a and Amanda

0:08:44.000,0:08:46.670
Amanda centers on the belief in spirits

0:08:46.670,0:08:49.670
both good and evil can delay is derived

0:08:49.670,0:08:50.370
from the belief

0:08:50.370,0:08:52.320
systems of a number of African ethnic

0:08:52.320,0:08:55.310
groups particularly Yoruba fun and Bantu

0:08:55.310,0:08:57.660
similar to the arisia of Santeria

0:08:57.660,0:08:59.820
practiced in Cuba and other regions the

0:08:59.820,0:09:01.980
deities of candomble a are called the

0:09:01.980,0:09:04.140
Orisha over time they have become

0:09:04.140,0:09:06.330
syncretized with Roman Catholic saints

0:09:06.330,0:09:08.339
this dates back to when enslaved

0:09:08.339,0:09:10.440
Africans were forbidden by the European

0:09:10.440,0:09:12.360
masters for practicing their African

0:09:12.360,0:09:14.790
religions and so had to do so in secret

0:09:14.790,0:09:17.010
under the guise of praying to Catholic

0:09:17.010,0:09:19.230
saints because of the historical ties

0:09:19.230,0:09:21.570
between kin Bombay and Catholicism

0:09:21.570,0:09:24.029
Catholicism is also widely practiced

0:09:24.029,0:09:25.470
amongst afro-brazilians

0:09:25.470,0:09:28.290
one afro-descendants Saint venerated in

0:09:28.290,0:09:31.020
Brazil is ask Rafa and Aspasia a slave

0:09:31.020,0:09:33.150
woman of African descent who is depicted

0:09:33.150,0:09:35.550
wearing a metal facemask the story goes

0:09:35.550,0:09:37.500
that her master's wife accused her of

0:09:37.500,0:09:39.600
flirting with her husband and as a

0:09:39.600,0:09:41.610
punishment force her to wear an iron

0:09:41.610,0:09:43.410
mask over her face for the rest of her

0:09:43.410,0:09:45.900
life until she died from tetanus from

0:09:45.900,0:09:47.850
the rusty metal the biggest

0:09:47.850,0:09:50.100
afro-brazilian festival is the festival

0:09:50.100,0:09:53.400
of Yemanja celebrated every february 2nd

0:09:53.400,0:09:55.920
in heal Vermeil the festival brings

0:09:55.920,0:09:57.660
together members of several religions

0:09:57.660,0:10:00.209
including Catholics and practitioners of

0:10:00.209,0:10:02.070
the afro-brazilian religions can Don

0:10:02.070,0:10:04.290
Blake and Amanda Yemanja

0:10:04.290,0:10:06.540
is the arisia of the sieve and loosely

0:10:06.540,0:10:08.250
corresponds to the Cuban or Isha

0:10:08.250,0:10:11.010
Yemaya it is custom to lay offerings for

0:10:11.010,0:10:13.470
the goddess of flowers jewelry and food

0:10:13.470,0:10:16.440
and of course resin is famous for its

0:10:16.440,0:10:18.540
carnival around Mardi Gras there are

0:10:18.540,0:10:20.730
celebrations across the country but the

0:10:20.730,0:10:22.980
most famous is hosted in Rio de Janeiro

0:10:22.980,0:10:25.800
for over 5 million people participate in

0:10:25.800,0:10:28.470
the street parties one key element of

0:10:28.470,0:10:30.390
the Carnival is the Samba music and

0:10:30.390,0:10:32.640
dance a clear vestige of African

0:10:32.640,0:10:35.130
influence in Brazilian culture the fast

0:10:35.130,0:10:37.500
footwork of Samba dancing originated in

0:10:37.500,0:10:39.240
the dancers practiced by the enslaved

0:10:39.240,0:10:41.130
Africans who were trafficked to Brazil

0:10:41.130,0:10:43.290
and the singing style is derived from

0:10:43.290,0:10:45.000
the traditional call-and-response style

0:10:45.000,0:10:46.800
the Africans would use to evoke the

0:10:46.800,0:10:48.740
orishas during religious ceremonies

0:10:48.740,0:10:51.600
another afro-brazilian style of dance is

0:10:51.600,0:10:54.060
capoeira which combines martial arts

0:10:54.060,0:10:55.740
moves with elements of dance and

0:10:55.740,0:10:57.930
acrobatics to create graceful and

0:10:57.930,0:11:00.329
flowing sequences it's originated

0:11:00.329,0:11:01.740
amongst enslaved Africans

0:11:01.740,0:11:03.600
Raziel who sought to hone their combat

0:11:03.600,0:11:05.520
skills without arousing the suspicions

0:11:05.520,0:11:08.820
of their masters in 2014 it was declared

0:11:08.820,0:11:10.140
an expression of intangible cultural

0:11:10.140,0:11:12.030
heritage by UNESCO

0:11:12.030,0:11:14.670
the afro-brazilian Museum located in San

0:11:14.670,0:11:17.370
Paolo is home to over 6,000 works

0:11:17.370,0:11:19.620
pertaining to a per bazillion history

0:11:19.620,0:11:22.020
culture and heritage it seeks to

0:11:22.020,0:11:24.000
celebrate the arts and accomplishments

0:11:24.000,0:11:26.430
of Africans and Africa's ilion's and is

0:11:26.430,0:11:28.320
the largest collection of artifacts of

0:11:28.320,0:11:31.230
African descent in Latin America black

0:11:31.230,0:11:33.060
Awareness Day has been celebrated

0:11:33.060,0:11:35.610
annually in Brazil since the Year 1960

0:11:35.610,0:11:38.340
it's held on November 20th to honor the

0:11:38.340,0:11:40.200
life of our Brazilian slave resistance

0:11:40.200,0:11:43.440
fighter zombie famous afro-brazilians

0:11:43.440,0:11:45.300
include the footballers Pele and

0:11:45.300,0:11:48.090
Ronaldinho the scholar and politician of

0:11:48.090,0:11:51.480
gs the Nascimento actresses aermotor and

0:11:51.480,0:11:54.270
the politician benedita de silva he

0:11:54.270,0:11:55.800
became the first black woman in the

0:11:55.800,0:11:58.020
Brazilian center that brings me to the

0:11:58.020,0:12:00.120
end of our video on the African Diaspora

0:12:00.120,0:12:02.490
in Brazil for more videos don't forget

0:12:02.490,0:12:04.710
to subscribe and follow me on instagram

0:12:04.710,0:12:06.990
at freedom is mine official I'll see you

0:12:06.990,0:12:10.040
in the next video

0:12:10.840,0:12:19.980
[Music]