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[Three sounds of the big bell ... ]

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Now, we will breath with 
the sound of the ticking clock.

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Breathing in for 2 or 3 seconds.

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Breathing out for 4 or 5 seconds.

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Usually, the in-breath is 
shorter than the out-breath.

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So when we breath in for 3 seconds,

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we can breath out for 4, 5, 6 or 7 seconds.

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Now Thay's in-breath is 4 seconds 
and out-breath is 7 seconds.

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We can choose the length 
according to our lung's capacity.

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Breathing in for however many 
seconds as is comfortable,

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and breathing out for however many 
seconds as is most comfortable.

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We can follow this rhythm for a few minutes,

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then we can change it, depending 
on the capacity of our lungs.

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And when you count like that, 
the thinking naturally stops

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and you pay attention to your breathing.

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Before going to bed you can 
place the clock nearby

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and you breathe with the ticking of the clock..

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When you breathe with the clock, 
you stop the thinking.

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For example, breathing in 1, 2, 3, 
breathing out 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

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1, 2, 3.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

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You can change the numbers with words, like:

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Buddha, dharma, sangha.

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Taking refuge in Buddha, dharma, sangha.

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Buddha, dharma, sangha. 
Taking refuge in Buddha, dharma, sangha.

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Instead of 1, 2, 3. 
1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

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When you do walking meditation

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you can count your steps.

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Breathing in you can make 3 steps,

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and breathing out you can make 5 or 6 steps.

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And sometimes when you feel really well,

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you can make up to 7 or 8 steps on an in-breath,

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and 12 steps on an out-breath.

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So it depends.

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Like when you walk uphill,

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the number of steps will naturally be less.

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When you go uphill, normally 
you make 2 steps on an in-breath

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and three steps on an out-breath.

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And if it is really steep then 
it's one step for the in-breath

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and one step for the out-breath.

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Counting your steps like that, 
you also stop the thinking.

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Stopping the thinking,

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you pay more attention to 
your steps and your breath.

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When you do sitting meditation

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you begin by becoming aware of your breath.

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The first thing is to become aware of the breath.

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And breathing in, you can say,

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"Dear Buddha, I invite you to breath with my lungs."

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And when the Buddha starts to breath,

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you see that the Buddha's back will be upright,

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because the Buddha always sits very upright.

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"Dear Buddha, I invite you to sit with my back.

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I'm not sitting with my grandmother's back. 
I'm sitting with the Buddha's back."

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So your spine becomes very straight and very relaxed.

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The Buddha is breathing with your lungs,

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and you see the Buddha using 
your lungs to breath for you.

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It's wonderful.

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While breathing like that, 
you experience dharma joy.

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There's happiness while breathing.

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There's relaxation.

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When you experience the joy of practicing,

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you know that you are breathing correctly.

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And when you don't feel the joy of practicing, 
you know that you are breathing incorrectly.

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You may be trying too hard.

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You're only breathing. It's not hard labor.

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Enjoy breathing.

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The first part of sitting meditation

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is calming the breath and the body.

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To adjust the body so that 
it is upright and relaxed,

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the head aligned with the spine.

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The head aligned with the spine,

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not like this,

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but like this. 
In line with the spine.

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And it's very soft, very relaxed.

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With the breath,

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the mind will permeate the body,

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and the body will permeate the mind.

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The embodied mind.

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The mindful body.

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When body and mind are at one and relaxed,

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you feel well,

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at ease.

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Each time you do sitting meditation

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you need to do this first.

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You relax your body, you feel at ease,

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and you enjoy those first few minutes of sitting.

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And when you breath out,

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you feel your body relax.

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When you breath in it's the same.

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Even though it's the in-breath, 
your two shoulders remain relaxed.

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Only the lungs are pumping air;

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you don't need to make any effort.

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The lungs do the pumping,

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expanding and contracting.

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Meanwhile, all the muscles 
in your body are relaxed.

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So breathing out,

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you feel your two shoulders, 
your whole body relaxed.

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When breathing in, you can also relax.

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Breathing in, simply allow your lungs to breathe,

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and the rest of your body can relax.

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The brain stem is in charge

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of the respiratory

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and heart rates.

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So allow it to do the work. 
You don't need to do anything.

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You just pay attention to 
the rhythm of the breathing.

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If you wish,

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you can make the length of the breath longer

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so that there's more dharma joy,

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so that the joy of the practice is prolonged.

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When we feel that our body is relaxing,

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relaxed,

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we know that the body's capacity for healing

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will increase.

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Our heart rate will slow down,

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and our immune system

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will be boosted.

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And so, the body begins to heal.

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The body begins to heal itself.

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The same is true when we do walking meditation.

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Each step is very relaxed.

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You walk as if you are taking a stroll.

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There's no rushing.

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With each step like that,

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healing is taking place in the body

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and in the mind as well.

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Healing for the body and the mind.

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So every breath is healing.

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Every step is healing.

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As practitioners

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we have to make good use

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of our breath and our steps to heal.

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And sitting meditation is healing.

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Sitting, walking, breathing, we can heal.

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So walking from the residence 
to the meditation hall,

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that's an opportunity.

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From the residence, or from our quarters,

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to the meditation hall or to the kitchen,

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that's an opportunity to heal.

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Every step can be as relaxing and peaceful.

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Every breath can be as relaxing and peaceful.

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Waking up in the morning

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and stepping outside—

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it's only 5 o'clock—

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you can still see the moon and stars.

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It's very beautiful.

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And you take each step relaxingly like that,

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you breathe in the fresh air—

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that

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is already the Kingdom of God, 
the Pureland of the Buddha.

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And you have to spend time

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enjoying moments like that fully.

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City people don't wake up so early.

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They also don't get to enjoy

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the fragrance of the earth at night.

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They cannot see the moon and stars as clearly.

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So they're missing out.

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And so,

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while walking to the bathroom,

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while brushing your teeth

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or while splashing cold water on your face,

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these moments can all be

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moments of relaxation and healing.

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We all have some illness or other,

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whether it's temporary or chronic.

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And we can make use of 
the sitting, the walking, the breathing

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to help the body heal.

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Healing can take place in every moment.

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When you breathe out 
and you are completely relaxed,

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the out-breath may last 5 or 7 seconds.

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Those 5 or 7 seconds of 
breathing and relaxation is healing.

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Breathing in, you can also relax.

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Breathing out, you relax again,

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and so your body has a chance to heal.

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The same is true for the body as well as the mind.

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When there is pain, anxiety or irritation,

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the breath,

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the mindful breath

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can embrace that mental formation

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and help to calm it down.

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We often speak about relaxing the body,

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but the sutras also speak 
about relaxing the feeling,

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relaxing the emotion.

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Relaxing the feeling, the emotion.

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An emotion, a feeling, is an energy.

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It may be pleasant or unpleasant.

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And when it's a strong emotion,

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we are not peaceful.

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Even if it is a joyful emotion,

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it's not peaceful.

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For some people, when they hear 
that they've won the lottery

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they faint.

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That's because they are so happy.

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So emotions, they don't offer us peace.

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So with the breathing, 
you can embrace the emotion,

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embrace the feeling.

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and you can calm the feeling,

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relax the feeling.

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That practice is called 
calming the mental formation.

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Relaxing the mental formation.

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Relaxing the feeling.

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Relaxing the emotion.

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In the Anapanasati sutra,

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there's an exercise for calming the body,

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meaning to relax the body.

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And there's an exercise for 
calming the mental formation,

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meaning to calm the emotions, the feelings.

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An tịnh tâm hành.
安 静 心 行
Calming the mental formation.

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When we are angry or sad,

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we have to know how to breathe.

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After having relaxed the body, 
we relax the mind.

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And if

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the unpleasant, painful feeling persists,

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we can look deeply into the other person,

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the person whom we believe has made us suffer,

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made us sad.

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We can see their difficulties,

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their pain.

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We can see the pain and sorrow 
they have in their hearts,

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the unhealthy habits or patterns of behavior

219
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that they are not able to control,

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to master,

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and they are making themselves suffer

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and making those around them suffer.

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They are a victim of their own suffering.

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When we can see

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that they are suffering,

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we

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can give rise

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to compassion

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Because we have good seeds within us.

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When we see someone suffer,

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we have compassion for them.

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When we have no compassion,

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it's because we haven't been 
able to see their suffering.

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Once we recognize their suffering, 
compassion arises naturally.

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So the habits of mind,

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the neural pathways in our brain changes.

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Often, our thinking

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goes in the direction of anger,

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resentment and the desire 
to punish the other person,

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especially when we suffer.

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We hear something, we see something 
that has triggered us.

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And our neural pathways—the pathways in our brain—

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lead us to anger.

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But when we look deeply and can see 
the suffering in the other person,

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naturally, our mind goes in another direction,

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and it can take us to a place of love.

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We have two ways of thinking,

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one way leads to anger,

249
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and the other leads to love.

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We come to anger because

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we haven't seen the suffering 
of the other person.

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Once we can see their suffering,

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we change course,

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and we choose another path.

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A path leading to love.

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Then we feel better,

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and we can relax the 
mental formation very quickly.

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This year, we will write these phrases 
to celebrate the Lunar New Year:

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Listen deeply to understand clearly, 
Look deeply to truly love.

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"Look deeply to truly love" means to see that

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the other person is suffering.

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The other person is suffering.

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Looking deeply, we recognize

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that we have received some kindness from them.

265
00:24:11,585 --> 00:24:15,264
Looking deeply to acknowledge 
the kind actions of the past.

266
00:24:15,264 --> 00:24:20,380
Looking deeply to recognize the 
difficulties that they are facing.

267
00:24:20,380 --> 00:24:24,158
Seeing these two things, 
suddenly we're not angry anymore.

268
00:24:24,158 --> 00:24:26,870
That's looking deeply to truly love.

269
00:24:30,114 --> 00:24:33,323
Regarder bien pour mieux aimer.

270
00:24:33,323 --> 00:24:35,356
Nhìn lại để thương. 
Looking deeply to truly love.

271
00:24:37,265 --> 00:24:44,287
They have made us suffer.

272
00:24:44,287 --> 00:24:48,895
And we're not able to be at peace.

273
00:24:50,550 --> 00:24:52,201
But thanks to looking deeply,

274
00:24:52,201 --> 00:24:56,936
we can easily calm the mind 
and be at peace again.

275
00:24:57,701 --> 00:25:03,031
The irritation, the anger transforms very quickly.

276
00:25:03,031 --> 00:25:06,527
So calming, relaxing the mental formations is possible.

277
00:25:06,527 --> 00:25:09,299
It's up to us, up to how we see things.

278
00:25:21,887 --> 00:25:26,747
In Buddhism, we speak about the criteria

279
00:25:29,674 --> 00:25:37,649
of pain and pleasure.

280
00:26:06,056 --> 00:26:11,683
"Khổ" can be translated as "pain,"

281
00:26:11,683 --> 00:26:15,000
and "lạc" can be translated as "pleasure."

282
00:26:19,182 --> 00:26:24,804
In general, everyone has the tendency

283
00:26:24,804 --> 00:26:28,587
to avoid pain and to seek pleasure.

284
00:26:30,815 --> 00:26:35,103
That is a function of 
the seventh consciousness, manas:

285
00:26:35,805 --> 00:26:41,187
To avoid pain and to seek pleasure.

286
00:26:41,187 --> 00:26:43,589
Pleasure seeking.

287
00:26:44,482 --> 00:26:45,975
Avoiding suffering.

288
00:26:45,975 --> 00:26:47,722
It's a natural tendency,

289
00:26:47,722 --> 00:26:51,694
and it's the function of manas, 
the seventh consciousness.

290
00:26:58,816 --> 00:27:04,185
The criteria of pain and pleasure is the criteria

291
00:27:05,459 --> 00:27:12,163
of a number of ethicists.

292
00:27:14,741 --> 00:27:18,139
There's a school of ethics called

293
00:27:19,286 --> 00:27:21,286
utilitarianism.

294
00:27:34,514 --> 00:27:36,514
Utilitarianism.

295
00:27:39,568 --> 00:27:44,301
Utilitarianism.

296
00:27:59,655 --> 00:28:02,736
The basic tenet of this school

297
00:28:03,819 --> 00:28:08,234
is that any act, any speech,

298
00:28:10,144 --> 00:28:14,242
any thought

299
00:28:14,242 --> 00:28:22,409
that reduces harm and maximizes 
happiness and well-being

300
00:28:22,409 --> 00:28:27,367
is considered right action, moral.

301
00:28:27,367 --> 00:28:31,545
Whereas anything that leads to pain

302
00:28:31,545 --> 00:28:33,772
or ill-being is considered amoral.

303
00:28:33,772 --> 00:28:37,761
That is their criteria for right and wrong.

304
00:30:07,850 --> 00:30:11,121
So the basic premise of this school

305
00:30:12,014 --> 00:30:17,573
is similar to the that of the Four Noble Truths.

306
00:30:19,483 --> 00:30:24,446
in that we have to envision

307
00:30:24,446 --> 00:30:30,000
a world where happiness is possible.

308
00:30:33,563 --> 00:30:38,357
For example, a world where 
there's enough food, housing,

309
00:30:38,357 --> 00:30:44,144
democracy, peace,

310
00:30:46,244 --> 00:30:48,244
well-being.

311
00:30:51,171 --> 00:30:55,205
It's similar to the third of the 4 Noble Truths.

312
00:30:58,005 --> 00:31:03,692
And once we have identified 
what it is that we want, meaning

313
00:31:04,902 --> 00:31:09,384
the overall well-being of society,

314
00:31:09,384 --> 00:31:16,564
that's utilitarianism: actions that promote happiness.

315
00:31:17,838 --> 00:31:20,283
"Công lợi, công ích"
both mean utilitarianism.

316
00:31:22,320 --> 00:31:27,371
So both can be translated as utilitarianism.

317
00:31:30,000 --> 00:31:37,403
So we know what we should do 
and what we should say.

318
00:31:38,941 --> 00:31:45,000
This is action.

319
00:31:45,000 --> 00:31:49,013
And that action promotes happiness.

320
00:31:53,275 --> 00:31:57,182
In Buddhism, action is the Noble Eightfold Path.

321
00:32:01,634 --> 00:32:06,113
The Noble Eightfold Path leads

322
00:32:07,387 --> 00:32:09,768
to the end of ill-being.

323
00:32:11,360 --> 00:32:13,360
The end of ill-being.

324
00:32:14,443 --> 00:32:20,956
These are the similarities between 
Buddhism and utilitarianism.

325
00:32:23,692 --> 00:32:26,709
The definition of

326
00:32:27,919 --> 00:32:30,364
right action

327
00:32:31,320 --> 00:32:36,307
(right action or right speech),

328
00:32:38,567 --> 00:32:43,554
and whether that action is right or wrong,

329
00:32:46,354 --> 00:32:48,354
right or wrong,

330
00:32:52,743 --> 00:32:54,934
good or evil,

331
00:33:00,594 --> 00:33:07,565
to know whether our action is 
right or wrong, good or bad,

332
00:33:07,565 --> 00:33:11,781
we must see whether that action 
leads to well-being,

333
00:33:11,781 --> 00:33:13,973
or whether it leads to ill-being.

334
00:33:13,973 --> 00:33:17,324
If it promotes happiness, it is right action;

335
00:33:17,324 --> 00:33:20,266
if it promotes ill-being, it is wrong, it is bad.

336
00:33:20,266 --> 00:33:24,766
That is the criteria of utilitarianism.

337
00:33:32,504 --> 00:33:35,203
So if we lie,

338
00:33:36,223 --> 00:33:40,337
and if lying promotes well-being, then we can lie.

339
00:33:40,337 --> 00:33:41,973
In this case lying is considered good.

340
00:33:44,137 --> 00:33:47,656
But if we speak the truth and 
it causes harm to others,

341
00:33:47,656 --> 00:33:51,985
that is not correct, that is wrong.

342
00:33:51,985 --> 00:33:57,484
Say there is a killer looking for their target,

343
00:33:58,504 --> 00:34:03,168
and they ask you, do you know 
where that person is hiding?

344
00:34:03,168 --> 00:34:04,439
You know.

345
00:34:04,439 --> 00:34:06,806
But you know that if you tell the truth,

346
00:34:06,806 --> 00:34:08,760
they will find and kill that person.

347
00:34:08,760 --> 00:34:11,176
So telling the truth is not correct,

348
00:34:11,176 --> 00:34:12,954
is not good.

349
00:34:12,954 --> 00:34:15,314
So you have to lie and 
say that you don't know.

350
00:34:17,224 --> 00:34:21,456
So whether lying is a good thing or not

351
00:34:21,456 --> 00:34:24,309
depends on the situation.

352
00:34:34,800 --> 00:34:37,245
If lying

353
00:34:39,027 --> 00:34:43,598
promotes well-being and safety for others,

354
00:34:43,598 --> 00:34:45,349
it is good.

355
00:34:46,239 --> 00:34:48,495
On the other hand, if speaking the truth

356
00:34:48,495 --> 00:34:51,226
will cause the other person to die,

357
00:34:52,437 --> 00:34:54,185
to be in pain,

358
00:34:54,185 --> 00:34:56,217
that is still wrong.

359
00:34:57,173 --> 00:35:05,193
So that is the premise of 
the school of utilitarianism.

360
00:35:05,193 --> 00:35:11,059
In other words, the important thing is the outcome.

361
00:35:14,558 --> 00:35:20,880
So, the end justifies the means.

362
00:35:23,934 --> 00:35:27,363
The end justifies the means.

363
00:35:27,363 --> 00:35:33,879
That is the essence of utilitarianism.

364
00:35:44,529 --> 00:35:47,737
August 6,

365
00:35:52,507 --> 00:35:54,888
August 6,

366
00:35:58,896 --> 00:36:01,468
1945.

367
00:36:12,022 --> 00:36:16,851
August 6, 1945 is the day

368
00:36:16,851 --> 00:36:23,080
the US dropped the first atomic bomb

369
00:36:24,672 --> 00:36:27,435
on the city of Hiroshima.

370
00:36:42,693 --> 00:36:44,693
And

371
00:36:46,412 --> 00:36:52,424
within a matter of minutes 
140,000 people in that city died.

372
00:36:52,424 --> 00:36:56,294
Just one bomb and 140,000 people died.

373
00:37:04,242 --> 00:37:06,621
And

374
00:37:06,621 --> 00:37:10,744
that bomb has raised a number of questions

375
00:37:10,744 --> 00:37:12,828
since 1945.

376
00:37:12,828 --> 00:37:19,210
Was it right or wrong 
to have dropped the atomic bomb?

377
00:37:20,802 --> 00:37:23,632
Some people say it was the right thing to do

378
00:37:23,632 --> 00:37:26,714
because even though 140,000 people died,

379
00:37:26,714 --> 00:37:28,713
they were able to end the war.

380
00:37:29,606 --> 00:37:34,085
If the war had lasted there 
would be many more casualties.

381
00:37:37,202 --> 00:37:39,379
And there are others who say,

382
00:37:39,379 --> 00:37:43,588
they could've used means 
other than dropping the bomb.

383
00:37:48,421 --> 00:37:56,777
Before that president Roosevelt, 
the president before Truman,

384
00:37:57,352 --> 00:37:59,210
had stated very clearly that

385
00:37:59,210 --> 00:38:04,039
in military operations

386
00:38:04,039 --> 00:38:10,285
they must avoid causing civilian damage.

387
00:38:10,987 --> 00:38:14,387
In military operations, 
the army only has the right

388
00:38:14,387 --> 00:38:18,771
to attack the enemy's military units,

389
00:38:19,282 --> 00:38:21,499
and they must avoid as much as possible

390
00:38:21,499 --> 00:38:24,859
causing civilian damage.

391
00:38:24,859 --> 00:38:29,482
President Roosevelt had given such an order,

392
00:38:30,001 --> 00:38:33,399
very clearly and in detail.

393
00:38:33,911 --> 00:38:37,994
But upon President Roosevelt's death,

394
00:38:37,994 --> 00:38:41,441
Truman assumed the presidency.

395
00:38:41,952 --> 00:38:43,658
He also said the same thing.

396
00:38:43,658 --> 00:38:48,863
He said that he didn't 
agree with military operations

397
00:38:48,863 --> 00:38:53,510
that cause civilian harm.

398
00:38:53,510 --> 00:38:56,503
Military operations should 
only target armed forces

399
00:38:56,503 --> 00:39:03,632
and should be careful not to harm civilians.

400
00:39:03,632 --> 00:39:05,708
So Truman also said the same thing.

401
00:39:06,537 --> 00:39:08,807
When Truman assumed the presidency

402
00:39:08,807 --> 00:39:12,414
he didn't know that they 
already had the atomic bomb.

403
00:39:13,307 --> 00:39:15,307
At the time,

404
00:39:15,628 --> 00:39:17,628
the US had already made the atomic bomb.

405
00:39:18,711 --> 00:39:26,432
The military leaders and advisors 
came to tell him that

406
00:39:27,451 --> 00:39:30,000
it was necessary to drop the atomic bomb

407
00:39:30,000 --> 00:39:35,557
for Japan to realize that they must surrender

408
00:39:35,557 --> 00:39:38,668
and not continue the war.

409
00:39:39,370 --> 00:39:43,922
The military advisors told Truman that

410
00:39:43,922 --> 00:39:46,340
although a number of people will die,

411
00:39:46,340 --> 00:39:49,104
maybe 100,000 people will die,

412
00:39:49,105 --> 00:39:51,869
but if they dropped the bomb,

413
00:39:51,869 --> 00:39:54,401
the other side would be forced to surrender,

414
00:39:54,401 --> 00:39:57,461
and this would put a swift end to the war.

415
00:39:57,461 --> 00:39:59,939
Otherwise the war would drag on

416
00:39:59,939 --> 00:40:02,091
and a lot more people would die.

417
00:40:02,539 --> 00:40:06,514
Whatever they said was so convincing 
that president Truman accepted.

418
00:40:06,514 --> 00:40:10,336
Truman knew that if they dropped the bomb

419
00:40:10,336 --> 00:40:16,997
at least 100,000 civilians will be killed.

420
00:40:19,860 --> 00:40:23,970
We don't know how long the discussions took place

421
00:40:23,970 --> 00:40:27,434
but Truman changed his mind

422
00:40:27,434 --> 00:40:33,683
and allowed the first bomb 
to be dropped on Hiroshima.

423
00:40:39,724 --> 00:40:47,192
Before that, the Allied forces 
had landed in Normandy, France.

424
00:40:47,192 --> 00:40:52,976
The fighting was so fierce and many people died.

425
00:40:52,976 --> 00:40:56,026
There were a lot of casualties on both sides.

426
00:41:03,084 --> 00:41:07,565
In the Pacific Ocean, the Allied forces

427
00:41:07,565 --> 00:41:12,554
were beginning to gain the upper-hand.

428
00:41:12,554 --> 00:41:14,682
They were winning.

429
00:41:15,320 --> 00:41:19,481
But nobody knew how long the war would drag on.

430
00:41:20,183 --> 00:41:28,605
So the US military leaders advised Truman

431
00:41:28,605 --> 00:41:30,925
to drop the atomic bomb

432
00:41:30,925 --> 00:41:34,325
so Japan would be terrorized 
into surrendering quickly.

433
00:41:34,325 --> 00:41:39,917
And they were so persuasive that Truman accepted.

434
00:41:43,543 --> 00:41:47,341
It's reported that Truman said,

435
00:41:47,341 --> 00:41:52,012
"After having made the decision, 
I slept like a baby."

436
00:41:52,012 --> 00:41:54,505
I slept like a baby.

437
00:41:56,351 --> 00:41:57,526
That's just incredible.

438
00:41:57,526 --> 00:42:00,290
You know beforehand that 
100,000 people will die, or more,

439
00:42:00,290 --> 00:42:02,237
and yet you can sleep like a baby.

440
00:42:02,237 --> 00:42:04,390
That's just incredible.

441
00:42:10,494 --> 00:42:11,733
Three days later.

442
00:42:11,733 --> 00:42:16,753
Two days later Japan still hadn't surrendered.

443
00:42:17,836 --> 00:42:23,588
140,000 people died immediately after.

444
00:42:23,588 --> 00:42:27,433
And you know, the effects of 
nuclear radiation continued to kill

445
00:42:27,433 --> 00:42:32,612
tens of thousands of people in the following years.

446
00:42:34,013 --> 00:42:43,259
I visited the museum of Hiroshima.

447
00:42:43,259 --> 00:42:44,341
It was horrifying.

448
00:42:44,341 --> 00:42:47,487
There were a lot of horrifying evidence.

449
00:42:50,350 --> 00:42:54,829
There were many piles of dishes from restaurants,

450
00:42:55,150 --> 00:43:04,078
or drawers full of metal utensils, knives and spoons.

451
00:43:05,098 --> 00:43:07,583
When the bomb dropped

452
00:43:07,583 --> 00:43:10,372
it generated an incredible amount of heat,

453
00:43:10,372 --> 00:43:16,569
so hot that all the tea cups melted into a clump,

454
00:43:17,017 --> 00:43:23,387
and all the spoons, forks and knives

455
00:43:23,387 --> 00:43:27,598
also melted into a clump.

456
00:43:28,681 --> 00:43:34,452
And it was so hot that people 
jumped into ponds and rivers,

457
00:43:34,452 --> 00:43:36,899
but the water was also boiling hot.

458
00:43:36,899 --> 00:43:44,283
And so within a matter of minutes 
140,000 people died

459
00:43:46,829 --> 00:43:48,829
on the island of Hiroshima.

460
00:43:49,785 --> 00:43:54,772
On the 9th of August,

461
00:43:54,772 --> 00:43:58,302
three days later,

462
00:43:58,302 --> 00:44:00,000
four days later,

463
00:44:00,000 --> 00:44:08,408
the US dropped a second atomic bomb on Nagasaki.

464
00:44:09,491 --> 00:44:10,964
This was a smaller city.

465
00:44:10,964 --> 00:44:17,085
And the second bomb immediately 
killed 70,000 civilians.

466
00:44:30,690 --> 00:44:32,690
So

467
00:44:36,761 --> 00:44:41,336
this was a very controversial.

468
00:44:41,336 --> 00:44:44,746
Should the US have dropped the bomb or not?

469
00:44:44,747 --> 00:44:48,973
One could argue that because 
the two bombs were dropped,

470
00:44:48,973 --> 00:44:51,356
the other side was forced into surrendering

471
00:44:51,356 --> 00:44:53,803
and the war came to a swift end.

472
00:44:53,803 --> 00:45:00,000
Still, there are others that say
they could've found other solutions,

473
00:45:00,000 --> 00:45:03,528
because you can't be sure that 
the other would surrender.

474
00:45:04,674 --> 00:45:08,485
It's possible that they may not surrender.

475
00:45:08,485 --> 00:45:11,313
Like after the first bomb was dropped, 
Japan had not surrendered.

476
00:45:11,313 --> 00:45:13,857
It was only after the second bomb 
that they surrendered.

477
00:45:16,148 --> 00:45:19,991
You don't know beforehand

478
00:45:22,282 --> 00:45:24,316
what would happen.

479
00:45:24,316 --> 00:45:27,460
But you bear great responsibility.

480
00:45:32,103 --> 00:45:38,235
And was dropping the bomb right or wrong?

481
00:45:38,235 --> 00:45:39,728
Good or evil?

482
00:45:39,728 --> 00:45:42,335
Because you don't know in advance.

483
00:45:49,774 --> 00:45:51,774
Ethics,

484
00:45:52,285 --> 00:46:00,387
the branch of ethics that 
looks into criteria, or guidelines,

485
00:46:00,387 --> 00:46:04,549
to know whether or not an action 
is morally right or wrong

486
00:46:05,187 --> 00:46:09,602
is called "normative ethics."

487
00:46:30,345 --> 00:46:35,080
"Tiêu" means a hook, a marker,

488
00:46:35,080 --> 00:46:37,684
le point de repère.

489
00:46:41,755 --> 00:46:44,074
Tiêu chuẩn.
Criteria.

490
00:46:44,074 --> 00:46:52,819
"Chuẩn" is a measuring stick. 
So it is a hook, a marker, a measure,

491
00:46:52,819 --> 00:46:55,171
to know whether an action

492
00:46:55,171 --> 00:46:57,650
is morally right or wrong, good or bad.

493
00:46:57,650 --> 00:47:01,171
That's normative ethics.

494
00:47:16,354 --> 00:47:21,513
The Noble Eightfold Path, the right eightfold path.

495
00:47:21,513 --> 00:47:23,884
But what is considered right?

496
00:47:29,035 --> 00:47:33,187
What is considered to be right thinking?

497
00:47:33,187 --> 00:47:38,154
What is considered to be right view?

498
00:47:40,064 --> 00:47:43,335
We have to ask, what does "right" mean?

499
00:47:44,746 --> 00:47:51,477
What would make our thinking "right thinking?"

500
00:47:51,477 --> 00:47:54,242
Everyone wants to have right thinking.

501
00:47:54,242 --> 00:47:57,170
But what is right thinking?

502
00:47:59,016 --> 00:48:01,760
What view is a right view?

503
00:48:01,760 --> 00:48:03,477
Who doesn't want to have right view,

504
00:48:03,477 --> 00:48:05,926
but which view is the Right View?

505
00:48:05,926 --> 00:48:08,262
So we need a criterium.

506
00:48:10,045 --> 00:48:12,878
So in Buddhist ethics,

507
00:48:12,878 --> 00:48:15,732
Right View is the view

508
00:48:17,387 --> 00:48:19,387
of interbeing.

509
00:48:22,059 --> 00:48:24,059
non-duality,

510
00:48:26,731 --> 00:48:28,731
impermanence,

511
00:48:29,369 --> 00:48:31,369
non-self.

512
00:48:33,851 --> 00:48:39,242
The view that transcends all views.

513
00:48:39,242 --> 00:48:42,398
Meaning it is non-dualistic,

514
00:48:45,515 --> 00:48:49,485
and transcends all views.

515
00:48:59,404 --> 00:49:02,061
This is a very distinctive Buddhist understanding:

516
00:49:02,061 --> 00:49:03,745
Right view

517
00:49:03,745 --> 00:49:06,255
is the absence of all views,

518
00:49:06,255 --> 00:49:09,095
the removal of all views.

519
00:49:10,369 --> 00:49:15,000
That is the highest definition of Right view.

520
00:49:15,000 --> 00:49:18,362
All other definitions are relative.

521
00:49:18,362 --> 00:49:23,111
When you can see interdependent co-arising,

522
00:49:24,894 --> 00:49:28,803
that is Right view.

523
00:49:28,803 --> 00:49:31,636
When you can see interbeing, 
that is Right view.

524
00:49:31,636 --> 00:49:36,933
When you have a non-discriminative, 
non-dualistic view,

525
00:49:36,933 --> 00:49:39,098
that is right view.

526
00:49:40,118 --> 00:49:43,453
So Buddhism

527
00:49:44,473 --> 00:49:48,972
is also a school of normative ethics.

528
00:49:48,972 --> 00:49:50,307
There are criteria,

529
00:49:50,307 --> 00:49:54,256
there are measures

530
00:49:54,256 --> 00:49:57,978
that allow us to know if something 
is right or not right.

531
00:49:59,379 --> 00:50:02,906
And when our thinking is full of compassion,

532
00:50:02,906 --> 00:50:05,937
full of understanding,

533
00:50:05,937 --> 00:50:08,053
that is right thinking.

534
00:50:08,691 --> 00:50:12,955
Thinking that is full of love and understanding

535
00:50:12,955 --> 00:50:16,596
is considered right thinking.

536
00:50:16,596 --> 00:50:21,236
Whereas thinking that is full of 
anger, ignorance, craving,

537
00:50:21,236 --> 00:50:23,197
is not considered right thinking.

538
00:50:23,197 --> 00:50:25,828
So these are the definitions, the measures,

539
00:50:25,828 --> 00:50:34,417
these are the kinds of criteria

540
00:50:34,417 --> 00:50:38,247
to determine whether something is right or wrong.

541
00:50:44,670 --> 00:50:49,326
So according to utilitarianism,

542
00:50:49,326 --> 00:50:53,026
happiness is to have peace and to end the war,

543
00:50:53,855 --> 00:50:57,637
and the act of dropping the bomb

544
00:50:57,637 --> 00:51:00,345
leads to peace and the end of war.

545
00:51:00,345 --> 00:51:02,822
So this is how some people have interpreted this.

546
00:51:02,822 --> 00:51:10,602
This is how they have applied this criteria.

547
00:51:14,672 --> 00:51:20,289
At the time, in the UK, there was a young woman,

548
00:51:20,289 --> 00:51:24,109
a student named Anscombe.

549
00:51:26,972 --> 00:51:34,386
Later, she went on to become a notable philosopher

550
00:51:34,386 --> 00:51:36,706
specializing in ethics.

551
00:51:36,706 --> 00:51:39,302
But at the time she was just twenty years old.

552
00:51:39,813 --> 00:51:46,966
She was Catholic

553
00:51:46,966 --> 00:51:51,822
and she believed in no killing,

554
00:51:51,822 --> 00:51:55,268
because God said, "Thou shalt not kill."

555
00:51:55,268 --> 00:52:01,134
No matter what, you cannot kill.

556
00:52:01,134 --> 00:52:06,436
You cannot kill even one person 
let alone 140,000 people.

557
00:52:06,436 --> 00:52:10,440
Under no circumstances can killing be done,

558
00:52:10,440 --> 00:52:15,000
because that is God's command.

559
00:52:17,859 --> 00:52:21,385
Thou shalt not kill.

560
00:52:22,976 --> 00:52:26,057
That's God's command.

561
00:52:27,839 --> 00:52:31,112
Even for the sake of peace or for anything else,

562
00:52:31,112 --> 00:52:33,208
you cannot kill.

563
00:52:38,677 --> 00:52:42,203
Just like the philosopher Kant from Germany,

564
00:52:43,604 --> 00:52:48,147
he said that moral rules

565
00:52:49,611 --> 00:52:51,611
should be absolute.

566
00:52:52,567 --> 00:52:57,139
If lying is immoral,

567
00:52:57,139 --> 00:53:00,000
then even if you lie to 
save people it's still immoral.

568
00:53:04,867 --> 00:53:14,431
He also called it the "categorical imperative."

569
00:53:25,176 --> 00:53:31,623
"Mệnh lệnh tuyệt đối"
"Mệnh lệnh tất yếu"
[Categorical imperative]

570
00:53:31,623 --> 00:53:35,757
Categorical imperative.

571
00:53:42,497 --> 00:53:46,658
To be truthful is a categorical imperative.

572
00:53:48,123 --> 00:53:49,558
If you tell the truth

573
00:53:49,558 --> 00:53:52,091
then you want everyone else 
to tell the truth as well.

574
00:53:52,091 --> 00:53:54,191
That is morally correct.

575
00:53:55,274 --> 00:54:00,439
Whereas if you lie, even to 
save lives or whatever,

576
00:54:00,439 --> 00:54:02,956
it is still immoral.

577
00:54:02,956 --> 00:54:07,457
So the categorical imperative is like

578
00:54:07,457 --> 00:54:09,669
God's commandments.

579
00:54:11,070 --> 00:54:15,524
But Kant doesn't speak about God.

580
00:54:15,524 --> 00:54:20,253
Kant appealed to man's capacity to reason.

581
00:54:21,972 --> 00:54:28,421
He spoke about humans as rational beings.

582
00:54:29,695 --> 00:54:33,654
As for Anscombe, she appealed 
to theological considerations,

583
00:54:33,654 --> 00:54:36,228
"This is God's commandment."

584
00:54:36,228 --> 00:54:38,623
The commandment of God.

585
00:54:46,826 --> 00:54:52,136
Utilitarian ethics is much more flexible.

586
00:54:52,136 --> 00:54:54,401
They say it's okay to lie, it's okay to kill,

587
00:54:54,401 --> 00:54:59,632
so long as it reduces suffering 
and brings about happiness.

588
00:55:19,768 --> 00:55:22,022
Eleven years later,

589
00:55:23,169 --> 00:55:25,678
Truman visited the UK

590
00:55:27,651 --> 00:55:33,189
and was awarded an honorary 
degree from Oxford University.

591
00:55:33,189 --> 00:55:34,990
An honorary doctorate.

592
00:55:37,599 --> 00:55:45,567
Anscombe was a professor at the university,

593
00:55:45,567 --> 00:55:50,022
teaching ethics.

594
00:55:50,022 --> 00:55:56,915
She was very faithful to the 
teachings of Christianity.

595
00:55:56,915 --> 00:56:02,065
She said, "some things may not be done,

596
00:56:02,065 --> 00:56:07,671
no matter what."

597
00:56:23,042 --> 00:56:31,693
"There are some things that may not be done,

598
00:56:31,693 --> 00:56:34,576
no matter what."

599
00:56:36,995 --> 00:56:40,268
"There are some things that cannot be done,

600
00:56:40,268 --> 00:56:42,429
no matter what."

601
00:56:42,429 --> 00:56:47,512
Some things may not be done, no matter what.

602
00:56:48,341 --> 00:56:54,903
For example, if you had to 
boil a baby to save the world,

603
00:56:54,903 --> 00:56:58,654
if you had to put a baby in 
boiling water to save the world,

604
00:56:58,654 --> 00:57:02,481
you cannot do it.

605
00:57:05,281 --> 00:57:11,494
Some people say Anscombe—and Kant—are too rigid.

606
00:57:11,494 --> 00:57:15,481
They are not flexible at all.

607
00:57:23,174 --> 00:57:31,982
So while Oxford held a ceremony

608
00:57:31,982 --> 00:57:38,014
to confer the honorary degree to Truman,

609
00:57:38,014 --> 00:57:43,658
Anscombe held a protest outside,

610
00:57:43,658 --> 00:57:46,775
kneeling in prayer

611
00:57:46,775 --> 00:57:55,026
to oppose Oxford awarding Truman an honorary degree.

612
00:58:07,831 --> 00:58:12,066
I have looked deeply into this matter many times,

613
00:58:12,066 --> 00:58:14,418
about the atomic bomb,

614
00:58:14,418 --> 00:58:17,246
and I see that dropping the atomic bomb on

615
00:58:17,246 --> 00:58:20,424
Hiroshima and Nagasaki

616
00:58:20,424 --> 00:58:24,498
was not only a matter of ending the war.

617
00:58:24,498 --> 00:58:28,862
I see that the US also wanted 
to test out that bomb.

618
00:58:29,564 --> 00:58:35,568
Even though they did test it earlier, 
it wasn't tested on a city.

619
00:58:36,334 --> 00:58:39,613
And maybe when that bomb exploded

620
00:58:39,613 --> 00:58:43,406
everyone would see that the US as number one.

621
00:58:43,406 --> 00:58:46,987
No other nation had that weapon.

622
00:58:47,435 --> 00:58:50,851
Also the prestige and power 
of the US would increase.

623
00:58:50,851 --> 00:58:55,951
And so, dropping the bomb was not only 
a matter of forcing Japan to surrender

624
00:58:55,951 --> 00:59:04,499
but to prove that the US was a superpower.

625
00:59:05,901 --> 00:59:09,694
A superpower.

626
00:59:09,694 --> 00:59:15,656
And suddenly, America's position 
became unrivaled in the world.

627
00:59:15,913 --> 00:59:18,322
So from a military standpoint it's one thing.

628
00:59:18,322 --> 00:59:20,723
But from a political standpoint it's another.

629
00:59:20,723 --> 00:59:25,043
So we have to look deeply 
to see the kind of thinking

630
00:59:25,043 --> 00:59:28,468
that lead to the decision to drop the bomb.

631
00:59:28,468 --> 00:59:32,202
It wasn't just to restore peace, to end the war.

632
00:59:32,202 --> 00:59:35,329
There were other motives involved as well.

633
00:59:37,112 --> 00:59:40,383
These are big ethical problems

634
00:59:40,767 --> 00:59:43,085
that we need to look deeply into.

635
00:59:49,380 --> 00:59:52,176
In Buddhism, we speak of criteria.

636
00:59:52,176 --> 00:59:57,325
Remember, we said that criteria means 
a hook, a marker, a measure,

637
00:59:57,325 --> 01:00:00,660
and the first criteria is 
pain and pleasure.

638
01:00:01,489 --> 01:00:07,037
What leads to pain, you don't do it.

639
01:00:07,037 --> 01:00:10,543
What leads to happiness, you can do it.

640
01:00:10,543 --> 01:00:11,864
This is the first criteria.

641
01:00:11,864 --> 01:00:14,549
However, this criteria is not absolute.

642
01:00:15,947 --> 01:00:18,712
This criteria is not absolute,

643
01:00:18,712 --> 01:00:23,541
and you cannot use this criteria alone.

644
01:00:25,006 --> 01:00:28,638
For instance, if you drink wine, 
it's very pleasurable.

645
01:00:28,638 --> 01:00:32,851
Eating ice-cream, one after the other,

646
01:00:32,851 --> 01:00:35,333
it's very pleasurable.

647
01:00:37,497 --> 01:00:41,386
And drowning ourselves in the five sensual desires,

648
01:00:41,386 --> 01:00:44,127
it's very pleasurable.

649
01:00:44,127 --> 01:00:47,252
But later on you have problems.

650
01:00:52,212 --> 01:00:54,212
Later on you suffer.

651
01:00:59,046 --> 01:01:02,446
So some suffering is essential

652
01:01:02,446 --> 01:01:04,844
for us grow as human beings.

653
01:01:04,844 --> 01:01:10,653
And so pain is not necessarily a bad thing,

654
01:01:10,653 --> 01:01:12,678
is not necessarily wrong.

655
01:01:19,228 --> 01:01:25,904
In the past, there was a sixteen year old student

656
01:01:25,904 --> 01:01:28,521
who did so well on the exams

657
01:01:28,521 --> 01:01:31,158
that his essay

658
01:01:31,158 --> 01:01:34,004
should have received the highest marks,

659
01:01:35,596 --> 01:01:40,011
the first laureate.

660
01:01:41,349 --> 01:01:43,324
But the mandarins said,

661
01:01:43,324 --> 01:01:44,523
"He's too young,

662
01:01:44,523 --> 01:01:47,811
if we let him come first place

663
01:01:47,811 --> 01:01:50,341
he may be too proud.

664
01:01:50,916 --> 01:01:56,188
And to train people

665
01:01:56,188 --> 01:02:00,000
we have to cultivate their virtues, 
not just their talents,

666
01:02:00,292 --> 01:02:03,155
so let's fail him this time,

667
01:02:03,155 --> 01:02:05,424
and then next time we can 
let him come in first place.

668
01:02:05,424 --> 01:02:10,437
This way he can lose some of his arrogance.

669
01:02:10,437 --> 01:02:12,526
That was the thinking of 
the ministers of the court.

670
01:02:13,164 --> 01:02:17,703
In theory, this would be extremely unfair,

671
01:02:17,703 --> 01:02:19,832
because he was the best and 
deserved to be first place,

672
01:02:19,832 --> 01:02:21,537
yet they failed him

673
01:02:21,537 --> 01:02:24,997
only to give him the grand 
prize the following year.

674
01:02:24,997 --> 01:02:27,432
What if he died before that?

675
01:02:28,261 --> 01:02:30,400
So what is the right thing to do?

676
01:02:30,400 --> 01:02:35,807
In Vietnam it happened that 
there was a sixteen year old

677
01:02:35,807 --> 01:02:40,431
who was supposed to be first laureate 
but got failed instead.

678
01:02:41,896 --> 01:02:44,214
That's one moral view.

679
01:02:44,888 --> 01:02:47,843
Because of course, a country 
needs talented people,

680
01:02:47,843 --> 01:02:49,293
but it also needs ethical people.

681
01:02:49,293 --> 01:02:51,024
And if the person is both talented and ethical,

682
01:02:51,024 --> 01:02:53,534
they can serve the country well.

683
01:02:53,534 --> 01:02:55,391
There are many ways of thinking like that.

684
01:02:56,920 --> 01:03:06,328
Morally as well as

685
01:03:06,328 --> 01:03:08,328
culturally,

686
01:03:09,411 --> 01:03:10,650
in terms of perception,

687
01:03:10,650 --> 01:03:15,000
there are many differences 
between the East and the West.

688
01:03:15,672 --> 01:03:19,463
For example, in the old days 
in China and Vietnam,

689
01:03:19,463 --> 01:03:21,857
if someone committed a serious crime,

690
01:03:21,857 --> 01:03:24,028
like treason,

691
01:03:25,112 --> 01:03:27,622
not only was that person sentenced to death,

692
01:03:27,622 --> 01:03:30,351
but their entire family across three generations

693
01:03:30,351 --> 01:03:32,547
were also sentenced to death.

694
01:03:32,547 --> 01:03:35,091
Even if everyone else was innocent,

695
01:03:35,091 --> 01:03:36,926
all three generations were sentenced to death.

696
01:03:36,926 --> 01:03:39,825
"Tru di tam tộc" means to kill 
everyone across all three generations.

697
01:03:40,654 --> 01:03:42,834
They believe that

698
01:03:42,834 --> 01:03:45,556
it's because the family didn't 
guide each other well,

699
01:03:45,556 --> 01:03:49,010
so they are all co-responsible.

700
01:03:51,301 --> 01:04:00,865
In light of individualism,

701
01:04:01,630 --> 01:04:04,292
this is unfair.

702
01:04:04,292 --> 01:04:07,501
One person commits a crime and the entire family

703
01:04:07,501 --> 01:04:09,414
has to suffer the consequences.

704
01:04:11,133 --> 01:04:15,000
In fact, it makes some sense.

705
01:04:16,060 --> 01:04:24,269
In a family, if one person is sick,

706
01:04:24,269 --> 01:04:29,203
or has an accident,

707
01:04:29,203 --> 01:04:34,746
or has committed a crime and was put in jail,

708
01:04:34,746 --> 01:04:41,759
even if the others aren't in jail they still suffer.

709
01:04:44,114 --> 01:04:46,390
They say the parents didn't teach the children,

710
01:04:46,390 --> 01:04:49,356
so they punish the parents too.

711
01:04:50,439 --> 01:04:52,265
They say the siblings didn't teach each other,

712
01:04:52,265 --> 01:04:54,475
so they punish the siblings too.

713
01:04:54,475 --> 01:04:56,978
That's why in the old days in Asia

714
01:04:56,978 --> 01:04:59,339
they have that penalty called "tru di tam tộc"

715
01:04:59,339 --> 01:05:03,271
where if one person commits a crime,

716
01:05:03,271 --> 01:05:05,680
the whole entire family,

717
01:05:05,680 --> 01:05:07,660
not only the current generation,

718
01:05:07,660 --> 01:05:11,508
but the previous and future 
generations are all killed.

719
01:05:11,956 --> 01:05:18,660
These are the ethical criteria 
that are different in each society.

720
01:05:20,951 --> 01:05:25,599
Once there was a tribe [the Callatians] 
that had a particular custom.

721
01:05:25,599 --> 01:05:29,156
When the grandfather dies,

722
01:05:29,156 --> 01:05:33,140
they had to immediately

723
01:05:33,140 --> 01:05:36,363
cut and eat the flesh of the grandfather.

724
01:05:40,497 --> 01:05:44,409
They believed in doing so the 
grandfather will live on in them,

725
01:05:44,409 --> 01:05:46,205
and so it's an act of filial piety.

726
01:05:46,205 --> 01:05:51,108
So when the maternal or 
paternal grandparent dies

727
01:05:51,108 --> 01:05:59,278
they are allowed to eat 
the flesh of the grandparent.

728
01:06:00,234 --> 01:06:05,327
And if they didn't eat the 
flesh of the dead grandparent,

729
01:06:05,327 --> 01:06:07,121
it's considered unethical,

730
01:06:07,121 --> 01:06:08,590
so they had to.

731
01:06:09,229 --> 01:06:13,835
To outsiders, it's barbaric.

732
01:06:15,427 --> 01:06:18,001
And if you say that in your country

733
01:06:18,001 --> 01:06:20,700
you burn your grandfather when he dies,

734
01:06:20,700 --> 01:06:22,029
these tribal people will get very angry.

735
01:06:22,029 --> 01:06:24,419
They will say that that's unethical. Immoral.

736
01:06:24,739 --> 01:06:27,464
You have to eat the flesh of 
your grandparent to be correct.

737
01:06:27,464 --> 01:06:29,620
If you burn your grandparent

738
01:06:29,620 --> 01:06:31,311
you are not a good son or daughter.

739
01:06:31,311 --> 01:06:38,605
So what is right or wrong, good or evil

740
01:06:38,605 --> 01:06:44,981
also depends on local customs and beliefs.

741
01:07:18,447 --> 01:07:20,447
In 2000,

742
01:07:20,830 --> 01:07:26,900
a family from the island of Gozo

743
01:07:26,900 --> 01:07:31,030
in the Mediteranean

744
01:07:39,550 --> 01:07:45,999
went to Manchester, UK to give birth.

745
01:07:51,596 --> 01:07:54,804
at St Mary's hospital.

746
01:07:59,637 --> 01:08:03,163
The mother

747
01:08:04,818 --> 01:08:07,708
was pregnant with twins.

748
01:08:08,388 --> 01:08:11,659
They were both girls.

749
01:08:12,107 --> 01:08:17,602
One named Jodie, and one named Mary.

750
01:08:17,602 --> 01:08:19,988
But they were conjoined twins.

751
01:08:23,613 --> 01:08:27,393
They were two, but with one working 
set of lungs and one heart.

752
01:08:28,158 --> 01:08:32,192
They were joined at the abdomen with a fused spine.

753
01:08:32,895 --> 01:08:39,163
The working lungs and heart were both on Jodie's side.

754
01:08:39,163 --> 01:08:46,007
so Jodie's breath and heart beat

755
01:08:46,008 --> 01:08:49,387
provided circulation to sustain Mary.

756
01:08:58,282 --> 01:09:00,282
So

757
01:09:01,492 --> 01:09:05,018
when the twins were born

758
01:09:09,024 --> 01:09:11,533
the doctors knew that

759
01:09:12,808 --> 01:09:19,194
within a matter of weeks both girls would die.

760
01:09:22,375 --> 01:09:25,862
But the doctors believed that

761
01:09:25,862 --> 01:09:31,726
if they operated they could at least save one.

762
01:09:35,279 --> 01:09:37,886
If they operated, they could only save one child

763
01:09:37,886 --> 01:09:40,596
and the other child would die.

764
01:09:40,596 --> 01:09:43,826
Without the operation, both would die.

765
01:09:44,720 --> 01:09:47,038
If they waited both would die.

766
01:09:48,502 --> 01:09:52,409
But the parents were devout Catholics

767
01:09:55,814 --> 01:09:59,532
and they were determined not to do the operation.

768
01:09:59,532 --> 01:10:02,169
They accepted for both to die rather than

769
01:10:02,169 --> 01:10:05,124
having an operation for one 
to die and the other to survive.

770
01:10:05,124 --> 01:10:08,111
That was how the parents saw it.

771
01:10:08,813 --> 01:10:11,096
But the doctors felt that it didn't make sense.

772
01:10:11,096 --> 01:10:14,437
If you could save one child why wouldn't you?

773
01:10:14,437 --> 01:10:16,550
Why would you allow both children to die?

774
01:10:16,550 --> 01:10:19,894
So the doctors brought the case to court

775
01:10:19,894 --> 01:10:25,691
to ask for the right to operate to save one child.

776
01:10:25,691 --> 01:10:27,657
And the court approved.

777
01:10:30,075 --> 01:10:32,393
A week later

778
01:10:32,968 --> 01:10:35,079
A few days later they operated

779
01:10:35,079 --> 01:10:38,591
and they were able to save Jodie.

780
01:10:38,848 --> 01:10:41,294
And of course Mary died,

781
01:10:41,294 --> 01:10:43,105
because once they were separated,

782
01:10:43,105 --> 01:10:45,742
Mary had no lungs, no heart.

783
01:10:46,254 --> 01:10:50,161
Mary didn't have her own 
lungs or heart, so she died.

784
01:10:54,422 --> 01:10:58,583
The doctors followed a 
different ethical criteria.

785
01:10:59,285 --> 01:11:02,930
They say, even though Mary died,

786
01:11:02,930 --> 01:11:06,306
at least they were able to save Jodie.

787
01:11:08,216 --> 01:11:12,083
As for the parents, 
they believed that whatever God

788
01:11:12,083 --> 01:11:13,935
had in His plans for them they would accept.

789
01:11:13,935 --> 01:11:16,649
If both children die,

790
01:11:16,649 --> 01:11:18,292
that's also God's will,

791
01:11:18,292 --> 01:11:19,691
so they have to let it be.

792
01:11:19,691 --> 01:11:22,644
They felt they had no right to kill 
one child in order to save the other.

793
01:11:27,922 --> 01:11:31,183
So there are two different ethical perspectives.

794
01:11:31,183 --> 01:11:37,372
One belonging to the doctors of St Mary's hospital,

795
01:11:37,372 --> 01:11:41,311
and one belonging to the young couple who

796
01:11:41,311 --> 01:11:48,101
placed everything in the hands of God.

797
01:12:07,993 --> 01:12:12,927
There's a similar story of baby Theresa.

798
01:12:12,927 --> 01:12:19,718
Baby Theresa was born in Florida in 1998.

799
01:12:21,946 --> 01:12:24,391
And when

800
01:12:25,474 --> 01:12:27,158
the doctors performed scans,

801
01:12:27,158 --> 01:12:31,288
they saw that Theresa didn't have a brain.

802
01:12:32,880 --> 01:12:34,880
There was no brain.

803
01:12:36,663 --> 01:12:40,379
A child born like that would die,

804
01:12:41,018 --> 01:12:44,575
if not in the womb then shortly after birth.

805
01:12:44,575 --> 01:12:47,440
And if the child didn't die at birth,

806
01:12:47,440 --> 01:12:50,900
it would die within a few days.

807
01:12:58,085 --> 01:13:01,956
This condition is called anencephaly,

808
01:13:01,956 --> 01:13:03,876
a disorder in which the brain is absent.

809
01:13:03,876 --> 01:13:10,382
But there is a brainstem.

810
01:13:11,148 --> 01:13:12,526
Because of the presence of the brainstem,

811
01:13:12,526 --> 01:13:15,945
the child can breathe and have a heart beat.

812
01:13:17,537 --> 01:13:19,537
But for certain

813
01:13:23,196 --> 01:13:27,993
the child would die after a few days.

814
01:13:31,047 --> 01:13:39,572
Some babies with this condition 
die before or at birth.

815
01:13:39,572 --> 01:13:45,625
And if not, they die within a few days.

816
01:13:45,625 --> 01:13:51,925
So the parents decided to

817
01:13:54,598 --> 01:14:03,860
donate her organs to other 
children for organ transplantation,

818
01:14:03,860 --> 01:14:09,511
—like her kidneys, her eyes, her heart—

819
01:14:09,511 --> 01:14:14,141
knowing that she will die and that other children

820
01:14:14,589 --> 01:14:17,225
are in desperate need of those organs.

821
01:14:18,435 --> 01:14:21,952
Thousands of children were in need of those organs,

822
01:14:21,952 --> 01:14:28,853
and if they knew that baby Theresa 
would die in five days,

823
01:14:28,853 --> 01:14:35,525
while her heart, lungs and kidneys, 
were still in good condition,

824
01:14:35,525 --> 01:14:39,671
why not donate those organs to save other children?

825
01:14:39,671 --> 01:14:42,813
That was what the parents wanted.

826
01:14:44,087 --> 01:14:47,740
And also what the doctors wanted.

827
01:14:48,505 --> 01:14:52,603
But the law in Florida prohibited this.

828
01:14:56,292 --> 01:15:01,089
The law states that organs can only 
be taken from deceased individuals.

829
01:15:01,664 --> 01:15:04,554
But while someone is still alive

830
01:15:04,554 --> 01:15:10,382
you cannot kill them to remove 
organs for transplantation.

831
01:15:10,382 --> 01:15:13,516
That's the law in Florida.

832
01:15:14,409 --> 01:15:19,778
Of course the doctors and the couple lost the case.

833
01:15:20,162 --> 01:15:24,842
So when baby Theresa died,

834
01:15:24,842 --> 01:15:29,042
her organs were damaged and 
couldn't be used anymore,

835
01:15:29,042 --> 01:15:31,298
so they couldn't save any other children.

836
01:15:31,298 --> 01:15:34,430
So that was the law in Florida.

837
01:15:37,928 --> 01:15:40,881
So these ethical dilemmas,

838
01:15:42,537 --> 01:15:45,674
depending on our way of thinking,

839
01:15:45,674 --> 01:15:51,152
on our judgement, on the criteria we use

840
01:15:51,152 --> 01:15:54,208
determine what is morally right or wrong.

841
01:15:54,208 --> 01:15:56,178
What is good or bad.

842
01:15:56,178 --> 01:16:00,301
So in Buddhism, the first criteria 
is pain and pleasure.

843
01:16:00,875 --> 01:16:03,193
We know that suffering and happiness inter-are.

844
01:16:03,768 --> 01:16:06,732
Some pains help us grow as human beings,

845
01:16:06,732 --> 01:16:08,501
help us become more resilient.

846
01:16:08,885 --> 01:16:11,111
That's why the criteria of pain and pleasure

847
01:16:11,111 --> 01:16:18,174
is not enough for us to determine

848
01:16:18,174 --> 01:16:21,691
what is right or wrong, good or bad.

849
01:16:40,193 --> 01:16:42,526
Following the criteria of pain and pleasure,

850
01:16:42,526 --> 01:16:46,007
there's the criteria of beneficial and un-beneficial.

851
01:16:50,332 --> 01:16:54,239
"Khổ / lạc " is pain and pleasure.

852
01:16:59,644 --> 01:17:02,469
Based on the criteria of pain and pleasure,

853
01:17:02,469 --> 01:17:08,132
whatever leads to pain is not 
allowed, is incorrect, is wrong,

854
01:17:08,132 --> 01:17:13,212
and whatever leads to pleasure is correct, is good.

855
01:17:20,271 --> 01:17:22,291
The second criteria is beneficial and un-beneficial.

856
01:17:22,291 --> 01:17:26,212
"Lợi" means beneficial.

857
01:17:31,363 --> 01:17:34,316
"Hại" means un-beneficial.

858
01:17:40,358 --> 01:17:45,282
In Buddhism, this is what is meant 
when we say beneficial and un-beneficial:

859
01:17:45,539 --> 01:17:51,611
Anything that brings about siblinghood, 
liberation, awakening,

860
01:17:51,611 --> 01:17:54,281
freedom

861
01:17:54,281 --> 01:17:56,438
is considered beneficial.

862
01:17:56,758 --> 01:17:59,736
And anything that brings about

863
01:17:59,736 --> 01:18:06,669
craving, pain and sorrow, despair,

864
01:18:06,669 --> 01:18:08,067
is considered un-beneficial.

865
01:18:08,067 --> 01:18:18,642
It obstructs our path of liberation.

866
01:18:18,642 --> 01:18:21,482
Beneficial and un-beneficial.

867
01:18:22,550 --> 01:18:26,775
And there are some things 
you need to suffer through

868
01:18:27,884 --> 01:18:30,521
but it's good for you.

869
01:18:30,521 --> 01:18:33,040
And there are things,

870
01:18:33,040 --> 01:18:35,224
some pains

871
01:18:35,703 --> 01:18:39,738
that we go through and we 
benefit from the experience.

872
01:18:39,738 --> 01:18:45,378
And then there are pleasures 
that can end up harming us.

873
01:18:45,378 --> 01:18:49,017
That's why the second criteria,

874
01:18:50,481 --> 01:18:53,952
beneficial and un-beneficial informs

875
01:18:53,952 --> 01:18:57,185
the first criteria of pain and pleasure.

876
01:19:05,120 --> 01:19:10,588
On September 1st in the capitol of New Delhi,

877
01:19:10,588 --> 01:19:16,654
I offered a talk in commemoration of Mahatma Gandhi.

878
01:19:22,311 --> 01:19:27,108
I mentioned a beautiful quote from Gandhi.

879
01:19:49,344 --> 01:19:52,621
We should take this opportunity

880
01:19:52,621 --> 01:19:58,082
to hear what Gandhi had to say about this.

881
01:19:59,292 --> 01:20:01,864
"Our ancestors

882
01:20:02,185 --> 01:20:15,000
set a limit to our indulgences."

883
01:20:15,318 --> 01:20:19,958
"Our ancestors set a limit to our indulgences."

884
01:20:21,804 --> 01:20:27,146
Like drinking until we're drunk, or over-eating.

885
01:20:27,146 --> 01:20:29,207
These are indulgences.

886
01:20:34,358 --> 01:20:37,758
The opposite is moderation, knowing enough.

887
01:20:37,758 --> 01:20:42,034
"Our ancestors set a limit to our indulgences."

888
01:20:42,034 --> 01:20:46,712
"They saw that happiness was 
largely a mental condition."

889
01:20:46,712 --> 01:20:56,889
"They saw that happiness was 
largely a mental condition."

890
01:20:58,798 --> 01:21:04,993
"A man is not necessarily 
happy because he is rich,"

891
01:21:04,993 --> 01:21:08,426
"or unhappy because he is poor."

892
01:21:09,954 --> 01:21:17,039
"A man is not necessarily 
happy because he is rich,"

893
01:21:17,039 --> 01:21:22,345
"or unhappy because he is poor."

894
01:21:22,345 --> 01:21:26,054
Being rich or poor doesn't 
determine our happiness,

895
01:21:26,054 --> 01:21:28,894
but our mental attitude.

896
01:21:36,207 --> 01:21:41,863
"A man is not necessarily 
happy because he is rich,"

897
01:21:41,863 --> 01:21:44,696
"or unhappy because he is poor."

898
01:21:44,696 --> 01:21:47,713
"Observing all this, our ancestors"

899
01:21:47,713 --> 01:21:51,872
"dissuaded us from luxuries and pleasures."

900
01:21:51,872 --> 01:21:56,405
"Observing all this, our ancestors"

901
01:21:56,405 --> 01:22:05,509
"dissuaded us from luxuries and pleasures."

902
01:22:07,291 --> 01:22:14,122
So this quote means that 
what you consider as pleasure

903
01:22:20,227 --> 01:22:25,469
may be harmful to you, now and in the future.

904
01:22:26,425 --> 01:22:28,997
You have consumer power.

905
01:22:29,699 --> 01:22:33,954
You have money, you have more power to consume,

906
01:22:33,954 --> 01:22:37,229
but that is not necessarily true happiness.

907
01:22:38,564 --> 01:22:42,217
It's not true happiness.

908
01:22:43,363 --> 01:22:45,789
Rather, it can lead to suffering.

909
01:22:45,789 --> 01:22:49,050
So making a lot of money

910
01:22:50,514 --> 01:22:55,183
to consume, to indulge in sensual pleasures,

911
01:22:55,183 --> 01:22:59,570
causes more harm than good.

912
01:23:00,526 --> 01:23:03,289
Meanwhile, when we practice moderation

913
01:23:03,736 --> 01:23:11,365
—eating less, living with more modest conditions—

914
01:23:11,365 --> 01:23:15,000
we feel light and at peace, joyful, happy.

915
01:23:15,000 --> 01:23:17,656
It helps us to be more free,

916
01:23:17,656 --> 01:23:20,834
and we can realize our aspiration.

917
01:23:20,834 --> 01:23:22,834
So it's more beneficial.

918
01:23:25,634 --> 01:23:28,905
Gandhi also said this wonderful line:

919
01:23:36,790 --> 01:23:41,245
"The mind is a restless bird."

920
01:23:41,245 --> 01:23:44,232
"The mind is a restless bird,"

921
01:23:44,232 --> 01:23:47,064
"the more it gets the more it wants"

922
01:23:47,064 --> 01:23:50,845
"and still remains unsatisfied."

923
01:23:50,845 --> 01:23:57,676
"the more it gets the more it wants"

924
01:23:57,676 --> 01:23:59,702
"and still remains unsatisfied."

925
01:24:01,993 --> 01:24:04,249
"The mind is a restless bird."

926
01:24:04,249 --> 01:24:07,680
"The more it gets the more it wants"

927
01:24:09,335 --> 01:24:13,780
"The more it gets the more it wants."

928
01:24:13,780 --> 01:24:16,036
"The more it gets the more it wants"

929
01:24:16,036 --> 01:24:20,342
and still remains unsatisfied."

930
01:24:20,398 --> 01:24:23,412
Craving has no limits.

931
01:24:24,241 --> 01:24:27,959
You're successful and you're not satisfied, 
you want to be more successful.

932
01:24:27,959 --> 01:24:31,643
You're more successful but you're still not satisfied, 
you want to be even more successful.

933
01:24:31,643 --> 01:24:34,107
You can never stop.

934
01:24:34,107 --> 01:24:40,034
That's why our ancestors advised us to set limits.

935
01:24:46,075 --> 01:24:49,156
So what is beneficial

936
01:24:51,637 --> 01:24:56,243
"lợi" here doesn't mean 
to take advantage of, it means

937
01:24:57,771 --> 01:25:01,204
being conducive to true peace,

938
01:25:01,204 --> 01:25:05,147
to true happiness, to liberation.

939
01:25:05,147 --> 01:25:07,987
Conducive to liberation.

940
01:25:07,987 --> 01:25:10,734
Conducive to peace.

941
01:25:10,734 --> 01:25:13,140
Conducive to true happiness.

942
01:25:13,140 --> 01:25:15,000
That's what beneficial means.

943
01:25:15,474 --> 01:25:20,608
So this criteria of pain and pleasure

944
01:25:20,608 --> 01:25:23,665
is not enough to establish moral grounds.

945
01:25:23,665 --> 01:25:26,112
In addition, we need the criteria 
of beneficial and un-beneficial.

946
01:25:26,112 --> 01:25:30,688
Will doing that thing be 
good for us in the future?

947
01:25:30,688 --> 01:25:35,421
Will it be conducive to peace, 
to liberation, to siblinghood?

948
01:25:35,421 --> 01:25:37,654
If not, it is incorrect,

949
01:25:37,654 --> 01:25:40,629
it is wrong.

950
01:25:58,549 --> 01:26:01,186
After the criteria of beneficial and un-beneficial,

951
01:26:01,186 --> 01:26:04,045
there's the criteria of delusion and awakening.

952
01:26:12,819 --> 01:26:15,328
"Mê" means

953
01:26:16,665 --> 01:26:18,665
delusion,

954
01:26:19,841 --> 01:26:24,002
and "ngộ" means awakening.

955
01:26:36,018 --> 01:26:38,781
When we are delusional

956
01:26:39,864 --> 01:26:41,864
the decisions that we make

957
01:26:42,502 --> 01:26:44,502
are not very clear.

958
01:26:46,348 --> 01:26:49,240
Only when we're no longer delusional 
that we can see clearly.

959
01:26:49,240 --> 01:26:51,844
But now we're still delusional,

960
01:26:52,419 --> 01:26:55,209
so it's hard for us to listen to other's advice.

961
01:26:55,209 --> 01:26:57,211
even if it's the truth.

962
01:26:57,211 --> 01:27:00,000
That's why you have to ask,

963
01:27:00,000 --> 01:27:04,589
am I being delusional or not?

964
01:27:05,418 --> 01:27:07,863
What is delusion?

965
01:27:10,281 --> 01:27:15,000
When you are not mindful, you are deluded.

966
01:27:15,000 --> 01:27:18,756
When you are not concentrated, you are deluded.

967
01:27:18,756 --> 01:27:20,440
When you are are unmindful,

968
01:27:20,440 --> 01:27:24,104
when you don't have insight you are deluded.

969
01:27:25,314 --> 01:27:30,000
With mindfulness, concentration 
and insight, you are awakened.

970
01:27:31,703 --> 01:27:34,275
And so decisions

971
01:27:35,168 --> 01:27:37,583
that you make when you are deluded

972
01:27:37,583 --> 01:27:42,400
may be incorrect, wrong, 
and may lead to suffering.

973
01:27:42,400 --> 01:27:46,309
Decisions that you make 
when you are clear-minded,

974
01:27:46,309 --> 01:27:48,673
they are correct.

975
01:27:52,299 --> 01:27:58,750
So if you sign a contract when you are drunk,

976
01:27:58,750 --> 01:28:00,592
that's dangerous.

977
01:28:02,056 --> 01:28:05,009
You can destroy your family or go bankrupt.

978
01:28:06,665 --> 01:28:12,352
So, if you want to draft a will for your children

979
01:28:12,863 --> 01:28:15,371
you have to be really alert,

980
01:28:15,371 --> 01:28:19,694
and the lawyer must attest that you

981
01:28:20,841 --> 01:28:24,771
are of sound mind, that your thinking is clear

982
01:28:24,771 --> 01:28:28,412
and that you are signing 
the will in front of them.

983
01:28:28,412 --> 01:28:33,029
But if they get you drunk and 
told you to sign something,

984
01:28:33,029 --> 01:28:35,403
it would not have value.

985
01:28:35,403 --> 01:28:41,401
So an action that is right, 
that is good, that is true

986
01:28:41,401 --> 01:28:51,000
must be seen in the light 
of delusion and awakening.

987
01:28:51,000 --> 01:28:53,510
In Buddhism, this is a way to sound the alarm.

988
01:29:02,157 --> 01:29:04,157
"Tính và già"
Curative and preventive.

989
01:29:06,194 --> 01:29:08,385
This has to do with precepts.

990
01:29:15,697 --> 01:29:18,841
Some precepts are curative.

991
01:29:29,332 --> 01:29:31,777
If you break that precept

992
01:29:32,733 --> 01:29:34,733
you suffer right away.

993
01:29:35,753 --> 01:29:38,009
you've committed an offence right away,

994
01:29:38,009 --> 01:29:39,596
you've done wrong right away.

995
01:29:42,014 --> 01:29:44,014
For instance, if you kill somebody

996
01:29:46,623 --> 01:29:50,709
you and the other suffer right away,

997
01:29:50,709 --> 01:29:53,200
so no killing is a curative [proscriptive] precept.

998
01:29:54,728 --> 01:29:58,126
"Già" means

999
01:30:01,371 --> 01:30:06,358
preventive.

1000
01:30:22,570 --> 01:30:27,049
The aim is to prevent.

1001
01:30:27,687 --> 01:30:30,704
Nobody will die if you break this precept,

1002
01:30:33,821 --> 01:30:40,903
but it prevents you from

1003
01:30:40,903 --> 01:30:45,000
violating other precepts that cause suffering.

1004
01:30:45,000 --> 01:30:48,885
This is

1005
01:30:48,885 --> 01:30:50,885
curative [proscriptive].

1006
01:30:52,286 --> 01:30:54,604
This is preventive.

1007
01:31:00,327 --> 01:31:04,933
For example, when we go out, 
we must go with a second body

1008
01:31:05,571 --> 01:31:07,571
That is a preventive precept.

1009
01:31:07,892 --> 01:31:11,036
Because it may be that if you go 
alone nothing will happen,

1010
01:31:11,865 --> 01:31:15,382
but should an accident happen 
when you go by yourself

1011
01:31:15,382 --> 01:31:17,768
the sangha suffers.

1012
01:31:17,768 --> 01:31:20,594
That's why it's better to have 
a second body with you.

1013
01:31:20,594 --> 01:31:24,076
So the precept of going out with a second body

1014
01:31:24,076 --> 01:31:26,326
is a preventive precept.

1015
01:31:26,326 --> 01:31:32,670
Meaning if you break this precept, 
you don't really suffer,

1016
01:31:32,670 --> 01:31:35,177
but it's there as a precaution.

1017
01:31:35,177 --> 01:31:39,195
Having a second body is bound to be safer.

1018
01:31:41,232 --> 01:31:45,700
Like the French often say, "Un verre, ça va,

1019
01:31:45,700 --> 01:31:51,410
trois verres, bonjour les dégâts."

1020
01:31:51,410 --> 01:31:54,419
One glass of wine is okay.

1021
01:31:56,392 --> 01:31:59,729
For many of you, one glass is not a problem.

1022
01:31:59,729 --> 01:32:02,494
But usually after the first glass,

1023
01:32:02,494 --> 01:32:05,037
you want to have a second.

1024
01:32:05,037 --> 01:32:08,501
And the first glass won't make you drunk,

1025
01:32:08,501 --> 01:32:13,359
but better to not drink it. 
That is a preventive action.

1026
01:32:19,370 --> 01:32:22,918
One woman from the UK said,

1027
01:32:22,918 --> 01:32:29,892
"For decades I've had 
a glass of wine every weekend

1028
01:32:29,892 --> 01:32:31,784
and now you're saying 
I shouldn't even drink this.

1029
01:32:31,784 --> 01:32:34,485
You're telling me to practice 
the fifth mindfulness training.

1030
01:32:34,485 --> 01:32:36,688
For decades I've had a glass like that,

1031
01:32:36,688 --> 01:32:39,444
it hasn't hurt anyone."

1032
01:32:39,444 --> 01:32:41,202
And it's true.

1033
01:32:42,603 --> 01:32:46,256
She had a glass every weekend 
and she never got drunk.

1034
01:32:47,847 --> 01:32:52,106
She asked Thay if she could just practice 
4 of the 5 mindfulness trainings.

1035
01:32:52,106 --> 01:32:55,441
She didn't want to practice 
the 5th MT on not drinking.

1036
01:32:59,321 --> 01:33:03,927
Of course you have the right to practice 
however many trainings you wish.

1037
01:33:04,248 --> 01:33:06,703
But I told her,

1038
01:33:06,703 --> 01:33:12,893
"For you a glass of wine 
on the weekend is not harmful,

1039
01:33:12,893 --> 01:33:16,262
because you drink in moderation.

1040
01:33:16,262 --> 01:33:19,151
But what about your children?"

1041
01:33:28,777 --> 01:33:34,273
"Khai, giá"

1042
01:33:37,072 --> 01:33:39,390
"Khai" means to open.

1043
01:34:02,653 --> 01:34:05,352
"Khai" means to open.

1044
01:34:09,105 --> 01:34:11,105
There are rules

1045
01:34:12,506 --> 01:34:16,826
that you want everyone to follow.

1046
01:34:16,826 --> 01:34:18,996
For example, in the rains retreat

1047
01:34:18,996 --> 01:34:22,896
no one is allowed to go out of the boundaries.

1048
01:34:25,187 --> 01:34:28,967
But suppose there's a sister who falls ill

1049
01:34:30,304 --> 01:34:34,847
and she requests permission

1050
01:34:34,847 --> 01:34:37,548
and the sangha allows her 
to leave the boundaries for treatment.

1051
01:34:37,548 --> 01:34:39,706
That is an open rule.

1052
01:34:39,706 --> 01:34:42,133
We are not rigid about it.

1053
01:34:42,133 --> 01:34:47,464
"Khai" means an exception.

1054
01:34:51,153 --> 01:34:53,473
And so, a bodhisattva

1055
01:34:53,473 --> 01:34:56,966
sometimes can lie in order to help people.

1056
01:35:01,070 --> 01:35:03,960
If you are a police officer

1057
01:35:07,776 --> 01:35:15,000
and you need to arrest or put someone in jail,

1058
01:35:15,000 --> 01:35:18,675
or to handcuff someone, you can still do it.

1059
01:35:21,347 --> 01:35:23,474
But

1060
01:35:24,176 --> 01:35:28,083
with the condition that you do it out of love,

1061
01:35:30,001 --> 01:35:32,001
out of compassion.

1062
01:35:36,135 --> 01:35:39,918
In the sutras, it says that

1063
01:35:39,918 --> 01:35:42,869
in a previous life of the Buddha

1064
01:35:42,869 --> 01:35:48,114
he had killed one person 
to save countless people.

1065
01:35:52,503 --> 01:35:56,219
This was killing only one person 
and not 140,000 people.

1066
01:35:59,209 --> 01:36:04,020
And he said he had to go to hell 
because he killed one person,

1067
01:36:04,020 --> 01:36:07,220
but he had to save so many people.

1068
01:36:07,220 --> 01:36:13,858
Like when you see someone 
with an automatic weapon,

1069
01:36:14,369 --> 01:36:22,153
a machine gun, who is about to 
shoot a lot of people,

1070
01:36:23,237 --> 01:36:25,820
if you are a police officer

1071
01:36:25,820 --> 01:36:31,343
and you want to prevent the deaths of many people, 
you can shoot that person.

1072
01:36:31,343 --> 01:36:36,203
In the foot or hand to wound him enough

1073
01:36:36,203 --> 01:36:43,098
so that he can't use the automatic weapon anymore.

1074
01:36:48,758 --> 01:36:53,048
[broken audio]

1075
01:36:53,048 --> 01:36:57,338
So what's right or good also needs 
to be based on the criteria

1076
01:36:57,338 --> 01:37:00,453
appropriateness and in-line with the teaching.

1077
01:37:00,453 --> 01:37:03,601
"Khế lý" means in-line with the teaching,

1078
01:37:03,601 --> 01:37:06,077
in-line with the dharma.

1079
01:37:14,025 --> 01:37:17,866
At the same time, it needs to be relevant

1080
01:37:17,866 --> 01:37:20,948
to the mentality, the situation of that society.

1081
01:37:20,948 --> 01:37:23,271
Appropriateness.
[Khế cơ]

1082
01:37:31,346 --> 01:37:37,795
It has to meet the local and current needs.

1083
01:37:46,125 --> 01:37:49,059
So these are a number of basic criteria

1084
01:37:49,059 --> 01:37:55,308
that can serve as a foundation for Buddhist ethics.

1085
01:38:03,446 --> 01:38:08,687
And underneath all of these criteria

1086
01:38:08,687 --> 01:38:15,837
is a criteria that transcends 
all of the above criteria, called

1087
01:38:15,837 --> 01:38:19,366
"nhất nguyên siêu tuyệt"

1088
01:38:30,776 --> 01:38:32,776
"siêu tuyệt nhất nguyên"

1089
01:38:34,559 --> 01:38:36,559
It's...

1090
01:38:45,969 --> 01:38:48,350
It is beyond this world.

1091
01:39:01,511 --> 01:39:04,973
in Sanskrit it's "lokottara."

1092
01:39:09,679 --> 01:39:14,031
"Loka" means the mundane world.

1093
01:39:21,470 --> 01:39:26,521
So all of these criteria are 
from the view of the relative.

1094
01:39:27,604 --> 01:39:32,421
And when we go beyond the 
mundane into the supramundane,

1095
01:39:32,421 --> 01:39:35,203
into the nature of nirvana, 
of the dharmakaya,

1096
01:39:35,203 --> 01:39:38,630
these criteria can no longer apply.

1097
01:39:39,904 --> 01:39:43,112
In reality in itself,

1098
01:39:44,576 --> 01:39:47,196
reality in itself,

1099
01:39:47,196 --> 01:39:51,051
there's no good and evil,

1100
01:39:51,051 --> 01:39:53,500
no right and wrong,

1101
01:39:53,500 --> 01:39:57,824
no this side or that side, 
no above or below.

1102
01:39:57,824 --> 01:40:00,000
No order.

1103
01:40:01,897 --> 01:40:11,207
That is lokottara. nirvana. dharmakaya.

1104
01:40:12,226 --> 01:40:16,821
You cannot say that the 
dharmakaya is pure or impure.

1105
01:40:16,821 --> 01:40:21,472
You cannot say that 
nirvana is pure or impure.

1106
01:40:24,907 --> 01:40:28,623
You cannot say that it is right or wrong.

1107
01:40:29,452 --> 01:40:33,105
All ideas of right and wrong

1108
01:40:34,061 --> 01:40:39,387
of good and evil,

1109
01:40:39,387 --> 01:40:45,468
right and wrong, good and evil 
all belong to the relative.

1110
01:40:45,980 --> 01:40:53,001
In the supramundane, there's no more ideas

1111
01:40:53,576 --> 01:40:58,158
of right and wrong, good and evil.

1112
01:40:58,158 --> 01:41:00,348
So

1113
01:41:00,856 --> 01:41:03,526
nirvana is neither

1114
01:41:04,098 --> 01:41:05,266
right nor wrong,

1115
01:41:05,266 --> 01:41:08,094
Nirvana is neither right or wrong, good or evil.

1116
01:41:08,094 --> 01:41:09,620
It transcends all notions.

1117
01:41:09,620 --> 01:41:12,284
There's no more right and wrong,

1118
01:41:12,284 --> 01:41:14,136
good and evil.

1119
01:41:15,220 --> 01:41:18,271
Transcending all notions, 
that is the ultimate criteria.

1120
01:41:18,271 --> 01:41:21,669
[Technical glitch] ... meaning, God has an opposite.

1121
01:41:24,469 --> 01:41:30,410
There's Satan as opposed to God.

1122
01:41:31,811 --> 01:41:34,828
And this God is not yet ...

1123
01:41:42,713 --> 01:41:48,755
This God remains in the realm of

1124
01:41:48,755 --> 01:41:50,435
right and wrong,

1125
01:41:50,435 --> 01:41:52,658
true and false.

1126
01:41:57,365 --> 01:42:03,624
This God remains in the realm 
of the false and the true,

1127
01:42:03,624 --> 01:42:06,198
the good and the evil.

1128
01:42:06,198 --> 01:42:07,598
Opposites.

1129
01:42:08,299 --> 01:42:14,240
But there are theologians who have been able to

1130
01:42:15,641 --> 01:42:18,150
touch the ultimate.

1131
01:42:19,614 --> 01:42:24,330
These theologians, including some mystics,

1132
01:42:24,330 --> 01:42:28,479
have been able to understand God 
in light of the ultimate.

1133
01:42:29,689 --> 01:42:39,242
And God is no longer described 
in terms of good and evil,

1134
01:42:39,242 --> 01:42:41,594
right and wrong.

1135
01:42:41,594 --> 01:42:46,611
They have attained something similar to 
the Buddhist concept of Nirvana,

1136
01:42:46,611 --> 01:42:48,264
or the dharmakaya,

1137
01:42:48,264 --> 01:42:49,598
or Suchness.

1138
01:42:49,598 --> 01:42:52,871
They've been able to transcend 
notions of suffering and happiness,

1139
01:42:52,871 --> 01:42:55,091
beneficial and un-beneficial, 
delusion and awakening,

1140
01:42:55,091 --> 01:42:58,695
curative and preventive, 
in-line with the dharma and appropriateness.

1141
01:43:07,526 --> 01:43:14,435
Your homework is to revise the first 
of the Five Mindfulness Trainings.

1142
01:43:14,435 --> 01:43:17,471
Each person should come up with 
their version and present it to Thay.

1143
01:43:18,237 --> 01:43:23,098
And today Thay would like everyone to divide 
into different dharma sharing groups

1144
01:43:23,863 --> 01:43:29,170
to discuss your ideas about

1145
01:43:29,551 --> 01:43:32,664
revising the first mindfulness training.

1146
01:43:34,320 --> 01:43:39,625
Revising the first mindfulness training 
in the light of everything we have learned.

1147
01:43:40,835 --> 01:43:44,297
The view that the other person is not me 
and I am not the other person.

1148
01:43:45,001 --> 01:43:47,001
The dualistic view.

1149
01:43:48,148 --> 01:43:50,148
Dualistic view.

1150
01:44:01,656 --> 01:44:03,656
The view

1151
01:44:04,994 --> 01:44:06,994
that transcends all views.

1152
01:44:07,632 --> 01:44:10,338
The view that is still caught,

1153
01:44:10,338 --> 01:44:13,255
caught in a separate self.

1154
01:44:21,902 --> 01:44:23,902
The view

1155
01:44:33,058 --> 01:44:35,058
that is grasping.

1156
01:44:38,430 --> 01:44:44,117
[ Chấp thủ ] 
means the inability to let go of 
the views we hold on to.

1157
01:44:47,425 --> 01:44:54,030
And please recall the first 
of the 14 Mindfulness Trainings

1158
01:44:54,030 --> 01:44:55,873
on non-attachment to views.

1159
01:44:55,873 --> 01:44:59,005
Not being caught,

1160
01:44:59,323 --> 01:45:02,900
not being caught in our views.

1161
01:45:06,081 --> 01:45:07,862
There's a friend

1162
01:45:13,423 --> 01:45:17,077
who suggested that we include 
this line in the first training:

1163
01:45:17,077 --> 01:45:23,926
"We are committed not to fight for, 
kill, or die for our own view,

1164
01:45:23,926 --> 01:45:26,546
or to impose them on others."

1165
01:45:27,058 --> 01:45:46,283
"We are committed not to fight, 
kill or die for our views,

1166
01:45:46,827 --> 01:45:52,253
or to impose them on others."

1167
01:45:52,253 --> 01:45:56,445
We are committed not to fight for, 
kill or die for our views,

1168
01:45:56,445 --> 01:45:58,402
or impose them on others.

1169
01:45:58,402 --> 01:46:01,413
This line is from the 
14 Mindfulness Trainings in English.

1170
01:46:01,987 --> 01:46:09,581
This is very important, because so many 
wars and acts of terrorism happening now

1171
01:46:10,473 --> 01:46:21,856
are because people hold tight to views, 
beliefs, dogmas or ideologies

1172
01:46:21,856 --> 01:46:23,946
which they believe are true.

1173
01:46:23,946 --> 01:46:26,476
Everyone else is in the wrong.

1174
01:46:26,476 --> 01:46:34,089
So they're capable of killing 
to impose their views on others.

1175
01:46:35,935 --> 01:46:38,952
And the dualistic view,

1176
01:46:41,879 --> 01:46:53,541
being caught in our own view, 
that wrong view leads to discrimination

1177
01:46:54,179 --> 01:46:59,465
leads to fear, hatred and greed.

1178
01:46:59,465 --> 01:47:03,425
And these things lead to killing.

1179
01:47:03,425 --> 01:47:06,847
And so the first mindfulness training 
needs to be written in such a way that

1180
01:47:06,847 --> 01:47:12,769
we see clearly that it is responding 
to the current situation of the world.

1181
01:47:15,823 --> 01:47:19,666
Because violence in the world is 
increasing at an alarming rate.

1182
01:47:20,241 --> 01:47:21,861
We see war,

1183
01:47:21,861 --> 01:47:27,199
we see violence,

1184
01:47:27,199 --> 01:47:30,854
we see terrorism.

1185
01:47:31,683 --> 01:47:35,799
And it's happening everyday.

1186
01:47:35,799 --> 01:47:41,777
So when we rewrite the first training, 
we do it in such a way that

1187
01:47:41,777 --> 01:47:47,985
everyone can see clearly it is 
a response to our current situation.

1188
01:47:51,420 --> 01:47:55,518
And today if the sangha has dharma sharing

1189
01:47:56,792 --> 01:48:02,120
please organize it so that 
everyone will have a chance

1190
01:48:02,120 --> 01:48:07,672
to express their ideas about 
the first mindfulness training.

1191
01:48:07,672 --> 01:48:10,701
Please

1192
01:48:12,862 --> 01:48:19,648
arrange so that each sharing group has copies 
of the first mindfulness training,

1193
01:48:19,648 --> 01:48:24,129
in English or Vietnamese or French.

1194
01:48:24,129 --> 01:48:26,231
And based on the old version,

1195
01:48:26,231 --> 01:48:33,778
you can make suggestions to add any 
lines or words you deem necessary

1196
01:48:33,778 --> 01:48:42,807
so that this mindfulness training 
can be more appropriate to our time.