[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.76,0:00:02.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it all came to life
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.75,0:00:04.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a dark bar in Madrid.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.81,0:00:09.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I encountered my colleague\Nfrom McGill, Michael Meaney.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.45,0:00:11.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we were drinking a few beers,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.34,0:00:13.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and like scientists do,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.68,0:00:16.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he told me about his work.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.15,0:00:18.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he told me that he is interested
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.62,0:00:21.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in how mother rats
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.28,0:00:23.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lick their pups
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.29,0:00:25.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after they were born.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.53,0:00:28.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I was sitting there and saying,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.03,0:00:31.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is where my tax dollars are wasted,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.64,0:00:34.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on this kind of soft science.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.96,0:00:38.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he started telling me
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.48,0:00:41.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that when the rats, like humans,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.78,0:00:44.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lick their pups in very different ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.51,0:00:47.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some mothers do a lot of that,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.01,0:00:49.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some mothers do very little,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.42,0:00:51.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and most are in between.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.79,0:00:53.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what's interesting about it
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.98,0:00:58.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is when he follows these pups\Nwhen they become adults,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.92,0:01:01.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like years in human life,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.04,0:01:03.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,long after their mother died,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.12,0:01:05.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they are completely different animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.03,0:01:09.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The animals that were licked\Nand groomed heavily,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.55,0:01:11.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the high licking and grooming,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.64,0:01:14.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are not stressed.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.12,0:01:16.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have different sexual behavior.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.47,0:01:19.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have a different way of living
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.45,0:01:22.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than those that were not treated
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.54,0:01:26.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as intensively by their mothers.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.02,0:01:29.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So then I was thinking to myself,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.28,0:01:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is this magic?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.00,0:01:32.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How does this work?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.73,0:01:35.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Us geneticists would like you to think
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.21,0:01:39.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perhaps the mother had\Nthe bad mother gene
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.30,0:01:43.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that caused her pups to be stressful,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.05,0:01:46.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then it was passed\Nfrom generation to generation.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.30,0:01:48.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's all determined by genetics.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.42,0:01:50.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or is it possible that something else
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.44,0:01:52.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is going on here?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.02,0:01:53.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in rats we can ask this question
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.72,0:01:55.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and answer it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.46,0:01:59.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we did is\Na cross-fostering experiment.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.08,0:02:01.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You essentially separate the litter,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.58,0:02:03.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the babies of this rat, at birth,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.99,0:02:05.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to two kinds of fostering mothers,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.88,0:02:07.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not the real mothers,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.06,0:02:09.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but mothers that will take care of them,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.16,0:02:11.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,high-licking mothers\Nand low-licking mothers.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.60,0:02:15.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can do the opposite\Nwith the low-licking pups.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.50,0:02:18.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the remarkable answer was,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.10,0:02:19.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it wasn't important
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.71,0:02:22.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what the gene you got from your mother.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.04,0:02:26.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was not the biological mother\Nthat defined this property
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.45,0:02:27.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of these rats.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.77,0:02:32.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is the mother that\Ntook care of the pups.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.42,0:02:36.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how can this work?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.29,0:02:38.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am an a epigeneticist.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.89,0:02:40.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am interested
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.84,0:02:43.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in how genes are marked by a chemical mark
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.62,0:02:49.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during embryogenesis, during the time\Nwe're in the womb of our mothers,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.01,0:02:51.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and decide which gene will be expressed
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.52,0:02:52.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in what tissue.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.83,0:02:56.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Different genes are expressed in the brain\Nthan in the liver and the eye.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.88,0:03:00.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we thought, is it possible
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.37,0:03:03.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the mother is somehow
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.23,0:03:07.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reprogramming the gene of her offspring
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.27,0:03:09.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through her behavior?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.42,0:03:12.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we spent 10 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.16,0:03:15.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we found that there is\Na cascade of biochemical events
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.02,0:03:17.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by which the licking and grooming\Nof the mother, the care of the mother
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.64,0:03:20.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is translated to biochemical signals
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.58,0:03:24.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that go into the nucleus and into the DNA
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.13,0:03:26.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and program it differently.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.24,0:03:31.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now the animal can\Nprepare itself for life.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.30,0:03:33.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is life going to be harsh?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.80,0:03:35.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is there going to be a lot of food?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.78,0:03:38.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Are there going to be a lot\Nof cats and snakes around,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.26,0:03:40.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or will I live in an upper\Nclass neighborhood
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.95,0:03:44.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where all I have to do\Nis behave well and proper
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.57,0:03:47.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that will gain me social acceptance?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.27,0:03:52.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now one can think about\Nhow important that process can be
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.89,0:03:54.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for our lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.35,0:03:57.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We inherit our DNA from our ancestors.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.29,0:03:59.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The DNA is old.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.63,0:04:01.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It evolved during evolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.85,0:04:06.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it doesn't tell us if you are going\Nto be born in Stockholm,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.06,0:04:10.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the days are long in the summer\Nand short in the winter,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.04,0:04:13.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or in Ecuador, where equal number\Nof hours for day and night
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.87,0:04:14.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all year round.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.85,0:04:19.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that has such an enormous amount\Non our physiology.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.19,0:04:23.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we suggest is perhaps\Nwhat happens early in life,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.98,0:04:25.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those signals that come through the mother
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.86,0:04:27.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tell the child
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.22,0:04:30.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what kind of social world\Nyou're going to be living in.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.65,0:04:34.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It will be harsh, and you'd better\Nbe anxious and be stressful,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.03,0:04:37.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or it's going to be an easy world,\Nand you have to be different.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.27,0:04:40.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it going to be a world\Nwith a lot of light or little light?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.31,0:04:44.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it going to be a world\Nwith a lot of food or little food?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.42,0:04:46.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If there's no food around,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.11,0:04:50.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'd better develop your brain\Nto binge whenever you see a meal,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.11,0:04:56.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or store every piece of food\Nthat you have as fat.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.82,0:04:58.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is good.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.59,0:05:00.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Evolution has selected this
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.26,0:05:03.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to allow our fixed, old DNA
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.71,0:05:05.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to function in a dynamic way
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.27,0:05:07.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in new environments.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.58,0:05:10.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But sometimes things can go wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.37,0:05:14.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, if you're born\Nto a poor family,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.59,0:05:17.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the signals are, "You'd better binge.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.46,0:05:20.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You'd better eat every piece of food\Nyou're going to encounter."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.78,0:05:23.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now we humans\Nand our brain have evolved,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.21,0:05:25.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have changed evolution even faster.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.18,0:05:27.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now you can buy a McDonald's
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.16,0:05:28.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for one dollar.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.71,0:05:31.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And therefore, the preparation
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.72,0:05:33.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we had
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.06,0:05:35.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by our mothers
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.21,0:05:37.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is turning to be maladaptive.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.83,0:05:40.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The same preparation that was\Nsupposed to protect us
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.66,0:05:42.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from hunger and famine
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.59,0:05:45.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is going to cause obesity,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.07,0:05:48.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cardiovascular problems,\Nand metabolic disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.53,0:05:52.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this concept that genes\Ncould be marked by our experience,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.35,0:05:54.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and especially the early life experience,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.68,0:05:57.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can provide us a unifying explanation
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.34,0:06:00.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of both health and disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.83,0:06:03.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But is true only for rats?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.05,0:06:05.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem is, we cannot\Ntest this in humans,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.97,0:06:09.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because ethically, we cannot\Nadminister child adversity
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.06,0:06:10.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a random way.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.25,0:06:13.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if a poor child develops\Na certain property,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.43,0:06:15.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we don't know whether this is caused
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.80,0:06:17.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by poverty
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.01,0:06:20.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or whether poor people have bad genes.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.04,0:06:23.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So geneticists will try to tell you\Nthat poor people are poor
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.32,0:06:25.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because their genes make them poor.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.30,0:06:27.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Epigeneticists will tell you
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.14,0:06:31.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,poor people are in a bad environment\Nor an impoverished environment
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.38,0:06:34.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that creates that phenotype,\Nthat property.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.85,0:06:38.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we moved to look
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.01,0:06:41.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into our cousins, the monkeys.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.98,0:06:43.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My colleague Steven Soomey
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.98,0:06:47.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has been rearing monkeys\Nin two different ways:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.23,0:06:50.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,randomly separated the monkey\Nfrom the mother
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.07,0:06:52.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and reared her with a nurse,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.69,0:06:55.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a surrogate motherhood conditions.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.82,0:06:57.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So these monkeys didn't have a mother.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.35,0:06:58.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They had a nurse.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.46,0:06:59.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And other monkeys
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.74,0:07:03.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were reared with their normal,\Nnatural mothers,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.08,0:07:04.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when they were old,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.74,0:07:07.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were completely different animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.75,0:07:09.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The monkeys that had a mother
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.25,0:07:10.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would not care about alcohol,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.75,0:07:12.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were not sexually aggressive.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.25,0:07:14.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The monkeys that didn't have a mother
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.15,0:07:16.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were aggressive, were stressed,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.18,0:07:18.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and were alcoholics.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.55,0:07:21.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we looked at their DNA
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.11,0:07:23.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,early after birth
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.50,0:07:27.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and see is it possible\Nthat the mother is marking.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.04,0:07:32.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is a signature of the mother\Nin the DNA of the offspring.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.25,0:07:34.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are Day 14 monkeys,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.31,0:07:39.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what you see here is the modern way\Nby which we study epigenetics.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.20,0:07:43.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can now map those chemical marks,\Nwhich we call methylation marks,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.47,0:07:46.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on DNA at a single nucleotide resolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.75,0:07:48.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can map the entire genome.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.65,0:07:51.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can now compare the monkey\Nthat had a mother and not.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.63,0:07:53.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here's a visual presentation of this.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.56,0:07:58.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you see is the genes that\Ngot more methylated are red.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.24,0:08:01.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The genes that got less\Nmethylated are green.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.54,0:08:03.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see many genes are changing,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.98,0:08:05.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because not having a mother
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.33,0:08:06.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not just one thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.66,0:08:09.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It affects the whole way, it sends\Na signals about the whole way
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.13,0:08:11.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your world is going to look like
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.52,0:08:13.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you become an adult,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.45,0:08:16.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can see the two groups of monkey
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.32,0:08:19.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,extremely well separated from each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.07,0:08:21.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How early does this develop?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.38,0:08:24.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These monkeys already didn't\Nsee their mothers,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.12,0:08:26.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they had a social experience.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.24,0:08:28.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do we sense our social status
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.41,0:08:31.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even at the moment of birth?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.13,0:08:33.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in this experiment,\Nwe took placentas
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.85,0:08:35.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of monkeys
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.20,0:08:37.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that had different social status.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.70,0:08:39.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's interesting about social rank
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.98,0:08:42.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that across all living beings,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.84,0:08:46.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they will structure themselves\Nby hierarchy.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.34,0:08:48.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Monkey number one is the boss.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.34,0:08:50.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Monkey number four is the peon.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.92,0:08:53.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you put four monkeys in a cage,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.07,0:08:56.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there will always be a boss\Nand always be a peon.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.89,0:09:01.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what's interesting is that\Nthe monkey number one
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.50,0:09:04.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is much healthier than monkey number four,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.78,0:09:06.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you put them in a cage,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.24,0:09:11.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,monkey number one will not eat as much.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.13,0:09:14.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Monkey number four will eat as much.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.20,0:09:18.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what you see here in this\Nmethylation mapping,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.50,0:09:21.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a dramatic separation at birth
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.22,0:09:24.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the animals that had\Na high social status
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.06,0:09:27.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,versus the animals that did not\Nhave a high status.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.45,0:09:31.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we are born already knowing\Nthe social information,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.47,0:09:34.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that social information\Nis not bad or good.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.77,0:09:38.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It just prepares us for life,\Nbecause we have to program
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.34,0:09:40.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our biology differently
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.66,0:09:44.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we are in the high\Nor the low social status.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.33,0:09:46.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But how can you study this in humans?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.90,0:09:48.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we can't do experiments,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.33,0:09:51.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can't administer adversity to humans,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.16,0:09:53.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but God does experiments with humans,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.02,0:09:55.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's called natural disasters.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.33,0:09:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So one of the natural disasters,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.00,0:09:59.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the hardest natural disaster\Nin Canadian history happened
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.90,0:10:01.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in my province of Quebec.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.71,0:10:04.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the ice storm of 1998.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.26,0:10:08.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We lost our entire electrical grid\Nbecause of an ice storm
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.31,0:10:11.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the temperatures were in\Nthe dead of winter in Quebec,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.34,0:10:13.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,minus 20 to minus 30,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.23,0:10:15.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there were pregnant\Nmothers during that time.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.94,0:10:18.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And my colleague Suzanne King
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.20,0:10:22.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,followed the children of these mothers
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.14,0:10:24.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for 15 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.79,0:10:26.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what happened was
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.55,0:10:29.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that as the stress increased,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.06,0:10:31.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and here we had objective\Nmeasures of stress --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.54,0:10:35.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how long you were without power,\Nwhere did you spend your time,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.93,0:10:37.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was it in your mother's in law apartment
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.96,0:10:41.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or in some posh country home?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.14,0:10:43.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so all of these added up\Nto a social stress scale,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.79,0:10:45.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can ask the question,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.17,0:10:48.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how did the children look like?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.19,0:10:50.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it appears that as stress increases,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.77,0:10:52.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the children develop more autism,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.69,0:10:55.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they develop more metabolic diseases,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.19,0:10:58.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they develop more autoimmune diseases.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.91,0:11:03.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we would map the methylation state,\Nand again you see the green genes
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.25,0:11:06.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,becoming red as stress increases,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.92,0:11:11.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the red genes becoming green\Nas stress increases,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.12,0:11:15.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an entire rearrangement\Nof the genome in response to stress.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.22,0:11:20.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if we can program genes,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.80,0:11:24.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we are not just the slaves\Nof the history of our genes,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.67,0:11:26.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they could be programmed,\Ncan we deprogram them?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.55,0:11:32.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because epigenetic causes can cause\Ndiseases like cancer,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.21,0:11:35.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,metabolic disease,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.15,0:11:38.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and mental health disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.37,0:11:41.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's talk about cocaine addiction.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.36,0:11:44.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cocaine addiction is a terrible situation
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.41,0:11:46.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can lead to death
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.28,0:11:49.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to loss of human life.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.80,0:11:51.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We asked the question,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.75,0:11:54.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can we reprogram the addicted brain
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.88,0:11:58.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make that animal
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.08,0:12:00.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,non-addicted anymore?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.61,0:12:04.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We used a cocaine addiction model
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.88,0:12:07.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that recapitulates what happens in humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.02,0:12:09.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In humans, you're in high school,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.56,0:12:11.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some friends suggest you some cocaine,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.62,0:12:13.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you take cocaine, nothing happens,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.58,0:12:17.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,months pass by, something reminds you\Nof what happened the first time,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.81,0:12:19.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a pusher pushes cocaine,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.47,0:12:20.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you become addicted,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.70,0:12:22.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and your life has changed.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.32,0:12:24.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In rats, we do the same thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.14,0:12:25.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My colleague [??] did.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.74,0:12:27.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He trains the animals
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.36,0:12:28.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get used to cocaine,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.73,0:12:31.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then for one month, no cocaine,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.61,0:12:35.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then he reminds them of the party\Nwhen they saw the cocaine the first time
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.31,0:12:37.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by cues, the colors of the cage\Nwhen they saw cocaine.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.96,0:12:40.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they go crazy.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.08,0:12:42.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They will press the lever to get cocaine
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.38,0:12:43.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until they die.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.87,0:12:45.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We first determined
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.69,0:12:48.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the difference between these animals
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.72,0:12:51.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that during that time\Nwhen nothing happens,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.43,0:12:53.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's no cocaine around,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.04,0:12:56.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their epigenome is rearranged.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.96,0:12:58.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their genes are remarked\Nin a different way,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.47,0:13:00.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when the cue comes,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.68,0:13:02.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their genome is ready
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.60,0:13:04.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to develop this addictive phenotype.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.71,0:13:06.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we treated these animals
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.63,0:13:09.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with drugs that either increase
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.52,0:13:13.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DNA methylation, which was\Nthe epigenetic marker to look at,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.61,0:13:17.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or decrease epigenetic markings.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.21,0:13:20.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we found that if we\Nincreased methylation,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.27,0:13:22.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these animals go even crazier.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.53,0:13:24.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They become more craving for cocaine.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.81,0:13:28.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if we reduce the DNA methylation,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.22,0:13:30.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the animals are not addicted anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.68,0:13:32.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have reprogrammed them.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.14,0:13:35.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a fundamental difference\Nbetween an epigenetic drug
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.48,0:13:36.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and any other drug
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.69,0:13:39.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that with epigenetic drugs,\Nwe essentially remove
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.03,0:13:43.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the signs of experience,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.13,0:13:45.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and once they're gone,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.35,0:13:48.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they will not come back\Nunless you have the same experience.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.24,0:13:49.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the animal now is reprogrammed.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.92,0:13:54.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when we visited the animals\N30 days, 60 days longer,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.16,0:13:57.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is in human terms\Nmany years of life,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.10,0:13:59.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were still not addicted
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.66,0:14:03.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by a single epigenetic treatment.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.75,0:14:07.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we learned about DNA?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.96,0:14:10.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The DNA is not just a sequence of letters.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.92,0:14:12.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not just a script.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.78,0:14:16.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DNA is a dynamic movie.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.55,0:14:19.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our experiences are being\Nwritten into this movie,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.56,0:14:21.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is interactive.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.24,0:14:24.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You are like watching a movie\Nof your life with the DNA
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.99,0:14:27.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with your remote control.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.64,0:14:31.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can remove an actor and add an actor.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.06,0:14:36.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so you have, in spite\Nof deterministic nature of genetics,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.97,0:14:40.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have control of the way\Nyour genes look like,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.68,0:14:43.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this has a tremendous\Noptimistic message
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.80,0:14:47.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for ability to now encounter\Nsome of the deadly diseases
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.50,0:14:50.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like cancer, mental health,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.38,0:14:53.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with new approach
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.47,0:14:56.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking at them as maladaptations
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.10,0:14:58.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that if we can epigenetically intervene,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.87,0:15:00.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reverse the movie
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.37,0:15:02.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by removing an actor
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.33,0:15:06.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and setting up a new narrative.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.16,0:15:09.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what I told you today is
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.33,0:15:11.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that our DNA is really combined
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.89,0:15:13.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of two components,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.55,0:15:16.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two layers of information.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.35,0:15:23.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One layer of information is old,\Nevolved from millions of years
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.19,0:15:25.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of evolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.94,0:15:26.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is fixed
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.98,0:15:27.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and very hard to change.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.70,0:15:32.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other layer of information\Nis the epigenetic layer
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.22,0:15:34.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is open and dynamic
Dialogue: 0,0:15:34.56,0:15:37.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sets up a narrative
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.62,0:15:39.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is interactive,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.50,0:15:44.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that allows us to control,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.22,0:15:47.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a large extent, our destiny,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.33,0:15:51.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to help the destiny of our children,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.38,0:15:55.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to hopefully conquer disease
Dialogue: 0,0:15:55.23,0:15:59.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and serious health challenges
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.96,0:16:03.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have plagued humankind\Nfor a long time.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:03.43,0:16:06.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So even though we are determined
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.85,0:16:08.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by our genes,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:08.82,0:16:11.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have a degree of freedom
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.72,0:16:16.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can set up our life\Nto a life of responsibility.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.13,0:16:17.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.37,0:16:22.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)