[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.00,0:00:03.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(MUSIC)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.80,0:00:09.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(MUSIC)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.54,0:00:14.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you had to think about the most exciting day you ever had in a science classroom, which
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.66,0:00:16.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,day would that be?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.62,0:00:18.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, looking back through the years---we have a few.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.82,0:00:21.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The time we participated in an earthworm dissection.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.96,0:00:24.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The time we took apart an owl pellet.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.33,0:00:25.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The osmosis eggs.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.89,0:00:27.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of the fruit flies in genetic experiments.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.90,0:00:33.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, I could go on, but I will never forget one day in my 9th grade science class.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.05,0:00:35.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My teacher brought in pond water.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.27,0:00:42.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I put one drop of pond water on a microscope slide and saw the most amazing thing ever…I
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.13,0:00:44.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,saw, an amoeba.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.85,0:00:47.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A single celled amoeba on that microscope slide, and
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.42,0:00:51.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was forever stuck on science from that point on.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.03,0:00:56.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because I could not believe this little cell was there, alive on this slide, still eating
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.46,0:00:58.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because that’s what amoebas do a lot.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.56,0:01:04.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To imagine that every person is actually made of billions of cells---of course not amoeba
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.82,0:01:10.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cells but animals cells--- billions of animal cells, that's fascinating.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.25,0:01:15.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, it really makes you reflect on some of the incredible statements of the modern
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.23,0:01:16.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cell theory.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.70,0:01:21.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The modern cell theory includes the following: First that the cell is the smallest living unit
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.77,0:01:23.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in all organisms.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.57,0:01:27.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Second that all living things are made of cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.37,0:01:29.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One or more cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.47,0:01:35.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The amoeba I observed was a single-celled organism, so unicellular.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.24,0:01:37.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Humans are made of many cells, so multicellular.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.96,0:01:44.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And third, all cells come from other pre-existing cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.32,0:01:47.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cells have their own little world inside them.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.15,0:01:48.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They carry genetic information!
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.58,0:01:50.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can divide!
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.46,0:01:54.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many have functions and processes that their organelles, structures inside them, can take
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.98,0:01:56.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,care of.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.25,0:01:59.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On our planet, we can divide cells into two major groups.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.77,0:02:04.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a cell, you’re either a prokaryote or an eukaryote.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.60,0:02:07.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bacteria and arachae are prokaryotes.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.40,0:02:13.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But everything else---plants, animals, fungi, protists----are eukaryotes.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.23,0:02:17.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have genetic material.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.27,0:02:19.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Both have cytoplasm.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.34,0:02:23.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Both have ribosomes, which are small organelles that make proteins.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.68,0:02:27.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Both have cell membranes which control what goes in and out of the cell.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.72,0:02:31.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what makes them different is a big deal.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.67,0:02:37.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Prokaryote---the "pro" rhymes with "no"---they have no nucleus which holds the genetic material
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.55,0:02:40.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and controls the cell’s activities.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.22,0:02:43.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Prokaryotes have no membrane-bound organelles.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.77,0:02:48.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Membrane-bound organelles are fancy organelles like the nucleus and mitochondria and Golgi
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.89,0:02:50.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,apparatus.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.58,0:02:55.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eukaryotes---the "eu" rhymes with "Do"----they do have membrane bound organelles.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.95,0:03:00.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, now you may be wondering what do the organelles do---what are their functions?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.79,0:03:05.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well you know our style---we love our science with a side of comics.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.76,0:03:12.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we want to take you on a tour of the ride of your life---into the inside of a cell!
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.43,0:03:16.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To start our trip, we’re first going to have to get through this cell membrane, also
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.67,0:03:18.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called a plasma membrane.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.42,0:03:22.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s selectively permeable which means that it only lets certain select materials in and
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.95,0:03:23.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.95,0:03:28.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By doing so, it keeps things in the cell stable---also known as keeping homeostasis.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.88,0:03:32.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have an entire video on just the membrane
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.19,0:03:37.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,itself---which is found in all cells, but for now, we’re just going to have to squeeze
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.29,0:03:40.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through this protein in the membrane.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.36,0:03:45.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, inside the cell, we find ourselves in this jelly-like material called cytoplasm.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.05,0:03:49.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It surrounds all of these internal cell structures, and you’ll find it inside both prokaryotes
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.83,0:03:51.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and eukaryotes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.76,0:03:55.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now organelles that are floating around in the cytoplasm can have more support than
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.40,0:03:56.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you might think.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.80,0:04:01.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cells contain a cytoskeleton which is a collection of fibers that can provide support for the
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.71,0:04:03.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cell and its organelles.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.08,0:04:06.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The cytoskeleton can even play a major role in cell movement.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.54,0:04:11.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The cytoskeleton actually deserves its own video because it is very complex---and
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.61,0:04:16.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,its organization can vary depending on what kind of cell you’re looking at.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.22,0:04:19.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Moving through this cytoplasm, let’s start with ribosomes.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.46,0:04:24.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are NOT membrane-bound organelles and they are going to be in both prokaryotes and
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.66,0:04:25.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eukaryotes.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.66,0:04:26.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They make protein,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.93,0:04:33.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is really important because that’s what so much of genetic material---DNA codes
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.16,0:04:34.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for---protein.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.32,0:04:37.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ribosomes can be free in the cytoplasm,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.30,0:04:41.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they can be attached to another organelle too, which we’ll talk about a bit later.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.41,0:04:48.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are now going to focus on organelles, the membrane bound. So, we are going to be focussing on organelles that you would find in an
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.34,0:04:50.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eukaryote cell. 
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.34,0:04:54.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This takes our travel to the big boss, the nucleus.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.93,0:04:58.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now in eukaryotes, it holds the genetic material.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.20,0:05:00.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Genetic material as in DNA for example.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.55,0:05:07.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have DNA but if you’re an eukaryote, you have a nucleus to put it in.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.77,0:05:10.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The nucleus controls the cell's activities and
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.76,0:05:16.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inside it, it has a nucleolus, which is where ribosomes can be produced.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.44,0:05:21.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Attached to the membrane of the nucleus or nuclear membrane, you can find the endoplasmic
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.94,0:05:22.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reticulum.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.94,0:05:24.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ER for short.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.96,0:05:29.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It does a lot of processing of molecules for the cell---like protein folding----and it
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.89,0:05:34.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also is highly involved in actually transporting those molecules around.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.34,0:05:35.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like a highway!
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.34,0:05:42.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is rough ER which has ribosomes attached to it, making it---as you can imagine---rough.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.01,0:05:44.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And them smooth ER which doesn’t have the ribosomes.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.72,0:05:50.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rough ER specifically tends to be involved with protein producing and transporting, because
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.87,0:05:53.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,remember that ribosomes make protein.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.92,0:06:00.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Molecules that leave the ER can be sent away in vesicles that actually pinch off of the
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.17,0:06:01.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ER themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.17,0:06:06.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, smooth ER has many additional roles including detoxification, which is one reason why your
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.72,0:06:10.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,liver cells tend to have a lot of smooth ER.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.24,0:06:15.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another additional role of smooth ER is that it can make some types of lipids.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.05,0:06:17.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Next, the Golgi apparatus.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.05,0:06:19.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s the ultimate packaging center.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.91,0:06:24.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can receive items from the transport vesicles that pinched off the ER.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.51,0:06:29.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has enzymes that can modify molecules it may receive and it sorts the materials it
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.43,0:06:30.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,receives as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.76,0:06:35.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can determine where to send those molecules---including some that may eventually be sent to the membrane
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.79,0:06:40.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they can be secreted, which means, items that can sent out of the cell.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.63,0:06:44.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, with all that’s going on in here, you might start to wonder…what’s powering
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.45,0:06:45.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this thing?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.69,0:06:48.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The mighty mitochondria
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.02,0:06:52.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or mitochondrion, if just talking about one.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.10,0:06:53.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are like power plants!
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.27,0:06:58.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The mitochondria make ATP energy in a process called cellular respiration.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.40,0:07:04.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s not a type of power plant that you might think of…it runs on glucose, which
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.17,0:07:10.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a sugar, and needs the presence of oxygen to efficiently make ATP energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.67,0:07:19.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now at this point, we need to mention that eukaryotes are not a one-size-fits-all. Animal cells can have differences from plant cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.60,0:07:22.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have a…fork in the road here.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.80,0:07:28.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, plant cells not only have mitochondria, but they also can have these awesome organelles
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.55,0:07:30.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called chloroplasts.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.62,0:07:37.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chloroplasts actually make glucose by using light energy in a process known as photosynthesis.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.21,0:07:42.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They tend to have a green look to them because they have a pigment that captures light energy
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.52,0:07:44.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and reflects green light.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.99,0:07:49.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, both plant and animal cells can have vacuoles---now vacuoles can have a lot of different functions
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.60,0:07:53.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but many types act as storage of materials.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.51,0:07:59.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Plant cells can have one large vacuole called a central vacuole while animal cells can have
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.46,0:08:01.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,several smaller vacuoles.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.41,0:08:06.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember how we already said that all cells have membranes? They do.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.05,0:08:11.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But plant cells additionally have a cell wall which is a layer that offers additional protection
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.19,0:08:14.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and shape maintenance that animal cells do not.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.31,0:08:19.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hmm now how do we get out of this animal cell that we’ve been in?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.41,0:08:21.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we could get out like a protein would.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.74,0:08:27.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, if we were a protein, we would only be made because of instructions from DNA and
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.46,0:08:31.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,remember that in eukaryotes, DNA is found in the nucleus.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.64,0:08:35.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We would be made by a ribosome.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.66,0:08:38.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ribosomes could be attached to the rough ER.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.22,0:08:43.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the rough ER highway would provide a vesicle to send us to the Golgi apparatus where 
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.68,0:08:44.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sorting can take place.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.84,0:08:51.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And…if we’re tagged for being secreted...we’re sent off through a vesicle from the Golgi to
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.81,0:08:52.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the membrane.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.81,0:08:53.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And…out we go!
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.83,0:09:00.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just keep in mind that in our quick tour, there are still so many more awesome organelles
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.03,0:09:05.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,found in lots of different types of eukaryote cells to continue exploring, so to the Google for
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.86,0:09:06.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more!
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.86,0:09:11.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well that’s it for the Amoeba Sisters and we remind you to stay curious!