[Script Info]
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[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.01,0:00:11.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1905, psychologists \NAlfred Binet and Théodore Simon
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.88,0:00:16.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,designed a test for children \Nwho were struggling in school in France.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.66,0:00:21.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Designed to determine which children\Nrequired individualized attention,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.22,0:00:25.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their method formed \Nthe basis of the IQ test.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.92,0:00:28.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Beginning in the late 19th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.05,0:00:32.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,researchers hypothesized that cognitive\Nabilities like verbal reasoning,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.53,0:00:35.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,working memory, and visual-spatial skills
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.42,0:00:40.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reflected an underlying \Ngeneral intelligence, or g factor.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.70,0:00:45.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Simon and Binet designed a battery of \Ntests to measure each of these abilities
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.95,0:00:49.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and combine the results \Ninto a single score.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.47,0:00:52.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Questions were adjusted \Nfor each age group,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.05,0:00:56.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a child’s score reflected how they \Nperformed relative to others their age.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.87,0:01:02.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dividing someone’s score by their age \Nand multiplying the result by 100
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.15,0:01:06.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yielded the intelligence quotient, or IQ.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.46,0:01:11.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, a score of 100 represents \Nthe average of a sample population,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.51,0:01:16.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with 68% of the population \Nscoring within 15 points of 100.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.84,0:01:20.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Simon and Binet thought the skills \Ntheir test assessed
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.21,0:01:22.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would reflect general intelligence.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.72,0:01:24.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But both then and now,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.53,0:01:29.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there’s no single agreed upon \Ndefinition of general intelligence.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.16,0:01:32.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that left the door open \Nfor people to use the test
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.71,0:01:37.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in service of their own preconceived \Nassumptions about intelligence.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.89,0:01:42.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What started as a way to identify \Nthose who needed academic help
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.12,0:01:46.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quickly became used to sort \Npeople in other ways,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.04,0:01:50.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,often in service of deeply flawed \Nideologies.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.04,0:01:52.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the first large-scale \Nimplementations
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.63,0:01:58.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,occurred in the United States during WWI, \Nwhen the military used an IQ test
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.03,0:02:02.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to sort recruits and screen \Nthem for officer training.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.13,0:02:05.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At that time, many people \Nbelieved in eugenics,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.42,0:02:09.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the idea that desirable \Nand undesirable genetic traits
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.21,0:02:14.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could and should be controlled \Nin humans through selective breeding.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.54,0:02:17.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were many problems \Nwith this line of thinking,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.13,0:02:21.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,among them the idea that intelligence\Nwas not only fixed and inherited,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.20,0:02:24.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also linked to a person’s race.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.21,0:02:26.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Under the influence of eugenics,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.05,0:02:29.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scientists used the results \Nof the military initiative
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.29,0:02:32.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make erroneous claims \Nthat certain racial groups
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.53,0:02:35.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were intellectually superior to others.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.86,0:02:38.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Without taking into account \Nthat many of the recruits tested
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.94,0:02:41.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were new immigrants to the United States
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.36,0:02:45.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who lacked formal education \Nor English language exposure,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.36,0:02:50.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they created an erroneous \Nintelligence hierarchy of ethnic groups.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.17,0:02:55.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The intersection of eugenics and IQ\Ntesting influenced not only science,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.29,0:02:57.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but policy as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.61,0:03:01.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1924, the state of Virginia \Ncreated policy
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.40,0:03:06.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,allowing for the forced sterilization \Nof people with low IQ scores—
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.75,0:03:11.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a decision the United States \NSupreme Court upheld.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.01,0:03:15.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Nazi Germany, the government \Nauthorized the murder of children
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.01,0:03:17.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,based on low IQ.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.03,0:03:20.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Following the Holocaust \Nand the Civil Rights Movement,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.07,0:03:22.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the discriminatory uses of IQ tests
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.80,0:03:26.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were challenged on both \Nmoral and scientific grounds.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.55,0:03:31.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientists began to gather evidence \Nof environmental impacts on IQ.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.61,0:03:37.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, as IQ tests were periodically\Nrecalibrated over the 20th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.21,0:03:41.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,new generations scored consistently\Nhigher on old tests
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.66,0:03:43.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than each previous generation.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.83,0:03:46.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This phenomenon, \Nknown as the Flynn Effect,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.39,0:03:51.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,happened much too fast to be caused \Nby inherited evolutionary traits.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.47,0:03:54.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, the cause was likely \Nenvironmental—
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.67,0:03:59.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,improved education, \Nbetter healthcare, and better nutrition.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.50,0:04:01.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the mid-twentieth century,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.02,0:04:04.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,psychologists also attempted \Nto use IQ tests
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.41,0:04:07.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to evaluate things other than \Ngeneral intelligence,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.50,0:04:13.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,particularly schizophrenia, depression,\Nand other psychiatric conditions.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.10,0:04:17.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These diagnoses relied in part on \Nthe clinical judgment of the evaluators,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.88,0:04:22.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and used a subset of the tests \Nused to determine IQ—
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.10,0:04:27.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a practice later research found does \Nnot yield clinically useful information.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.59,0:04:32.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, IQ tests employ many similar\Ndesign elements and types of questions
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.97,0:04:34.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the early tests,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.64,0:04:38.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,though we have better techniques for\Nidentifying potential bias in the test.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.86,0:04:42.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They’re no longer used to diagnose\Npsychiatric conditions.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.80,0:04:46.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But a similarly problematic practice \Nusing subtest scores
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.95,0:04:50.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is still sometimes used to diagnose\Nlearning disabilities,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.97,0:04:53.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,against the advice of many experts.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.87,0:04:57.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Psychologists around the world \Nstill use IQ tests
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.33,0:04:59.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to identify intellectual disability,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.79,0:05:01.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the results can be used \Nto determine
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.88,0:05:06.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,appropriate educational support,\Njob training, and assisted living.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.83,0:05:11.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,IQ test results have been used \Nto justify horrific policies
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.50,0:05:14.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and scientifically baseless ideologies.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.68,0:05:17.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That doesn’t mean the test itself \Nis worthless—
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.78,0:05:22.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in fact, it does a good job of measuring\Nthe reasoning and problem-solving skills
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.34,0:05:23.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it sets out to.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.76,0:05:28.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that isn’t the same thing \Nas measuring a person’s potential.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.45,0:05:32.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Though there are many complicated\Npolitical, historical, scientific,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.45,0:05:36.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and cultural issues wrapped up \Nin IQ testing,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.07,0:05:38.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more and more researchers \Nagree on this point,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.92,0:05:42.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and reject the notion that individuals\Ncan be categorized
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.62,0:05:44.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by a single numerical score.