[Script Info]
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[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1905, psychologists Alfred Binet and\NThéodore Simon
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,designed a test for children who were \Nstruggling in school in France.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Designed to determine which children\Nrequired individualized attention,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their method formed the basis\Nof the IQ test.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Beginning in the late 19th century,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,researchers hypothesized that cognitive\Nabilities like verbal reasoning,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,working memory, and visual-spatial skills
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reflected an underlying general \Nintelligence, or g factor.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Simon and Binet designed a battery of \Ntests to measure each of these abilities
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and combine the results \Ninto a single score.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Questions were adjusted for each \Nage group,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a child’s score reflected how they \Nperformed relative to others their age.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dividing someone’s score by their age \Nand multiplying the result by 100
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yielded the intelligence quotient, or IQ.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, a score of 100 represents \Nthe average of a sample population,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with 68% of the population \Nscoring within 15 points of 100.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Simon and Binet thought the skills \Ntheir test assessed
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would reflect general intelligence.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But both then and now,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there’s no single agreed upon \Ndefinition of general intelligence.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that left the door open for people\Nto use the test
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in service of their own preconceived \Nassumptions about intelligence.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What started as a way to identify those\Nwho needed academic help quickly
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,became used to sort people in other ways,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,often in service of deeply flawed ideologies.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the first large-scale \Nimplementations
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,occurred in the United States during WWI, \Nwhen the military used an IQ test
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to sort recruits and screen them \Nfor officer training.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At that time, many people \Nbelieved in eugenics,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the idea that desirable and \Nundesirable genetic traits
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could and should be controlled in \Nhumans through selective breeding.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were many problems with \Nthis line of thinking,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,among them the idea that intelligence\Nwas not only fixed and inherited,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also linked to a person’s race.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Under the influence of eugenics,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scientists used the results of the\Nmilitary initiative
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make erroneous claims that certain\Nracial groups
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were intellectually superior to others.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Without taking into account that \Nmany of the recruits tested
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were new immigrants to the United States
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who lacked formal education \Nor English language exposure,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they created an erroneous \Nintelligence hierarchy of ethnic groups.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The intersection of Eugenics and IQ\Ntesting influenced not only science,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but policy as well.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1924, the state of Virginia created \Npolicy
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,allowing for the forced sterilization of \Npeople with low IQ scores—
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a decision the United States \Nsupreme court upheld.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Nazi Germany, the government \Nauthorized the murder of children
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,based on low IQ.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Following the Holocaust and the \Ncivil rights movement,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the discriminatory uses of IQ tests were\Nchallenged
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on both moral and scientific grounds.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientists began to gather evidence \Nof environmental impacts on IQ.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, as IQ tests were periodically\Nrecalibrated over the 20th century,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,new generations scored consistently\Nhigher on old tests
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than each previous generation.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This phenomenon, known \Nas the Flynn Effect,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,happened much too fast to be caused \Nby inherited evolutionary traits.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, the cause was likely \Nenvironmental –
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,improved education, better \Nhealthcare, and better nutrition.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the mid-twentieth century,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,psychologists also attempted to use \NIQ tests
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to evaluate things other than \Ngeneral intelligence,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,particularly schizophrenia, depression,\Nand other psychiatric conditions.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These diagnoses relied in part on the\Nclinical judgment of the evaluators,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and used a subset of the tests used \Nto determine IQ––
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a practice later research found does \Nnot yield clinically useful information.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, IQ tests employ many similar\Ndesign elements and types of questions
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the early tests,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,though we have better techniques for\Nidentifying potential bias in the test.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They’re no longer used to diagnose\Npsychiatric conditions.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But a similarly problematic practice \Nusing subtest scores
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is still sometimes used to diagnose\Nlearning disabilities,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,against the advice of many experts.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Psychologists around the world \Nstill use IQ tests
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to identify intellectual disability,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the results can be used to \Ndetermine appropriate educational support,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,job training, and assisted living.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,IQ test results have been used \Nto justify horrific policies
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and scientifically baseless ideologies.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That doesn’t mean the test itself \Nis worthless—
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in fact, it does a good job of measuring\Nthe reasoning and problem-solving skills
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it sets out to.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that isn’t the same thing as\Nmeasuring a person’s potential.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Though there are many complicated\Npolitical, historical, scientific,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and cultural issues wrapped up \Nin IQ testing,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more and more researchers \Nagree on this point,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and reject the notion that individuals\Ncan be categorized
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by a single numerical score.