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(English captions by Trisha Paul, University of Michigan.)

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In this section, we shall look at the policy
framework for disaster management with a perspective

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of Eastern Africa.

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In the first part, we shall look at the frameworks
for disaster risk reduction.

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Risk reduction emphasizes management of disaster
risk.

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It is the systematic development and application
of policies, strategies and practices to minimize

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vulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout
a society, and to avoid (prevent) or to

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limit (mitigate and prepare) for adverse
impacts of disasters, within the broad context

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of sustainable development.

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Risk reduction is a mechanism to reduce vulnerability.

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It is a multi-sectoral and inter-institutional
process.

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It requires synergies between sustainable
development and risk reduction.

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Examples include vulnerability and risk assessment,
institutional capacities and operational abilities.

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Assessment of differential vulnerability for
critical facilities, infrastructure, use of

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effective early warning systems, and the application
of many different types of scientific, technical,

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and other skilled abilities.

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In many countries, disaster risk reduction
has not been prioritised in disaster management

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but there is a current shift in paradigm.

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Key instruments for disaster risk reduction
include the national development policy, the

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poverty reduction strategy papers, programs
for implementation of Millennium Development

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Goals (MDGs), and UN-country instruments including
country cooperation frameworks and United

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Nations development assistance frameworks.

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Disaster risk reduction (DRR) is an all-encompassing
entity that involves all sectors at national

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level.

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The national plans should therefore be the
driving force of disaster risk reduction.

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They provide an overall development framework
for implementing a national vision, they identify

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national development concerns, and they should
define development goals and opportunities,

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and bring together all sectoral plans under
a single framework for disaster risk reduction.

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Poverty reduction strategies are essential
in disaster risk reduction, and they should

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be articulated in a number of documents in
countries.

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They include national development policy plans.

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In some countries there are annual economic
and social plans.

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The national budget is also important.

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Public sector investment programs and poverty
reduction strategy papers.

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There are also regional frameworks for disaster
risk reduction including the African Union

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framework for disaster response, the Inter-governmental
Agency for Development early warning framework

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(IGAD), the East African Community Early
Warning Mechanism, the Great Lakes Framework

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for Disaster Response, and the Regional Disaster
Management Centre of Excellence.

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These are frameworks that you should learn
and try to find out the key provisions of

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these frameworks.

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There are also international frameworks for
disaster risk reduction, the key being the

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Hyogo Framework for Action (2005-2015) which
aims to build resilience of communities and nations

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to disasters.

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The SPHERE standards are instruments for ensuring
quality of response.

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The International Strategy for Disaster Reduction
and the UN under the UNDP has a number of

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instruments that provide for Disaster Risk
Reduction.

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Strategic goals of the Hyogo framework include
effective integration of disaster risk reduction

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into national policies, plans and programming
at all levels, strengthening of institutions

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and capacities at all levels, and systematic
incorporation of risk reduction into the design

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and implementation of emergency response and
recovery plans.

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In the second part of this presentation, we
shall look at the framework for disaster response

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and coordination.

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Most countries in the region have national
policies or mechanisms for disaster management.

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How is coordination of disasters implemented
in your country and in your district in particular?

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Elements of the post disaster phase include
response, that is decision and actions taken

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during and after disaster, and they include
immediate relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction.

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The framework should contain objectives and goals 
of the response, framework for coordination, logistics and

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supply management, communication and information management,
survivor response mechanisms, security and

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human rights, emphasis on most vulnerable populations, 
emergency operations management, and then

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rehabilitation and reconstruction

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Institutional frameworks for disaster response
should exist at the national level, regional and provincial

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level, district and sub-district levels.

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On the national level, all countries have
a central coordinating office. Some key sector

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ministries have a coordinating structure for
disaster management in line with their sector

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mandate.

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Usually the coordinating body is an inter-ministerial
committee or task force for disasters that

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cut across sectors.

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On the national level, the usual structure
is the Office of the Prime Minister or the

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Sector Ministries, or Office of the President
and Line Ministries.

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At the districts, there is usually a District
Disaster Management Committee.

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On the sub-district level, there are sub-district
disaster management committees or these have

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not yet been set up in many countries.

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Ministries and sectors in the response.

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Sectoral policies on disaster response may
be sourced from, health ministries, agriculture/animal

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sector ministries, education, roads, water,
housing, home and internal affairs, and the defense

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ministries.

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There may be sub-national by-laws in relation
to decentralisation and the management of

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disasters in districts.

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Responsibilities at the national level, the
structure should be responsible for overall

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policy formulation and national guidance,
planning, coordination, resource mobilisation,

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technical support, hazards mapping, reporting,
and research.

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In regions, zones, provinces, and districts,
disaster management committees are necessary.

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There could be regional and provincial level
structures.

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The informal sector may also be involved as
well as the public sector, and in these we

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have specific teams.

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The roles of the districts include assessment,
planning, implementation, resource mobilization,

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and information gathering.

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Roles of sub-district levels include the need for 
availability of village and community structures.

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These are the usual first responders, and
they take charge of the local response.

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They should be in charge of creating local
awareness and community surveillance.

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Other actors include UN Agencies, International
Agencies and NGOs (non-governmental organisations),

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Faith-based organizations, Community Based 
Organisations in a single society.

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Coordination is an important cross-cutting
element of disaster management.

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There is need to create a central source of
guidance, a unit of command.

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Establish clear leadership and create coordinating
bodies that are related to the command structure.

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Why coordinate?

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Avoid duplication.

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Avoiding wastage of resources.

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The rationale is that there are many actors
involved in service provision during emergencies

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and there is a potential for confusion, 
competition, and duplication.

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The goal is to achieve greatest impact through
management and integration of activities and

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ensure that priorities are shared and to rationalize
services by establishing common standards

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among all actors and to ensure communication
occurs amongst stakeholders.

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All actors should work in harmony with the
established policy framework.

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Disasters are political.

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Policy emphasizes the role of government,
the role of the executive, and the role of

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local agencies.

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Challenges.

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Do you know any challenges likely to affect
coordination of disaster management, especially

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at the district level?

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Challenges of coordination include multiplicity
of actors, divergent views and policies, divergent

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interests, linkages, and resources.