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(English captions by Trisha Paul, University of Michigan.)

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In this section, we shall look at the policy[br]framework for disaster management with a perspective

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of Eastern Africa.

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In the first part, we shall look at the frameworks[br]for disaster risk reduction.

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Risk reduction emphasizes management of disaster[br]risk.

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It is the systematic development and application[br]of policies, strategies and practices to minimize

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vulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout[br]a society, and to avoid (prevent) or to

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limit (mitigate and prepare) for adverse[br]impacts of disasters, within the broad context

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of sustainable development.

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Risk reduction is a mechanism to reduce vulnerability.

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It is a multi-sectoral and inter-institutional[br]process.

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It requires synergies between sustainable[br]development and risk reduction.

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Examples include vulnerability and risk assessment,[br]institutional capacities and operational abilities.

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Assessment of differential vulnerability for[br]critical facilities, infrastructure, use of

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effective early warning systems, and the application[br]of many different types of scientific, technical,

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and other skilled abilities.

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In many countries, disaster risk reduction[br]has not been prioritised in disaster management

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but there is a current shift in paradigm.

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Key instruments for disaster risk reduction[br]include the national development policy, the

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poverty reduction strategy papers, programs[br]for implementation of Millennium Development

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Goals (MDGs), and UN-country instruments including[br]country cooperation frameworks and United

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Nations development assistance frameworks.

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Disaster risk reduction (DRR) is an all-encompassing[br]entity that involves all sectors at national

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level.

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The national plans should therefore be the[br]driving force of disaster risk reduction.

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They provide an overall development framework[br]for implementing a national vision, they identify

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national development concerns, and they should[br]define development goals and opportunities,

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and bring together all sectoral plans under[br]a single framework for disaster risk reduction.

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Poverty reduction strategies are essential[br]in disaster risk reduction, and they should

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be articulated in a number of documents in[br]countries.

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They include national development policy plans.

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In some countries there are annual economic[br]and social plans.

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The national budget is also important.

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Public sector investment programs and poverty[br]reduction strategy papers.

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There are also regional frameworks for disaster[br]risk reduction including the African Union

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framework for disaster response, the Inter-governmental[br]Agency for Development early warning framework

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(IGAD), the East African Community Early[br]Warning Mechanism, the Great Lakes Framework

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for Disaster Response, and the Regional Disaster[br]Management Centre of Excellence.

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These are frameworks that you should learn[br]and try to find out the key provisions of

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these frameworks.

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There are also international frameworks for[br]disaster risk reduction, the key being the

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Hyogo Framework for Action (2005-2015) which[br]aims to build resilience of communities and nations

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to disasters.

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The SPHERE standards are instruments for ensuring[br]quality of response.

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The International Strategy for Disaster Reduction[br]and the UN under the UNDP has a number of

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instruments that provide for Disaster Risk[br]Reduction.

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Strategic goals of the Hyogo framework include[br]effective integration of disaster risk reduction

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into national policies, plans and programming[br]at all levels, strengthening of institutions

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and capacities at all levels, and systematic[br]incorporation of risk reduction into the design

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and implementation of emergency response and[br]recovery plans.

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In the second part of this presentation, we[br]shall look at the framework for disaster response

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and coordination.

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Most countries in the region have national[br]policies or mechanisms for disaster management.

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How is coordination of disasters implemented[br]in your country and in your district in particular?

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Elements of the post disaster phase include[br]response, that is decision and actions taken

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during and after disaster, and they include[br]immediate relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction.

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The framework should contain objectives and goals [br]of the response, framework for coordination, logistics and

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supply management, communication and information management,[br]survivor response mechanisms, security and

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human rights, emphasis on most vulnerable populations, [br]emergency operations management, and then

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rehabilitation and reconstruction

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Institutional frameworks for disaster response[br]should exist at the national level, regional and provincial

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level, district and sub-district levels.

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On the national level, all countries have[br]a central coordinating office. Some key sector

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ministries have a coordinating structure for[br]disaster management in line with their sector

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mandate.

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Usually the coordinating body is an inter-ministerial[br]committee or task force for disasters that

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cut across sectors.

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On the national level, the usual structure[br]is the Office of the Prime Minister or the

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Sector Ministries, or Office of the President[br]and Line Ministries.

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At the districts, there is usually a District[br]Disaster Management Committee.

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On the sub-district level, there are sub-district[br]disaster management committees or these have

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not yet been set up in many countries.

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Ministries and sectors in the response.

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Sectoral policies on disaster response may[br]be sourced from, health ministries, agriculture/animal

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sector ministries, education, roads, water,[br]housing, home and internal affairs, and the defense

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ministries.

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There may be sub-national by-laws in relation[br]to decentralisation and the management of

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disasters in districts.

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Responsibilities at the national level, the[br]structure should be responsible for overall

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policy formulation and national guidance,[br]planning, coordination, resource mobilisation,

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technical support, hazards mapping, reporting,[br]and research.

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In regions, zones, provinces, and districts,[br]disaster management committees are necessary.

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There could be regional and provincial level[br]structures.

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The informal sector may also be involved as[br]well as the public sector, and in these we

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have specific teams.

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The roles of the districts include assessment,[br]planning, implementation, resource mobilization,

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and information gathering.

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Roles of sub-district levels include the need for [br]availability of village and community structures.

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These are the usual first responders, and[br]they take charge of the local response.

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They should be in charge of creating local[br]awareness and community surveillance.

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Other actors include UN Agencies, International[br]Agencies and NGOs (non-governmental organisations),

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Faith-based organizations, Community Based [br]Organisations in a single society.

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Coordination is an important cross-cutting[br]element of disaster management.

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There is need to create a central source of[br]guidance, a unit of command.

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Establish clear leadership and create coordinating[br]bodies that are related to the command structure.

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Why coordinate?

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Avoid duplication.

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Avoiding wastage of resources.

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The rationale is that there are many actors[br]involved in service provision during emergencies

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and there is a potential for confusion, [br]competition, and duplication.

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The goal is to achieve greatest impact through[br]management and integration of activities and

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ensure that priorities are shared and to rationalize[br]services by establishing common standards

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among all actors and to ensure communication[br]occurs amongst stakeholders.

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All actors should work in harmony with the[br]established policy framework.

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Disasters are political.

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Policy emphasizes the role of government,[br]the role of the executive, and the role of

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local agencies.

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Challenges.

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Do you know any challenges likely to affect[br]coordination of disaster management, especially

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at the district level?

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Challenges of coordination include multiplicity[br]of actors, divergent views and policies, divergent

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interests, linkages, and resources.