[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.88,0:00:13.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A student walked into my office one day
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.82,0:00:17.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and said he'd like to talk to me\Nabout an undergraduate research project
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.21,0:00:19.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I said, "Sure, \Nwhat are you thinking about?"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.69,0:00:24.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he said, "Well, there's been so much\Nresearch done on bottlenose dolphins
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.75,0:00:29.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we now know they meet\Nthe universal definition of persons."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.48,0:00:33.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I said, "Keep talking."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.51,0:00:35.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I didn't even realize\Nuntil that moment,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.82,0:00:40.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I had never thought of persons\Nas anything but humans,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.28,0:00:42.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just like, you know, interchangeably.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.98,0:00:46.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The implications though,\Nif dolphins are persons,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.57,0:00:49.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that they have moral standing,\Nand what that means,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.68,0:00:52.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from an environmental policy \Nand management perspective,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.39,0:00:56.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we wouldn't be managing\Npopulations of dolphins,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.06,0:01:00.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they would actually,\Nindividually have rights.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.02,0:01:04.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In that project we looked at which rights,\Nin the Bill of Rights,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.49,0:01:06.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the Universal Declaration\Nof Human Rights,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.50,0:01:09.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would be extended to dolphins.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.42,0:01:13.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or we would actually, really, recognize \Nthat they already have those rights.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.96,0:01:17.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm not going to talk\Nabout that project tonight specifically.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.34,0:01:22.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is a person now?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.56,0:01:25.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Philosophers have \Nlots of ideas about this,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.83,0:01:29.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's rough consensus, discussed\Nby Thomas White in his book,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.56,0:01:31.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'In Defense of Dolphins',
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.67,0:01:33.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around eight criteria.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.61,0:01:44.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A person is alive, aware,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.85,0:01:48.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,feels positive and negative sensations,\Nand has emotions.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.29,0:01:53.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A person also has a sense of self,\Ncontrols its own behavior,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.65,0:01:57.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,recognizes other persons\Nand treats them appropriately,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.49,0:02:00.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and has a variety of sophisticated\Ncognitive abilities:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.09,0:02:02.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,problem-solving, abstract thought, etc.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.79,0:02:05.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not going to make the case\Nthat dolphins are persons tonight.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.87,0:02:08.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm just going to tell you some stories.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.43,0:02:11.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also because\Nmany definitions of personhood
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.51,0:02:14.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have a big weakness, that has to do\Nwith verbal communication,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.77,0:02:16.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I think is kind of funny,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.39,0:02:19.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the language spoken\Nby more organisms
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.15,0:02:21.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than any other language on Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.13,0:02:23.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is actually bioluminescence.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.52,0:02:26.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So our use of language \Nand communication are pretty limited.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.51,0:02:32.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Several years ago there was a man,\Nhe was at an aquarium,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.93,0:02:35.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he was looking through the window
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.71,0:02:38.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at this baby dolphin\Non the other side of the glass.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.16,0:02:39.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he was smoking a cigarette,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.64,0:02:41.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it was several years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.22,0:02:44.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He took a drag off his cigarette,\Nand he blew it toward the baby dolphin,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.65,0:02:46.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it spread out on the glass.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.18,0:02:49.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the baby dolphin\Nswam away to its mother,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.98,0:02:53.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and got a mouthful milk,\Nand swam back and faced him,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.65,0:02:57.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and squirted the milk out,\Nyeah, yeah.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.01,0:03:02.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where is that in the list?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.27,0:03:06.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, abstract thought,\Nmaterial substitution ability?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.78,0:03:08.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pretty impressive.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.40,0:03:10.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another story,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.54,0:03:13.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's a diver, who's diving \Ndown at about 60 feet.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.22,0:03:15.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was on the bottom doing something,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.10,0:03:16.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and three dolphins swam up to him:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.78,0:03:19.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two adults and a baby in between them.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.38,0:03:21.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they swam right up to him
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.45,0:03:33.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was wrapped around its fin\Nand was cutting into it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.06,0:03:24.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the adults held the baby down\Non the bottom in front of him.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.52,0:03:29.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the baby dolphin had a hook\Nin front of its tail, and the fishing line
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.13,0:03:35.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they held this dolphin down\Nin front of this human.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.71,0:03:38.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the guy took out his knife\Nand he cut the lines
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.71,0:03:40.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and unwrapped the fishing line.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.73,0:03:42.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he tried to pull the hook out
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.89,0:03:45.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it was too embedded\Nfor him to pull out,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.65,0:03:47.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the dolphins were still\Nholding that thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.86,0:03:49.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so he cut it out\Nwith his knife,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.81,0:03:53.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which, without question,\Nwas quite painful for the baby dolphin.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.35,0:03:55.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But he got it all cleaned up.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.04,0:03:57.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So one adult and the baby swam off,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.34,0:04:00.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the other adult \Nswam right up to his mask,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.70,0:04:02.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and put his snout\Nright into his face,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.53,0:04:04.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is normally aggression,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.12,0:04:06.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but he said it was clearly\Nnot an aggressive move at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.96,0:04:08.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that dolphin --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.50,0:04:11.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they just they just looked\Ninto each other's eyes
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.15,0:04:14.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a long time, and then \Nthe dolphin swam away.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.96,0:04:21.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dolphins see with their eyes,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.67,0:04:24.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they really experience the world\Nthrough sonar.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.84,0:04:28.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if a dolphin\Nis in front of us underwater,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.27,0:04:31.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would be able to see and tell\Nall the differences in density,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.51,0:04:34.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it would be able to see\Nall of our organs, individually.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.68,0:04:38.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can tell differences in thickness\Ndown to a millimeter,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.05,0:04:39.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or probably less.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.50,0:04:42.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's as far as we can figure out\Nwhat they can tell.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.03,0:04:44.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It would see our blood flowing,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.19,0:04:46.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would see all kinds of activity.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.23,0:04:48.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dolphins can tell\Nwhen humans are pregnant,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.24,0:04:50.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's like, "Yep, that's in there.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.19,0:04:52.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know what that's about, you know."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.24,0:04:55.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's actually a case where a dolphin\Nindicated a woman was pregnant
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.53,0:04:57.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before she knew she was pregnant.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.25,0:05:02.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they see with sonar,\Nwhich raises lots of questions.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.45,0:05:06.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm sure that dolphin was doing\Nall kinds of sonar stuff with the human
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.65,0:05:09.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we don't have\Nsensory equipment for that.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.63,0:05:12.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can they lie?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.43,0:05:17.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When humans lie, our palms sweat,\Nour heart rate changes, and things.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.19,0:05:19.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dolphins could see all of that happening,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.22,0:05:21.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they can see it happening\Nin each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.28,0:05:25.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So unless they could lie\Nwith no physiological change,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.05,0:05:27.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it might be that they can't,\Nor don't lie.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.55,0:05:29.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or maybe they do,\Nbut it's interesting to think
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.99,0:05:32.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what would a society be like,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.32,0:05:38.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if lying weren't possible,\Nand had never been possible?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.96,0:05:41.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wow!
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.79,0:05:44.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't think we'd actually have\Nthe climate crisis,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.23,0:05:46.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a lot of other things.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.96,0:05:52.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A woman researcher,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.01,0:05:55.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she swam with dolphins a lot,\Nworked with them.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.08,0:05:58.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was a storm,\Nher boat turned over,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.21,0:06:00.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was a plastic bag\Nwith a bunch of tools in it,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.74,0:06:02.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that fell down to the bottom\Nand was lost.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.70,0:06:04.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After the storm, she's down at the beach,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.70,0:06:07.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she's going out for a swim,\Nthere's a dolphin there waiting,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.51,0:06:09.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as was often the case,\Nto go swimming with her,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.74,0:06:12.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the dolphin takes her out to a spot,\Nand dives down,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.76,0:06:14.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and brings up her toolkit in its mouth.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.33,0:06:18.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And hands it too her. \NYou know? No! (Laughter).
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.24,0:06:20.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So she takes the toolkit,\Nand then the dolphin swam away.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.92,0:06:23.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, that was its purpose,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.07,0:06:25.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like, "I'm going to get your stuff,\Ncome on, let's go."
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.67,0:06:26.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.12,0:06:28.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are also artists.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.89,0:06:30.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dolphins blow bubble rings.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.41,0:06:32.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I couldn't find a non copyrighted picture.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.43,0:06:35.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But go online and search\Non that, dolphins' bubble rings.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.10,0:06:37.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they blow rings,\Nthey look like doughnuts,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.69,0:06:40.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they can change them\Ninto all kinds of shapes,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.02,0:06:42.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they like to swim through them\Nand be creative
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.17,0:06:44.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and do multiple bubble rings.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.81,0:06:47.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they also express frustration,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.00,0:06:50.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If the bubble rings\Naren't doing what they want,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.28,0:06:52.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they slap them with their tails,\Nand, you know,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.66,0:06:55.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exhibit feelings,\Nlike it seems that they're frustrated.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.31,0:06:57.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe not.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.58,0:07:01.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dolphin brains are very different\Nfrom our brains,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.36,0:07:04.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they are larger,\Nand what makes them larger
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.38,0:07:07.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that they have more brain material
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.28,0:07:10.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the area of the brain\Nthat is devoted to higher functions.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.36,0:07:14.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dolphins also have more grey matter\Nthan humans,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.90,0:07:18.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and their grey matter has more folds in it\Nthan humans' grey matter.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.56,0:07:22.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At first, when I heard about this,\NI thought,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.74,0:07:24.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"You know,\Nother things would be persons too,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.91,0:07:26.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like elephants, dogs,\Nand this and that."
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.93,0:07:29.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then, after these details, I thought,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.12,0:07:32.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Oh, actually, dolphins have the second\Nmost complex brain on the planet,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.72,0:07:34.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's no close third."
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.31,0:07:37.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their brains are way more complex\Nthan great apes,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.64,0:07:39.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're much closer to us
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.41,0:07:42.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a lot of different ways\Nof measuring intelligence and things.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.27,0:07:46.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They also have the emotional centers\Nof their brains more integrated
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.07,0:07:49.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with their motor and sensory perception,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.49,0:07:52.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also their higher functioning parts\Nof their brains
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.74,0:07:54.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we would be doing reasoning.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.52,0:07:56.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, as opposed to us,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.01,0:07:58.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where our emotional center\Nis more isolated,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.24,0:08:02.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in dolphins it's pretty integrated,\Nthey are touching along a lot of surface.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.95,0:08:04.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it might be possible
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.86,0:08:09.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that dolphins can't be out of touch\Nwith their emotions.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.36,0:08:12.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they clearly have emotions,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.21,0:08:13.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they clearly grieve,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.76,0:08:15.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they clearly experience joy,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.54,0:08:17.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or whatever they call it, joy.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.50,0:08:20.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So my student said to me,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.25,0:08:22.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"By dolphin standards,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.59,0:08:25.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,humans might be autistic."
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.50,0:08:27.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.92,0:08:30.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know, it's kind of funny,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.36,0:08:32.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this is very meaningful too,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.40,0:08:34.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because he grew up\Nwith an autistic brother,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.51,0:08:36.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so he knew what he was talking about.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.28,0:08:38.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was like, "We're probably autistic,"\N
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.15,0:08:40.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I said, "Oh my gosh,\Nwe're autistic compared to dogs,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.83,0:08:43.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're autistic compared to,\Nyou know, you've got a long list."
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.76,0:08:47.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are all kinds of cetaceans,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.51,0:08:52.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's not just dolphins,\Nthat we find amazing relationships.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.07,0:08:57.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was a humpback whale,\Nso 40-50 feet long, a humpback whale.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.20,0:08:59.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Up the coast of San Francisco,\Nin 2005,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.64,0:09:02.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this was the very first successful time
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.82,0:09:06.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we ever unwrapped a humpback whale\Nthat was trapped in all kinds of ropes.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.10,0:09:10.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it had crab pot ropes all over,\Nit had twenty of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.74,0:09:14.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are about 240 feet long,\Nthey have weights every 60 feet,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.46,0:09:19.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and several of them\Nhad 90-pound crab pots still on them.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.41,0:09:23.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there was one wrapped\Nmultiple times around its tail,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.95,0:09:26.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was one in its mouth, all over it.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.68,0:09:29.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was in very bad shape,\Nand a call went in,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.90,0:09:33.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some highly experienced divers \Nwent out, and risked their lives,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.92,0:09:37.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because one swish of a humpback's tail\Ncould easily kill a diver.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.63,0:09:40.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The whale stayed still,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.47,0:09:44.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it had little trouble staying up\Nbecause of the weights connected to it,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.35,0:09:46.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while they carefully, with curved knives,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.46,0:09:48.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the ropes were cutting\Ninto its blubber,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.72,0:09:52.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with curved knives they cut\Nall of the ropes away.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.96,0:09:55.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the whale,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.63,0:09:59.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it realized it was free,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.56,0:10:03.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it swam all over the place, and they said\Nit looked like it was frolicking,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.74,0:10:07.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then they had this vibration\Ngoing on in the water, the whole time,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.75,0:10:09.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they could feel.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.09,0:10:13.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then the humpback whale,\Nthis is a 50 ton animal,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.42,0:10:18.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,went up to every single diver,\Nindividually, and nuzzled them,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.45,0:10:20.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then swam away.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.02,0:10:34.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're in this intimate\Nrelationship with them,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.35,0:10:36.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of course we already live together,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.33,0:10:38.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we're being like \Nreally bad roommates.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.35,0:10:39.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're being like roommates that
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.95,0:10:42.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,threw all of our garbage\Nin our roommates' bedroom,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.37,0:10:44.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we ate all their food,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.74,0:10:46.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and their parents came over\Nand we killed them,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.95,0:10:48.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we ate them!
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.55,0:10:50.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.55,0:10:52.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is the truth.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.51,0:10:55.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we figure out,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.04,0:10:57.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Wow, oh my gosh, this roommates\Nare actually really cool,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.78,0:11:00.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wonderful individuals,\NI'd like to get to know them.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.44,0:11:02.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've been treating them so badly,\Nthis is terrible."
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.88,0:11:05.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we have a great opportunity
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.17,0:11:09.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to expand our relationships,\Nwhich is wonderful.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.15,0:11:12.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's not wonderful is that
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.43,0:11:18.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scientists predict\Nthat we're going to lose
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.47,0:11:22.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most of the dolphins to extinction,\Nforever, by 2100.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.96,0:11:29.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that is not acceptable to me.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.38,0:11:30.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can I get a witness?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.82,0:11:33.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.56,0:11:35.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah, that is not acceptable.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.25,0:11:36.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The extinction crisis,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.64,0:11:39.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the numbers we're on track for,\Nright now, for all life on Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.72,0:11:43.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is somewhere between 25 and 50%\Nbecoming extinct by 2100.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.70,0:11:48.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Somewhere between 25 and 50%\Nbecoming extinct by 2100.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.34,0:11:51.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Usually this is where people\Nwant to turn off their minds,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.12,0:11:53.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like, "That hurt,\Nmaybe I didn't hear that right",
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.54,0:11:55.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or it bounces off\Nbecause it's such a high number.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.90,0:11:58.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we have to look at this,\Neven though it hurts.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.24,0:12:00.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think a bit like,\Nif I went into an emergency room,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.74,0:12:03.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or somebody goes into an emergency room\Nand they're hurt, badly,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.80,0:12:06.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the doctors are like,\N'Wow! I don't want to look at that,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.68,0:12:08.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,oh man, that's gonna be bad!
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.62,0:12:10.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When do I get off?"
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.85,0:12:13.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know we've got to go,\N"Okay, what's the situation?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.79,0:12:15.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And how are we going to handle it?"
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.65,0:12:16.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah! Yeah! Yeah!
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.20,0:12:21.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the cool thing\Nabout the extinction crisis,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.45,0:12:24.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we all go, or nobody goes.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.60,0:12:32.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can't save dolphins without saving\Nmillions of other species in the process.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.92,0:12:34.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which is fantastic.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.42,0:12:37.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we all go, or nobody goes.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.08,0:12:39.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The challenge right now,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.100,0:12:42.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the late Thomas Perry said,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.19,0:12:44.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"What we have to do is the great work."
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.57,0:12:49.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I say, "What we have to do\Nis restore World Garden.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.00,0:12:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what I call it.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.00,0:12:52.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have to restore world garden.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.89,0:12:55.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.59,0:12:58.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah!
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.79,0:13:01.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's a big get to.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.46,0:13:04.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what I want to talk about are --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.98,0:13:08.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all my degrees are \NEnvironmental Sciences degrees.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.81,0:13:10.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was actually a tree hugger as a child,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.82,0:13:12.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I didn't even know\Nthere was a term for that,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.92,0:13:14.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I was hugging trees as a child.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.78,0:13:16.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Really!
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.33,0:13:20.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was eating dirt, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.08,0:13:28.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'm going to give you four big ideas,\Nthat are things that we need to do
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.44,0:13:32.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we're going to restore World Garden.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.44,0:13:37.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first one is the hardest,\Nbut it's not optional.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.91,0:13:40.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's not it.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.09,0:13:43.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Am I pushing the wrong button?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.28,0:13:44.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, there it is.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.52,0:13:46.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Uh, you cannot even tell what that is.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.36,0:13:48.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is a really bad image of a plan
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.16,0:13:51.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the Fish and Wildlife folks\Nup in Vermont,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.40,0:13:55.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but what we need to do\Nis reconnect our habitats.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.08,0:13:58.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have fragmented our habitats,\Nand that's one of the major reasons
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.54,0:14:00.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the extinction crisis.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.56,0:14:04.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what we've created on terrestrial \NEarth, is a bunch of islands,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.28,0:14:05.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they are isolated.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.92,0:14:08.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, if you imagine a Persian carpet,\Na large Persian carpet,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.81,0:14:11.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's got a beautiful,\Ncomplex design on it,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.78,0:14:13.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and every part of that carpet
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.57,0:14:15.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is connected to every other part\Nof that carpet
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.89,0:14:19.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through the warp and the weft,\Nin a series of complex relationships,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.11,0:14:21.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a good metaphor for an ecosystem.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.58,0:14:22.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we cut that up,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.97,0:14:24.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,paved over some of it,\Nburned some of it
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.94,0:14:27.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thrown it away, whatever,\Nplanted rice on it,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.25,0:14:29.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there are pieces left,\Nbut they're isolated,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.68,0:14:34.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and each one is not as incredible\Nas the entire Persian carpet,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.99,0:14:38.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and each one is commencing \Nto fall apart.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.68,0:14:41.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we need to restore them,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.47,0:14:43.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and have protected areas\Nwith corridors in between.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.99,0:14:45.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is difficult,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.28,0:14:47.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we run into the Fifth Amendment,\Non property rights,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.71,0:14:51.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all kinds of other things,\Nbut it's actually not optional.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.64,0:14:54.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we want to be stewards\Nof the future of life
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.26,0:14:56.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and maintain habitability on this Planet,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.63,0:14:58.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is not optional,\Nso we might as well say,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.83,0:15:00.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Yeah, we get to do it."
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.19,0:15:03.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fact that it's not optional\Nmakes the fact that it's hard
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.10,0:15:04.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pretty much irrelevant.\N(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.99,0:15:06.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As far as I'm concerned.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.85,0:15:10.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.48,0:15:16.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And just like Drew said,\Nmost of the things worth having,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.14,0:15:19.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or most of the accomplishments\Nworth achieving, are hard.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.56,0:15:20.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is fantastic,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.89,0:15:23.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,restore World Garden on this one.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.36,0:15:27.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another tremendous opportunity,\Nis microalgae.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.99,0:15:31.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We already have\Na sustainable fuel available,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.46,0:15:35.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I've been preaching\Nabout microalgae for years,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.14,0:15:37.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm going to preach about it tonight!
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.18,0:15:42.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you'll know why, and you walk out\Nwith microalgae forever in your soul.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:42.51,0:15:44.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to save you.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.25,0:15:47.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alright, I'm going to heal you.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.30,0:15:51.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some species of microalgae \Nare very fatty.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.36,0:15:54.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are 70% or more lipid by weight.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.13,0:15:55.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can grow them,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.14,0:15:58.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we don't do this in the ocean,\Nand squeeze the ocean,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:58.64,0:16:01.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we grow them in an isolated place.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.43,0:16:04.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we grow them,\Nand we can press the oil out of them,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.89,0:16:07.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we can use that oil \Nfor lots of industries.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.55,0:16:10.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can just burn straight in,\Nor we convert it to biodiesel,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.64,0:16:12.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or whatever we want.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:12.42,0:16:14.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The incredible thing\Nabout microalgae is this.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:15.94,0:16:21.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The best crop we have right now,\Nfor producing oil, is oil palm.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:21.76,0:16:26.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With oil palm we can produce, maybe,\N650 gallons per acre per year,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:26.77,0:16:29.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe a couple more hundreds \Nthan that.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:29.71,0:16:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that's it.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:31.00,0:16:32.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In North Carolina,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:32.23,0:16:34.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most promising for us \Nwould be rapeseed,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:34.62,0:16:37.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which may be 47 gallons \Nper acre per year.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:37.37,0:16:39.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With microalgae, by 1999,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:39.07,0:16:41.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the US government \Nhad already demonstrated
Dialogue: 0,0:16:41.97,0:16:45.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,5 to 10 thousand gallons\Nper acre per year.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:47.14,0:16:49.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a company out there that,\Na couple years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:49.75,0:16:52.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,said they demonstrated\N30,000 gallons per acre per year,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:52.39,0:16:55.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they knew they could do 100.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:55.62,0:16:58.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, if we do this sustainably,\Nthere's no downside,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:58.36,0:17:02.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you go online and you search\NGreen XPrize and microalgae,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:02.43,0:17:04.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,John Richard and I did a two-minute
Dialogue: 0,0:17:04.66,0:17:08.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pitch for the Green XPrize competition,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:08.41,0:17:12.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can kind of learn everything\Nyou need to know to begin, in two minutes.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:12.99,0:17:16.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I encourage you, if you're interested.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:18.02,0:17:20.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we would burn our forest,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:21.82,0:17:22.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it could save us.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:22.100,0:17:24.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No.\N(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:17:24.86,0:17:27.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This a power charcoal,\Nthis is the power charcoal,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:27.82,0:17:30.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is biochar,\Nand biochar can save us.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:30.24,0:17:32.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, Drew was up here\Ntalking about reducing emissions,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:32.78,0:17:34.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and getting to 3.50,\Nwe've got to get to 3.50.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:35.29,0:17:36.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,3.50 is the goal.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:36.48,0:17:40.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we have to turn around\Nand take a big step forward.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:41.92,0:17:44.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Biochar is one of the ways to do this.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:44.50,0:17:46.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because, since we're above 3.50,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:46.84,0:17:49.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've got to start doing\Nsequestration today.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:49.54,0:17:53.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Down in South America, there were soils\Nthat anthropologists call Dark Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:53.70,0:17:57.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Terra Preta, and they didn't know\Nwhere these soils had come from,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:57.18,0:18:00.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they were round areas,\Nwhere there had been civilizations.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:00.31,0:18:03.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They didn't know people lived there,\Nbecause the Dark Earth was there,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:03.60,0:18:05.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it produced a lot more,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:05.09,0:18:07.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or if the people had somehow\Nmade these soils this way,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:07.77,0:18:09.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they're highly productive.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:09.54,0:18:11.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we found out\Nthat they made them that way,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:11.69,0:18:14.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by making biochar,\Nand mixing it into the soil,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:14.91,0:18:18.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it radically improves\Nelectron transport and some other things.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:18.66,0:18:20.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we've decimated our soils.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:20.77,0:18:22.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a great win win, because
Dialogue: 0,0:18:22.74,0:18:25.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can rebuild our soils,\Nand this is a wonderful way
Dialogue: 0,0:18:25.31,0:18:27.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to start doing that,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:27.06,0:18:28.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the carbon
Dialogue: 0,0:18:28.12,0:18:29.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that gets in there\Nis sequestered.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:29.81,0:18:31.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have the data.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:31.74,0:18:33.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People did it for us.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:33.59,0:18:36.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The carbon stays for thousands of years,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:36.91,0:18:40.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it doesn't just decompose\Nand return to the atmosphere.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:41.50,0:18:44.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because it's not decomposing,\Nit's just interacting with things,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:44.69,0:18:46.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's not changing its form.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:46.55,0:18:48.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is incredible,\Nbiochar is fantastic,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:48.96,0:18:51.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a way to a sustainable future.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:51.47,0:18:57.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And finally, there's just one special \Nclass of beings that need to have
Dialogue: 0,0:18:57.71,0:19:00.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,attention paid to them, specifically.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:01.90,0:19:04.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that is because\Nthey are the birth of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:05.20,0:19:07.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they are the pollinators.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:07.54,0:19:10.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A lot of people know that we're having\Na colony collapse disorder
Dialogue: 0,0:19:10.68,0:19:13.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the European honeybees,\Nbut what most people don't know
Dialogue: 0,0:19:13.50,0:19:16.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that for decades\Nour native pollinators,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:16.13,0:19:18.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are better\Nthan the European honeybees,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:18.23,0:19:20.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our native pollinators\Nhave been crashing.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:20.74,0:19:23.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those populations have been crashing.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:23.22,0:19:27.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's primarily because of pesticide use\Nand a loss of habitat somewhat,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:27.22,0:19:29.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but primarily pesticide use.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:29.15,0:19:34.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is something that you and I can do\Nfor sure in our lives,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:34.38,0:19:39.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether we plant a pollinator garden\N-without pesticides- on our own property
Dialogue: 0,0:19:39.55,0:19:42.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or encourage the city to do it,\Nor make sure other people are doing it;
Dialogue: 0,0:19:42.91,0:19:45.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,learn about what kind of plants\Nwork for pollinators.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:45.46,0:19:47.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I was a little kid
Dialogue: 0,0:19:47.02,0:19:50.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've always had this connection\Nto bees and wasps, I don't know why.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:50.61,0:19:52.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a bumblebee,\Nyou can't see it very well,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:52.98,0:19:54.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on my scarlet runner beans,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:54.35,0:19:57.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which were covered with bees\Nall summer, I just loved it.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:57.07,0:19:59.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I was a little kid,\NI used to carry bumble bees around.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:59.88,0:20:00.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I never got stung.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:00.76,0:20:02.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My mum would say,\N"You're going to get stung,"
Dialogue: 0,0:20:02.95,0:20:04.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'd say, "No. I'm not!"
Dialogue: 0,0:20:04.38,0:20:06.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, I was just,\N"Wow! these are neat!"
Dialogue: 0,0:20:06.54,0:20:09.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're more than neat,\Nthey're the future of life,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:09.30,0:20:12.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they deserve\Nspecial stewardship attention,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:12.18,0:20:14.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we care about ourselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:14.39,0:20:16.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's for our own self-interest.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:16.43,0:20:18.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of this is for our own self-interest.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:18.84,0:20:21.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So back to dolphins for a minute.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:27.88,0:20:30.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe dolphins \Nare non-human persons,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:30.51,0:20:32.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know\Nif they are non-human persons.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:33.81,0:20:35.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what I do know,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:36.53,0:20:40.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that when we interact\Nwith non-human beings,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:41.84,0:20:45.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and instead of thinking of them as 'it',
Dialogue: 0,0:20:45.84,0:20:49.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-- which means you don't interact \Nwith them, they are just 'its' --
Dialogue: 0,0:20:49.18,0:20:51.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of being with them as an 'it',
Dialogue: 0,0:20:51.53,0:20:54.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we are with them as a 'you',\Nor as a 'thou',
Dialogue: 0,0:20:55.79,0:20:57.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that increases our own humanness,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:57.89,0:21:00.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that makes our own life\Nfar more meaningful.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:01.25,0:21:04.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I hope that you will walk out of here\Nwith different eyes,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:04.34,0:21:07.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and question the other species,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:08.22,0:21:10.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as Native Americans would say,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:10.92,0:21:13.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the two legged people,\Nthe four legged people,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:13.55,0:21:15.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the swimming people,\Nthe flying people,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:15.56,0:21:16.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the crawling people,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:17.07,0:21:19.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would add\Nthe photosynthesizing people,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:19.38,0:21:21.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:21:22.14,0:21:23.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and welcome them to the family,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:23.94,0:21:25.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and let's restore World Garden!
Dialogue: 0,0:21:25.86,0:21:27.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you!
Dialogue: 0,0:21:27.04,0:21:33.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)