0:00:09.342,0:00:12.162
I first met Vitaly[br]in the spring of last year.

0:00:13.272,0:00:15.392
He spoke little English,

0:00:15.392,0:00:16.653
but he was very charming.

0:00:17.455,0:00:21.545
On his left arm he had a tattoo[br]of the singer Marilyn Manson.

0:00:21.940,0:00:25.058
On his right leg,[br]he had a tattoo of Winnie-the-Pooh.

0:00:25.058,0:00:26.458
(Laughter)

0:00:26.458,0:00:28.598
It was a rather strange experience.

0:00:28.598,0:00:30.368
I was there to hear his story,

0:00:30.746,0:00:34.316
and it was a story that[br]I would never have believed,

0:00:34.450,0:00:39.980
had I not myself spent eight months[br]in the year of 2014

0:00:40.080,0:00:43.230
in Ukraine covering the war[br]between Moscow and Kiev.

0:00:44.736,0:00:48.196
Now, at around the same time,[br]in August 2014,

0:00:48.603,0:00:51.709
Vitaly found himself[br]in St. Petersburg without a job.

0:00:51.709,0:00:53.049
Vitaly was a journalist.

0:00:53.049,0:00:56.109
But the website he worked for[br]had lost its funding.

0:00:56.611,0:00:58.751
So he sent out endless applications.

0:00:59.403,0:01:00.421
Heard nothing.

0:01:00.424,0:01:01.919
Eventually something came back.

0:01:01.956,0:01:03.030
He'd sent out so many,

0:01:03.032,0:01:06.113
he couldn't even remember[br]which job it had been for.

0:01:06.735,0:01:09.335
He went for an interview,[br]he duly got the job.

0:01:10.579,0:01:13.279
It was at - sorry -

0:01:13.895,0:01:15.515
OK - Let me just - Yeah -

0:01:15.950,0:01:19.110
It was at a nondescript building[br]in the centre of St. Petersburg,

0:01:19.419,0:01:21.459
55 Savushkina Street.

0:01:22.464,0:01:24.275
And when Vitaly started,

0:01:24.475,0:01:27.985
he realized it wasn't quite[br]your every day media company.

0:01:28.355,0:01:32.015
He was assigned to a project[br]called "Ukraine 2".

0:01:33.131,0:01:39.791
His job was to essentially write[br]articles about Ukraine -

0:01:39.798,0:01:41.202
which was fair enough,

0:01:41.204,0:01:43.601
I mean, it's a subject[br]of interest for Russians -

0:01:43.882,0:01:45.732
with some slight differences.

0:01:46.659,0:01:49.059
His job was to write articles

0:01:49.369,0:01:52.609
from websites ending in ".ua".

0:01:52.939,0:01:56.939
That is to say, websites[br]that pretended to be Ukrainian.

0:01:57.464,0:02:01.324
So he would take for example a newspaper[br]called the Donetsk News,

0:02:01.568,0:02:05.568
an Eastern city in Ukraine[br]occupied by pro-Russian separatists.

0:02:06.078,0:02:07.948
And he would write articles about it.

0:02:07.988,0:02:09.116
It wasn't too bad.

0:02:09.196,0:02:11.506
He would stick to the basic facts.

0:02:11.506,0:02:14.536
But he wasn't allowed to use[br]the word terrorist or separatist.

0:02:14.566,0:02:15.966
He had to call them militia.

0:02:16.218,0:02:18.508
The Ukrainian army, on the other hand,

0:02:18.677,0:02:22.357
had to always be referred to[br]as volunteer battalions

0:02:22.619,0:02:23.919
or national guards.

0:02:24.436,0:02:27.786
These are battalions[br]that still exist today,

0:02:27.798,0:02:30.187
that have well-deserved reputations

0:02:30.191,0:02:32.824
for containing far-right[br]or thuggish elements.

0:02:33.159,0:02:35.169
Now, as time passed,

0:02:35.303,0:02:37.041
it became clear to Vitaly

0:02:37.047,0:02:40.312
that he was working in what[br]later would become known to the media

0:02:40.313,0:02:43.652
as a "troll factory" or a "troll farm".

0:02:44.212,0:02:47.012
And the farm had a very clear structure.

0:02:47.313,0:02:51.313
On the first floor was Vitaly[br]writing fake news websites,

0:02:51.321,0:02:52.541
and his colleagues.

0:02:52.541,0:02:54.831
The second floor[br]was a social media department.

0:02:55.120,0:02:57.554
Here cartoons and memes were created

0:02:57.568,0:03:01.681
to spread across all forms of platforms,[br]social media platforms,

0:03:01.692,0:03:04.759
promulgating the Kremlin line on Ukraine.

0:03:04.982,0:03:06.942
On the third floor were the bloggers.

0:03:07.033,0:03:08.844
Now, there were two types of bloggers.

0:03:08.846,0:03:11.674
The first were the "Ukrainian" bloggers

0:03:11.771,0:03:15.231
who would blog about how terrible[br]the situation in Kiev was,

0:03:15.231,0:03:17.384
how parts of the city[br]didn't have electricity,

0:03:17.384,0:03:20.084
how the kindergartens[br]were running low on food.

0:03:20.284,0:03:23.804
The second were the "American" bloggers.

0:03:23.968,0:03:27.638
They would write about how the whole[br]of America supported Putin's actions,

0:03:27.882,0:03:29.652
that Ukrainians were fascists,

0:03:30.303,0:03:31.793
all sorts of things like this.

0:03:32.511,0:03:37.208
Hilariously, or perhaps[br]bitterly hilariously, what would happen is

0:03:37.222,0:03:39.733
the bloggers on the third floor,

0:03:39.746,0:03:42.035
their output would become sources

0:03:42.040,0:03:44.749
for the fake news articles[br]on the first floor.

0:03:44.916,0:03:47.276
So, it was a merry-go-round of lies.

0:03:47.674,0:03:51.104
Now, on the fourth floor[br]were the big time, big time trolls.

0:03:51.124,0:03:52.654
These were the guys and women

0:03:52.666,0:03:55.398
tasked with commenting[br]on Facebook, Twitter,

0:03:55.562,0:03:57.358
and most of all, VKontakte,

0:03:57.362,0:03:59.362
which is the Russian version of Facebook,

0:03:59.368,0:04:02.630
a very, very popular[br]social media platform

0:04:02.645,0:04:05.170
for the Kremlin[br]and the Russian government.

0:04:05.405,0:04:08.328
Now, after a month of working[br]on the fake websites,

0:04:08.335,0:04:11.979
Vitaly was sent[br]to the social media section.

0:04:11.990,0:04:14.580
And his work began[br]to take a different turn.

0:04:15.541,0:04:17.084
So, what he would have -

0:04:17.098,0:04:18.961
When Vitaly was sent to this section,

0:04:18.964,0:04:21.786
he was first given[br]a load of different SIM cards.

0:04:21.999,0:04:25.602
To register on VKontakte,[br]you have to have a phone number.

0:04:25.809,0:04:28.299
And the troll farm had[br]an inexhaustible supply.

0:04:28.470,0:04:30.521
And his job was just to spam

0:04:30.551,0:04:33.979
every, but every, page[br]you could think of with this -

0:04:34.001,0:04:39.882
I mean often group pages[br]that have nothing to do with politics.

0:04:39.885,0:04:42.525
One example, he spammed the site

0:04:42.540,0:04:45.949
devoted to couples meeting up for sex[br]in a small Russian town.

0:04:46.052,0:04:47.492
There was no logic to it.

0:04:47.821,0:04:50.418
He always had to use female profiles,

0:04:50.432,0:04:54.832
as females were seen to be[br]more trusted than male profiles.

0:04:54.952,0:04:56.850
The second thing he had to do,

0:04:56.860,0:05:01.768
and this is central to the dissemination[br]of information in the social media age,

0:05:01.770,0:05:04.250
is it had to be visual.

0:05:04.538,0:05:06.175
This is something I have learned

0:05:06.183,0:05:08.917
from the State Department[br]to the Israeli Defence Forces,

0:05:08.925,0:05:10.698
that if you want information,

0:05:10.705,0:05:14.029
if you want people[br]to look at what you have to say,

0:05:14.033,0:05:15.340
it has to be visual.

0:05:15.699,0:05:17.071
And, in fact,

0:05:17.080,0:05:20.680
people, even when they look at your link,[br]they probably won't click on it.

0:05:20.978,0:05:25.638
So what you do, is you leave your message[br]in the meme, in the visuals.

0:05:25.790,0:05:28.480
So here we have[br]a tearful looking picture of Obama.

0:05:28.483,0:05:32.741
He's saying, "I want to start a war,[br]but none of my friends will join me."

0:05:34.113,0:05:39.103
Here we have[br]a two-panel picture of Obama.

0:05:39.128,0:05:43.797
On the first, he is looking very serious,[br]saying: "We don't talk to terrorists."

0:05:43.823,0:05:46.483
The second panel, he is shown smiling:

0:05:46.496,0:05:48.216
"We only sponsor them!"

0:05:48.753,0:05:50.409
The goal was to attack

0:05:50.423,0:05:53.588
people seen as hostile[br]to the Kremlin's war in Ukraine.

0:05:53.765,0:05:58.589
That was Barack Obama, Angela Merkel[br]and leading Ukrainian politicians.

0:05:59.039,0:06:01.391
Now, after a while, this got to Vitaly.

0:06:01.715,0:06:02.773
He felt dirty,

0:06:02.773,0:06:04.734
he didn't like the work he was doing,

0:06:04.745,0:06:07.100
he was having problems with his nerves.

0:06:07.121,0:06:08.963
So, in the end, he decided to quit.

0:06:08.968,0:06:11.643
His boss, Anna, asked him why,[br]and he told her the truth.

0:06:11.651,0:06:13.860
He said, "I don't believe in[br]what we're doing."

0:06:13.864,0:06:14.968
So, he left.

0:06:14.973,0:06:18.033
But still he couldn't get[br]the experience out of his mind.

0:06:18.163,0:06:20.753
He felt like he had to make amends.

0:06:20.825,0:06:24.925
So, he decided to write[br]an article about his experiences.

0:06:25.611,0:06:27.866
He wrote it anonymously,

0:06:27.877,0:06:30.846
and he presented it as if he were female.

0:06:30.860,0:06:34.141
Because the majority of the[br]trolls farms' [employees] were [females].

0:06:34.307,0:06:36.043
It came out, and it did well.

0:06:36.043,0:06:37.432
It got a lot traction.

0:06:37.437,0:06:41.068
Even [Alexei] Navalny,[br]the Russian opposition leader, tweeted it.

0:06:41.543,0:06:45.987
Unfortunately, Vitaly's attempts[br]at anonymity had been less successful.

0:06:46.003,0:06:47.450
An hour after it came out,

0:06:47.455,0:06:49.077
he got a text from his boss Anna -

0:06:49.077,0:06:50.387
or ex-boss -

0:06:50.395,0:06:52.351
telling him that he thought he was a hero

0:06:52.353,0:06:54.705
but he was, in fact,[br]a little son-of-a-bitch,

0:06:54.710,0:06:58.440
who couldn't do anything for himself[br]but could only spoil the work of others.

0:06:58.683,0:07:00.421
Then the phone calls started.

0:07:01.068,0:07:03.159
"What the hell do you think you're doing?"

0:07:03.175,0:07:05.555
a gruff male voice[br]called him up one night,

0:07:05.699,0:07:09.436
"Don't you know people can get punched[br]in the face for this sort of thing?"

0:07:09.436,0:07:13.245
For a while, Vitaly was afraid[br]to walk the streets alone.

0:07:15.584,0:07:16.647
Now ...

0:07:17.063,0:07:18.363
if you are tempted -

0:07:18.708,0:07:19.928
Sorry, that's just Putin.

0:07:19.933,0:07:22.637
I never get over that picture,[br]it kills me every time.

0:07:22.645,0:07:26.406
If you are tempted[br]to dismiss Vitaly's story

0:07:26.408,0:07:30.198
as just a bunch of internet nerds[br]playing around ... don't,

0:07:30.546,0:07:32.535
because it is effective.

0:07:32.535,0:07:35.399
I saw it for myself on the ground,

0:07:35.403,0:07:40.674
in Eastern Ukraine as I travelled[br]through the cities, the occupied cities,

0:07:41.181,0:07:43.494
that spring and summer of 2014,

0:07:43.494,0:07:46.494
as they fell almost daily[br]to pro-Russia separatists.

0:07:47.194,0:07:50.274
Now, Marshal McLuhan,[br]the Canadian philosopher said:

0:07:50.275,0:07:55.135
"All media are extensions of some[br]human faculty, psychic or physical."

0:07:55.326,0:07:58.460
Travelling through[br]Eastern Ukraine in 2014,

0:07:58.496,0:08:02.547
it was as if Putin's[br]central nervous system were on display.

0:08:03.285,0:08:08.117
The content that had come[br]from Vitaly's pen, directly,

0:08:08.137,0:08:09.587
was all around me.

0:08:09.998,0:08:14.464
The online world had seeped[br]into the offline reality.

0:08:14.792,0:08:17.048
On the ground in Eastern Ukraine,

0:08:17.070,0:08:20.189
old men parroted geopolitical concepts,

0:08:20.205,0:08:21.687
like Novorossiya,

0:08:21.703,0:08:25.525
a Czarist term referring to part[br]of Eastern Ukraine as belonging to Russia,

0:08:25.539,0:08:27.582
that they barely understood.

0:08:27.607,0:08:29.481
Teenagers, laughingly, showed me

0:08:29.486,0:08:32.143
racist memes of Barack Obama[br]on their smartphone,

0:08:32.150,0:08:34.421
knocked up in the troll factory.

0:08:35.039,0:08:38.437
The belief that Kiev was a fascist junta,

0:08:38.458,0:08:42.308
and that it genuinely wanted to destroy[br]the speaking of Russian in the East,

0:08:42.313,0:08:44.018
was sincerely held.

0:08:44.208,0:08:46.850
This was not, I realized, mere propaganda,

0:08:46.865,0:08:48.919
it wasn't narratives;

0:08:48.929,0:08:51.459
it was the reinvention of reality.

0:08:53.079,0:08:56.929
Now, we have to ask:[br]How did we get here?

0:08:57.670,0:09:02.240
Putin's information age could only[br]be possible in a post-truth age.

0:09:02.589,0:09:05.439
And what has created this age[br]is social media.

0:09:05.560,0:09:08.340
Now, social media brings[br]people together, we know this.

0:09:08.356,0:09:09.716
It's transnational.

0:09:09.725,0:09:13.289
You can speak to your friend[br]in India or... well, not China -

0:09:13.289,0:09:15.989
India or the UK or America or wherever.

0:09:16.134,0:09:19.404
But it does something else[br]that is less discussed:

0:09:19.416,0:09:22.190
it shatters unity, and it divides people.

0:09:22.190,0:09:24.718
It does this in two overarching ways.

0:09:24.723,0:09:26.253
The first is obvious:

0:09:26.538,0:09:29.951
it facilitates direct confrontation.

0:09:30.247,0:09:33.243
If you are a Hillary supporter[br]during the election campaign,

0:09:33.266,0:09:35.509
you can row with Trump supporters online.

0:09:35.515,0:09:37.424
I've seen it happen over Brexit,

0:09:37.429,0:09:41.241
I've seen friends unfriend[br]each other on Facebook over Brexit,

0:09:41.254,0:09:43.386
it facilitates direct confrontation.

0:09:43.386,0:09:45.856
But it does something else more subtle:

0:09:46.453,0:09:51.056
it creates what was called homophily,[br]love of the like-minded.

0:09:51.084,0:09:54.316
Now, when you are on Facebook,[br]you have your friends -

0:09:54.316,0:09:56.926
we understand "friends", OK? -

0:09:56.942,0:10:01.840
and most of your friends are likely[br]to broadly share similar worldviews.

0:10:01.852,0:10:04.400
Now, I am not saying[br]that everyone votes your party,

0:10:04.402,0:10:05.942
there are left, there are right,

0:10:05.943,0:10:08.113
but it's unlikely[br]that anyone in this audience

0:10:08.115,0:10:10.370
is going to be friends[br]with a bunch of Nazis ...

0:10:10.372,0:10:11.773
I would hope anyway.

0:10:12.293,0:10:13.693
So, what happens is,

0:10:13.710,0:10:16.760
first of all you are cocooned[br]with like-minded individuals,

0:10:16.773,0:10:19.553
who post articles that tend[br]to slant to your point of view.

0:10:19.613,0:10:23.663
Second, even more insidious,[br]is the Facebook algorithm.

0:10:23.678,0:10:27.585
People think social media platforms[br]are these impartial mediums,

0:10:27.596,0:10:28.929
but they are not.

0:10:28.933,0:10:32.783
They are capitalist enterprises[br]and their product is us, their users.

0:10:33.625,0:10:35.291
The algorithm is designed

0:10:35.297,0:10:38.244
to keep us on their platforms[br]for as long as possible

0:10:38.258,0:10:41.032
by feeding us content[br]that we know we like.

0:10:41.153,0:10:42.726
So, if you're a Hillary supporter

0:10:42.728,0:10:45.600
and you're clicking on pro-Hillary links[br]during the campaign,

0:10:45.602,0:10:48.912
the algorithm is going to feed you[br]more and more pro-Hillary content,

0:10:48.916,0:10:50.546
and vice versa.

0:10:50.648,0:10:56.250
Thus are our prejudices reaffirmed[br]and hatred of the other exacerbated.

0:10:57.956,0:10:59.319
There he is

0:10:59.323,0:11:01.308
in all his splendiferous stupidity!

0:11:01.633,0:11:03.826
So how did we get here, part 2.

0:11:05.048,0:11:10.017
The rise of social media has coincided[br]with a crisis of faith in the West

0:11:10.017,0:11:11.967
and, critically, its institutions.

0:11:12.311,0:11:14.393
From the 2003 Iraq war,

0:11:14.412,0:11:17.242
in which our politicians[br]took us to war on a lie,

0:11:17.262,0:11:20.094
to the 2008 global financial crisis,

0:11:20.231,0:11:24.551
in which the bankers[br]took us into the Great Recession,

0:11:24.628,0:11:27.398
to the NSA Snowden spying revelations,

0:11:27.412,0:11:30.552
combined with long-term declines[br]in media trust,

0:11:30.693,0:11:35.934
means that the fundamental institutions[br]upon which the West is based

0:11:35.963,0:11:37.748
have been discredited.

0:11:38.329,0:11:39.688
As a result,

0:11:39.692,0:11:42.968
we see the rise of populist demagogues,[br]nationalist demagogues,

0:11:42.968,0:11:44.442
Geert Wilders in Holland,

0:11:44.590,0:11:47.054
Nigel Farage with Brexit,

0:11:47.089,0:11:49.573
Marine Le Pen, recently[br]in the French elections,

0:11:49.602,0:11:51.741
and of course the apotheosis of it:

0:11:51.741,0:11:53.126
Mr. Trump.

0:11:53.142,0:11:55.561
Sorry, there we go again.

0:11:59.457,0:12:01.516
So, what is the end result of all this?

0:12:01.528,0:12:05.218
The end result of all this is[br]that we now live in a post-truth age.

0:12:05.233,0:12:06.883
Now, this has been defined.

0:12:07.053,0:12:10.713
This was Oxford Dictionaries'[br]word of the year 2016,

0:12:10.793,0:12:13.567
and I am going to read out its definition

0:12:13.567,0:12:16.167
because I think[br]it is worth thinking about.

0:12:16.517,0:12:21.647
It was defined as an adjective[br]relating to or denoting circumstances

0:12:21.652,0:12:23.395
in which objective facts

0:12:23.398,0:12:26.072
are less influential[br]in shaping public opinion

0:12:26.076,0:12:28.623
than appeals to emotion[br]and personal belief.

0:12:28.954,0:12:32.067
This was supplemented by the president[br]of the Oxford Dictionaries,

0:12:32.068,0:12:36.999
who said: "It is not surprising[br]that our choice reflects a year

0:12:37.012,0:12:40.682
dominated by highly charged[br]political and social discourse.

0:12:40.890,0:12:44.741
Fuelled by the rise[br]of social media as a news source

0:12:45.089,0:12:50.039
and a growing distrust[br]of facts offered up by the establishment,

0:12:50.151,0:12:55.621
post-truth as a concept has been finding[br]its linguistic footing for some time."

0:12:57.857,0:12:59.725
Now, what are the problems?

0:12:59.895,0:13:02.244
The problems are that[br]in both Europe and the US,

0:13:02.281,0:13:05.181
public broadcasters[br]have to adhere to guidelines.

0:13:05.334,0:13:11.082
And these regard balance, impartiality,[br]professional journalists, etc, etc, etc.

0:13:11.145,0:13:15.325
No such regulation[br]exists for social media.

0:13:15.480,0:13:17.990
And the cost is plain to see.

0:13:18.073,0:13:19.879
Facebook, which has been named

0:13:19.904,0:13:23.016
as the platform most conducive[br]to the spread of false stories,

0:13:23.016,0:13:27.050
has recently announced that is going to[br]start using third-party fact-checkers,

0:13:27.063,0:13:29.339
people like Full Fact or Snopes.

0:13:29.451,0:13:31.162
It's going to self-police,

0:13:31.169,0:13:34.360
it's going to try in some way -[br]imperfectly, in my opinion -

0:13:34.367,0:13:35.977
to combat the phenomenon.

0:13:36.784,0:13:38.584
But what are the results?

0:13:38.827,0:13:42.015
The results are,[br]and this is very dangerous,

0:13:42.025,0:13:46.217
that the post-truth world[br]has created the post-truth leader.

0:13:46.657,0:13:50.686
From Vladimir Putin, who reinvents[br]reality in Eastern Ukraine,

0:13:50.699,0:13:52.205
to Donald Trump,

0:13:52.213,0:13:54.087
whose White House will tell you

0:13:54.088,0:13:56.510
his inauguration crowds[br]were bigger than Obama's

0:13:56.522,0:13:59.109
when you can see that they weren't.

0:13:59.707,0:14:01.749
Now, they are different, let's be fair.

0:14:01.749,0:14:03.696
One is a dictator in all but name;

0:14:03.696,0:14:06.191
the other leads the world's[br]most powerful democracy.

0:14:06.253,0:14:08.859
But, in each case, the goal is the same:

0:14:09.091,0:14:14.061
the more doubt you can sow[br]in people's minds about all information,

0:14:14.180,0:14:18.430
the more you will weaken their propensity[br]to recognize the truth when they see it.

0:14:19.153,0:14:21.476
The goal is not to twist the notion,

0:14:21.485,0:14:22.736
twist the truth,

0:14:22.745,0:14:24.415
like the politicians of old:

0:14:24.634,0:14:27.074
"I did not have sexual relations[br]with that woman",

0:14:27.284,0:14:31.490
but to subvert the very notion[br]that an objective truth exists at all:

0:14:31.498,0:14:34.382
"My crowds were bigger!" -[br]"That's just an alternative fact."

0:14:35.926,0:14:37.696
So this is all very cheerful.

0:14:38.188,0:14:40.352
So I'd like to end[br]on a slightly happier note.

0:14:40.390,0:14:43.747
What can we do to survive[br]in this post-truth age?

0:14:43.754,0:14:46.078
Now, I believe, in the end,

0:14:46.078,0:14:49.930
change is going to have to come[br]at the legislative level:

0:14:49.933,0:14:52.219
governments are going[br]to have to intervene.

0:14:52.285,0:14:55.975
But I have put together, in the interim,[br]a post-truth survival kit

0:14:56.337,0:14:58.959
to surviving, negotiating,

0:14:58.959,0:15:00.262
and trying to make your way

0:15:00.269,0:15:04.205
through this sick information environment,[br]this unhealthy information environment,

0:15:04.205,0:15:05.412
in which we live.

0:15:05.417,0:15:06.551
One.

0:15:06.551,0:15:08.649
Go out of your way[br]to friend or follow people

0:15:08.678,0:15:11.108
that don't necessarily[br]agree with your worldview.

0:15:11.122,0:15:14.235
Please, don't go out and friend[br]a bunch of Golden Dawn supporters,

0:15:14.235,0:15:17.074
but generally try and broaden[br]your circles a bit.

0:15:17.335,0:15:18.452
Two.

0:15:18.454,0:15:22.177
Go directly to the websites[br]of trusted news sources,

0:15:22.182,0:15:24.792
or, better still,[br]buy the newspaper itself.

0:15:24.799,0:15:26.649
Read all of its reporting;

0:15:26.659,0:15:31.212
don't cherry-pick articles with a slant[br]that appeals to your preexisting belief.

0:15:32.371,0:15:33.394
Three.

0:15:33.394,0:15:34.922
Read articles form publications

0:15:34.934,0:15:37.624
whose political views[br]you don't agree with.

0:15:37.740,0:15:39.380
You will learn things.

0:15:39.380,0:15:40.526
Trust me.

0:15:40.531,0:15:41.621
Four.

0:15:41.621,0:15:42.761
Read books.

0:15:42.764,0:15:44.478
Yes, they still exist.

0:15:44.498,0:15:47.618
In fact, I would recommend[br]you read one book in particular.

0:15:47.670,0:15:50.110
It's called: "War in 140 Characters:

0:15:50.126,0:15:54.743
How Social Media Is [Reshaping] Conflict[br][in] the Twenty-First Century."

0:15:54.754,0:15:57.454
It's available on Amazon,[br]by your humble servant.

0:15:57.467,0:16:00.247
Well worth $30 of anybody's money.

0:16:00.777,0:16:02.178
Five.

0:16:02.178,0:16:03.539
Log off.

0:16:03.741,0:16:07.001
Get off Facebook, it will suck your life.

0:16:07.305,0:16:08.595
Leave the house.

0:16:08.652,0:16:09.912
Go and meet friends.

0:16:10.014,0:16:11.008
Have fun.

0:16:11.121,0:16:12.401
You will benefit.

0:16:12.497,0:16:13.667
Thank you very much!

0:16:13.749,0:16:16.389
(Applause)

0:16:16.804,0:16:18.324
Thank you! Thank you!

0:16:18.444,0:16:20.287
(Applause)