- [Tyler] Once you master
the economic way of thinking,
you'll see the world
in a very different way.
Two fundamental economic concepts
are everywhere you look --
opportunity costs, and tradeoffs.
Let's start with opportunity costs.
At this busy coffee shop,
opportunity costs lie
behind every decision.
Like for Jenny -- she's here
for her third date with Adam.
Was that a good decision?
After all, economics is
all about studying decisions.
Making a good decision is
about comparing the benefits
of that decision to the costs.
The obvious costs for this date
for Jenny were the Uber ride
she paid for to get here,
and her grande chai tea latte
with whole milk.
But what's missing?
Her opportunity cost.
Opportunity cost means the value
of the next best alternative.
For instance, instead of going
on her third date with Adam,
Jenny could've been binge watching
her favorite tv show.
She might've been
on a first date instead,
with Roman.
Or she might've been
having breakfast
with her very sweet sister.
Let's say her next best option
would've been
breakfast with her sister.
Does the benefit
of this third date with Adam
outweigh the opportunity cost?
It might seem strange
to think this way about romance,
and it doesn't mean it's
about calculating every decision
to the last penny.
Nonetheless, Jenny's time,
attention and energy --
those are scarce.
And if she doesn't consider
the alternatives at all,
she might be wasting
parts of her life.
There's another
fundamental related concept
from economics -- tradeoffs.
Take these sprinklers
in the ceiling of the coffee shop,
foe example.
Adding sprinklers can
make it safer during a fire,
but they also can cost
a lot of money to install.
How much cheaper would
the coffee be without them?
In a world of scarce resources,
one typically has to choose.
There's a tradeoff --
safer buildings cost more,
but that means the coffee can
be more expensive.
The line is out the door here.
Perhaps the owner has considered
opening a second location.
As the building code however
becomes more stringent,
the cost of opening
an additional location goes up.
It's not just the direct
monetary costs of paying
for things like sprinklers.
It's also the opportunity costs
of the extra time and effort
to file permits, manage the work
and schedule inspections.
A more stringent building code
means a higher cost
for opening up new businesses.
And in turn,
that higher cost can mean
that fewer new businesses
get opened.
What's the right tradeoff
between making buildings safer...
and making it easier
to launch new businesses?
Once you see these tradeoffs,
you'll find them
everywhere you look --
healthcare,
food,
the environment.
education.
One more decision to consider --
if you're a teacher, should you spice up