0:00:00.560,0:00:04.336
I'm going to speak to you[br]about the global refugee crisis

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and my aim is to show you that this crisis

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is manageable, not unsolvable,

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but also show you that this is[br]as much about us and who we are

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as it is a trial of the refugees[br]on the front line.

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For me, this is not[br]just a professional obligation,

0:00:24.160,0:00:29.096
because I run an NGO supporting refugees[br]and displaced people around the world.

0:00:29.120,0:00:30.320
It's personal.

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I love this picture.

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That really handsome guy on the right,

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that's not me.

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That's my dad, Ralph, in London, in 1940

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with his father Samuel.

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They were Jewish refugees from Belgium.

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They fled the day the Nazis invaded.

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And I love this picture, too.

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It's a group of refugee children

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arriving in England in 1946 from Poland.

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And in the middle is my mother, Marion.

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She was sent to start a new life

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in a new country

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on her own

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at the age of 12.

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I know this:

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if Britain had not admitted refugees

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in the 1940s,

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I certainly would not be here today.

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Yet 70 years on,[br]the wheel has come full circle.

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The sound is of walls being built,

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vengeful political rhetoric,

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humanitarian values and principles on fire

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in the very countries[br]that 70 years ago said never again

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to statelessness and hopelessness[br]for the victims of war.

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Last year, every minute,

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24 more people were displaced[br]from their homes

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by conflict, violence and persecution:

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another chemical weapon attack in Syria,

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the Taliban on the rampage in Afghanistan,

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girls driven from their school[br]in northeast Nigeria by Boko Haram.

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These are not people[br]moving to another country

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to get a better life.

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They're fleeing for their lives.

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It's a real tragedy

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that the world's most famous refugee[br]can't come to speak to you here today.

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Many of you will know this picture.

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It shows the lifeless body

0:02:32.440,0:02:34.536
of five-year-old Alan Kurdi,

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a Syrian refugee who died[br]in the Mediterranean in 2015.

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He died alongside 3,700 others[br]trying to get to Europe.

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The next year, 2016,

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5,000 people died.

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It's too late for them,

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but it's not too late[br]for millions of others.

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It's not too late[br]for people like Frederick.

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I met him in the Nyarugusu[br]refugee camp in Tanzania.

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He's from Burundi.

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He wanted to know[br]where could he complete his studies.

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He'd done 11 years of schooling.[br]He wanted a 12th year.

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He said to me, "I pray[br]that my days do not end here

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in this refugee camp."

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And it's not too late for Halud.

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Her parents were Palestinian refugees

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living in the Yarmouk refugee camp[br]outside Damascus.

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She was born to refugee parents,

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and now she's a refugee[br]herself in Lebanon.

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She's working for the International[br]Rescue Committee to help other refugees,

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but she has no certainty at all

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about her future,

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where it is or what it holds.

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This talk is about Frederick, about Halud

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and about millions like them:

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why they're displaced,

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how they survive, what help they need[br]and what our responsibilities are.

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I truly believe this,

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that the biggest question[br]in the 21st century

0:04:01.760,0:04:04.800
concerns our duty to strangers.

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The future "you" is about your duties

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to strangers.

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You know better than anyone,

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the world is more connected[br]than ever before,

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yet the great danger

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is that we're consumed by our divisions.

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And there is no better test of that

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than how we treat refugees.

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Here are the facts: 65 million people

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displaced from their homes[br]by violence and persecution last year.

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If it was a country,

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that would be the 21st[br]largest country in the world.

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Most of those people, about 40 million,[br]stay within their own home country,

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but 25 million are refugees.

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That means they cross a border[br]into a neighboring state.

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Most of them are living in poor countries,

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relatively poor or lower-middle-income[br]countries, like Lebanon,

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where Halud is living.

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In Lebanon, one[br]in four people is a refugee,

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a quarter of the whole population.

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And refugees stay for a long time.

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The average length of displacement

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is 10 years.

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I went to what was the world's[br]largest refugee camp, in eastern Kenya.

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It's called Dadaab.

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It was built in 1991-92

0:05:21.480,0:05:25.400
as a "temporary camp"[br]for Somalis fleeing the civil war.

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I met Silo.

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And naïvely I said to Silo,

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"Do you think you'll ever[br]go home to Somalia?"

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And she said, "What do you mean, go home?

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I was born here."

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And then when I asked the camp management

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how many of the 330,000 people[br]in that camp were born there,

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they gave me the answer:

0:05:47.160,0:05:48.680
100,000.

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That's what long-term displacement means.

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Now, the causes of this are deep:

0:05:55.920,0:05:58.159
weak states that can't[br]support their own people,

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an international political system

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weaker than at any time since 1945

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and differences over theology, governance,[br]engagement with the outside world

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in significant parts of the Muslim world.

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Now, those are long-term,[br]generational challenges.

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That's why I say that this refugee crisis[br]is a trend and not a blip.

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And it's complex, and when you have[br]big, large, long-term, complex problems,

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people think nothing can be done.

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When Pope Francis went to Lampedusa,

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off the coast of Italy, in 2014,

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he accused all of us[br]and the global population

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of what he called[br]"the globalization of indifference."

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It's a haunting phrase.

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It means that our hearts[br]have turned to stone.

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Now, I don't know, you tell me.

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Are you allowed to argue with the Pope,[br]even at a TED conference?

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But I think it's not right.

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I think people do want[br]to make a difference,

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but they just don't know whether[br]there are any solutions to this crisis.

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And what I want to tell you today

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is that though the problems are real,[br]the solutions are real, too.

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Solution one:

0:07:07.160,0:07:10.736
these refugees need to get into work[br]in the countries where they're living,

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and the countries where they're living[br]need massive economic support.

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In Uganda in 2014, they did a study:

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80 percent of refugees[br]in the capital city Kampala

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needed no humanitarian aid[br]because they were working.

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They were supported into work.

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Solution number two:

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education for kids[br]is a lifeline, not a luxury,

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when you're displaced for so long.

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Kids can bounce back when they're given[br]the proper social, emotional support

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alongside literacy and numeracy.

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I've seen it for myself.

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But half of the world's refugee children[br]of primary school age

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get no education at all,

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and three-quarters of secondary school age[br]get no education at all.

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That's crazy.

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Solution number three:

0:07:56.280,0:07:59.736
most refugees are in urban areas,[br]in cities, not in camps.

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What would you or I want[br]if we were a refugee in a city?

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We would want money[br]to pay rent or buy clothes.

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That is the future[br]of the humanitarian system,

0:08:08.800,0:08:10.176
or a significant part of it:

0:08:10.200,0:08:12.856
give people cash so that[br]you boost the power of refugees

0:08:12.880,0:08:14.856
and you'll help the local economy.

0:08:14.880,0:08:16.856
And there's a fourth solution, too,

0:08:16.880,0:08:19.616
that's controversial[br]but needs to be talked about.

0:08:19.640,0:08:23.136
The most vulnerable refugees[br]need to be given a new start

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and a new life in a new country,

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including in the West.

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The numbers are relatively small,[br]hundreds of thousands, not millions,

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but the symbolism is huge.

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Now is not the time[br]to be banning refugees,

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as the Trump administration proposes.

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It's a time to be embracing people[br]who are victims of terror.

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And remember --

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(Applause)

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Remember, anyone who asks you,[br]"Are they properly vetted?"

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that's a really sensible[br]and good question to ask.

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The truth is, refugees[br]arriving for resettlement

0:09:04.440,0:09:08.096
are more vetted than any other population[br]arriving in our countries.

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So while it's reasonable[br]to ask the question,

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it's not reasonable to say that refugee[br]is another word for terrorist.

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Now, what happens --

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(Applause)

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What happens when refugees can't get work,

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they can't get their kids into school,

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they can't get cash,[br]they can't get a legal route to hope?

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What happens is they take risky journeys.

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I went to Lesbos, this beautiful[br]Greek island, two years ago.

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It's a home to 90,000 people.

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In one year, 500,000 refugees[br]went across the island.

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And I want to show you what I saw

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when I drove across[br]to the north of the island:

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a pile of life jackets[br]of those who had made it to shore.

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And when I looked closer,

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there were small[br]life jackets for children,

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yellow ones.

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And I took this picture.

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You probably can't see the writing,[br]but I want to read it for you.

0:10:01.640,0:10:04.710
"Warning: will not[br]protect against drowning."

0:10:05.920,0:10:07.480
So in the 21st century,

0:10:08.440,0:10:10.696
children are being given life jackets

0:10:10.720,0:10:12.856
to reach safety in Europe

0:10:12.880,0:10:16.216
even though those jackets[br]will not save their lives

0:10:16.240,0:10:18.840
if they fall out of the boat[br]that is taking them there.

0:10:20.800,0:10:24.200
This is not just a crisis, it's a test.

0:10:25.760,0:10:28.680
It's a test that civilizations[br]have faced down the ages.

0:10:29.560,0:10:31.120
It's a test of our humanity.

0:10:32.000,0:10:34.296
It's a test of us in the Western world

0:10:34.320,0:10:36.520
of who we are and what we stand for.

0:10:39.160,0:10:41.800
It's a test of our character,[br]not just our policies.

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And refugees are a hard case.

0:10:45.160,0:10:47.480
They do come from faraway[br]parts of the world.

0:10:48.160,0:10:49.600
They have been through trauma.

0:10:50.080,0:10:52.176
They're often of a different religion.

0:10:52.200,0:10:55.376
Those are precisely the reasons[br]we should be helping refugees,

0:10:55.400,0:10:56.840
not a reason not to help them.

0:10:57.400,0:11:00.600
And it's a reason to help them[br]because of what it says about us.

0:11:02.480,0:11:04.320
It's revealing of our values.

0:11:05.120,0:11:10.080
Empathy and altruism are two[br]of the foundations of civilization.

0:11:11.320,0:11:13.736
Turn that empathy and altruism into action

0:11:13.760,0:11:16.000
and we live out a basic moral credo.

0:11:16.960,0:11:19.216
And in the modern world,[br]we have no excuse.

0:11:19.240,0:11:23.336
We can't say we don't know[br]what's happening in Juba, South Sudan,

0:11:23.360,0:11:24.936
or Aleppo, Syria.

0:11:24.960,0:11:27.856
It's there, in our smartphone

0:11:27.880,0:11:29.256
in our hand.

0:11:29.280,0:11:31.856
Ignorance is no excuse at all.

0:11:31.880,0:11:36.280
Fail to help, and we show[br]we have no moral compass at all.

0:11:37.080,0:11:40.160
It's also revealing about[br]whether we know our own history.

0:11:40.960,0:11:43.456
The reason that refugees[br]have rights around the world

0:11:43.480,0:11:46.256
is because of extraordinary[br]Western leadership

0:11:46.280,0:11:48.616
by statesmen and women[br]after the Second World War

0:11:48.640,0:11:50.600
that became universal rights.

0:11:51.640,0:11:55.280
Trash the protections of refugees,[br]and we trash our own history.

0:11:56.400,0:11:57.616
This is --

0:11:57.640,0:11:59.336
(Applause)

0:11:59.360,0:12:03.376
This is also revealing[br]about the power of democracy

0:12:03.400,0:12:05.656
as a refuge from dictatorship.

0:12:05.680,0:12:07.880
How many politicians have you heard say,

0:12:08.760,0:12:13.080
"We believe in the power of our example,[br]not the example of our power."

0:12:13.600,0:12:17.280
What they mean is what we stand for[br]is more important than the bombs we drop.

0:12:18.360,0:12:20.160
Refugees seeking sanctuary

0:12:20.800,0:12:24.640
have seen the West as a source[br]of hope and a place of haven.

0:12:26.720,0:12:28.640
Russians, Iranians,

0:12:29.480,0:12:31.776
Chinese, Eritreans, Cubans,

0:12:31.800,0:12:34.400
they've come to the West for safety.

0:12:35.480,0:12:37.160
We throw that away at our peril.

0:12:38.120,0:12:40.376
And there's one other thing[br]it reveals about us:

0:12:40.400,0:12:42.734
whether we have any humility[br]for our own mistakes.

0:12:43.320,0:12:45.176
I'm not one of these people

0:12:45.200,0:12:48.536
who believes that all the problems[br]in the world are caused by the West.

0:12:48.560,0:12:49.776
They're not.

0:12:49.800,0:12:52.160
But when we make mistakes,[br]we should recognize it.

0:12:52.880,0:12:55.376
It's not an accident[br]that the country which has taken

0:12:55.400,0:12:57.656
more refugees than any other,[br]the United States,

0:12:57.680,0:13:00.960
has taken more refugees from Vietnam[br]than any other country.

0:13:01.960,0:13:03.160
It speaks to the history.

0:13:04.200,0:13:06.880
But there's more recent history,[br]in Iraq and Afghanistan.

0:13:07.560,0:13:11.296
You can't make up[br]for foreign policy errors

0:13:11.320,0:13:12.896
by humanitarian action,

0:13:12.920,0:13:16.816
but when you break something,[br]you have a duty to try to help repair it,

0:13:16.840,0:13:19.120
and that's our duty now.

0:13:21.520,0:13:23.656
Do you remember[br]at the beginning of the talk,

0:13:23.680,0:13:26.176
I said I wanted to explain[br]that the refugee crisis

0:13:26.200,0:13:27.840
was manageable, not insoluble?

0:13:29.040,0:13:31.656
That's true. I want you[br]to think in a new way,

0:13:31.680,0:13:34.400
but I also want you to do things.

0:13:35.680,0:13:37.856
If you're an employer,

0:13:37.880,0:13:39.080
hire refugees.

0:13:40.440,0:13:43.256
If you're persuaded by the arguments,

0:13:43.280,0:13:44.776
take on the myths

0:13:44.800,0:13:47.040
when family or friends[br]or workmates repeat them.

0:13:48.440,0:13:50.696
If you've got money, give it to charities

0:13:50.720,0:13:53.496
that make a difference[br]for refugees around the world.

0:13:53.520,0:13:54.720
If you're a citizen,

0:13:56.040,0:13:58.376
vote for politicians

0:13:58.400,0:14:02.016
who will put into practice[br]the solutions that I've talked about.

0:14:02.040,0:14:06.256
(Applause)

0:14:06.280,0:14:08.456
The duty to strangers

0:14:08.480,0:14:10.456
shows itself

0:14:10.480,0:14:13.016
in small ways and big,

0:14:13.040,0:14:14.760
prosaic and heroic.

0:14:15.800,0:14:17.200
In 1942,

0:14:18.600,0:14:20.976
my aunt and my grandmother[br]were living in Brussels

0:14:21.000,0:14:22.280
under German occupation.

0:14:24.000,0:14:25.600
They received a summons

0:14:26.360,0:14:30.200
from the Nazi authorities[br]to go to Brussels Railway Station.

0:14:32.280,0:14:35.360
My grandmother immediately thought[br]something was amiss.

0:14:36.720,0:14:39.216
She pleaded with her relatives

0:14:39.240,0:14:41.360
not to go to Brussels Railway Station.

0:14:42.240,0:14:43.800
Her relatives said to her,

0:14:45.440,0:14:48.216
"If we don't go,[br]if we don't do what we're told,

0:14:48.240,0:14:49.907
then we're going to be in trouble."

0:14:50.760,0:14:52.696
You can guess what happened

0:14:52.720,0:14:55.244
to the relatives who went[br]to Brussels Railway Station.

0:14:56.160,0:14:57.446
They were never seen again.

0:14:58.160,0:14:59.800
But my grandmother and my aunt,

0:15:00.720,0:15:03.256
they went to a small village

0:15:03.280,0:15:04.640
south of Brussels

0:15:05.720,0:15:09.256
where they'd been on holiday[br]in the decade before,

0:15:09.280,0:15:12.936
and they presented themselves[br]at the house of the local farmer,

0:15:12.960,0:15:15.040
a Catholic farmer called Monsieur Maurice,

0:15:15.840,0:15:17.880
and they asked him to take them in.

0:15:18.880,0:15:20.536
And he did,

0:15:20.560,0:15:22.280
and by the end of the war,

0:15:22.920,0:15:26.520
17 Jews, I was told,[br]were living in that village.

0:15:28.360,0:15:30.336
And when I was teenager, I asked my aunt,

0:15:30.360,0:15:32.400
"Can you take me to meet[br]Monsieur Maurice?"

0:15:33.400,0:15:36.616
And she said, "Yeah, I can.[br]He's still alive. Let's go and see him."

0:15:36.640,0:15:38.440
And so, it must have been '83, '84,

0:15:39.320,0:15:40.696
we went to see him.

0:15:40.720,0:15:43.536
And I suppose, like only a teenager could,

0:15:43.560,0:15:44.816
when I met him,

0:15:44.840,0:15:48.296
he was this white-haired gentleman,

0:15:48.320,0:15:49.520
I said to him,

0:15:51.160,0:15:52.360
"Why did you do it?

0:15:53.400,0:15:56.160
Why did you take that risk?"

0:15:57.240,0:15:58.976
And he looked at me and he shrugged,

0:15:59.000,0:16:00.520
and he said, in French,

0:16:01.240,0:16:02.576
"On doit."

0:16:02.600,0:16:03.800
"One must."

0:16:04.280,0:16:06.520
It was innate in him.

0:16:07.120,0:16:08.376
It was natural.

0:16:08.400,0:16:12.616
And my point to you is it should be[br]natural and innate in us, too.

0:16:12.640,0:16:13.840
Tell yourself,

0:16:15.080,0:16:17.576
this refugee crisis is manageable,

0:16:17.600,0:16:19.176
not unsolvable,

0:16:19.200,0:16:20.520
and each one of us

0:16:21.320,0:16:25.216
has a personal responsibility[br]to help make it so.

0:16:25.240,0:16:29.416
Because this is about the rescue[br]of us and our values

0:16:29.440,0:16:32.296
as well as the rescue[br]of refugees and their lives.

0:16:32.320,0:16:33.616
Thank you very much indeed.

0:16:33.640,0:16:36.760
(Applause)

0:16:45.120,0:16:47.976
Bruno Giussani: David, thank you.[br]David Miliband: Thank you.

0:16:48.000,0:16:49.576
BG: Those are strong suggestions

0:16:49.600,0:16:52.776
and your call for individual[br]responsibility is very strong as well,

0:16:52.800,0:16:55.016
but I'm troubled[br]by one thought, and it's this:

0:16:55.040,0:16:59.056
you mentioned, and these are your words,[br]"extraordinary Western leadership"

0:16:59.080,0:17:00.936
which led 60-something years ago

0:17:00.960,0:17:03.016
to the whole discussion[br]about human rights,

0:17:03.040,0:17:05.760
to the conventions on refugees, etc. etc.

0:17:07.240,0:17:09.616
That leadership[br]happened after a big trauma

0:17:09.640,0:17:13.616
and happened in[br]a consensual political space,

0:17:13.640,0:17:15.776
and now we are[br]in a divisive political space.

0:17:15.800,0:17:18.536
Actually, refugees have become[br]one of the divisive issues.

0:17:18.560,0:17:20.520
So where will leadership come from today?

0:17:21.160,0:17:23.616
DM: Well, I think that you're right to say

0:17:23.640,0:17:26.040
that the leadership forged in war

0:17:26.760,0:17:29.016
has a different temper[br]and a different tempo

0:17:29.040,0:17:30.296
and a different outlook

0:17:30.320,0:17:33.000
than leadership forged in peace.

0:17:33.560,0:17:37.296
And so my answer would be[br]the leadership has got to come from below,

0:17:37.320,0:17:38.776
not from above.

0:17:38.800,0:17:42.136
I mean, a recurring theme[br]of the conference this week

0:17:42.160,0:17:45.976
has been about[br]the democratization of power.

0:17:46.000,0:17:48.176
And we've got to preserve[br]our own democracies,

0:17:48.200,0:17:50.696
but we've got to also activate[br]our own democracies.

0:17:50.720,0:17:52.536
And when people say to me,

0:17:52.560,0:17:54.416
"There's a backlash against refugees,"

0:17:54.440,0:17:55.696
what I say to them is,

0:17:55.720,0:17:57.816
"No, there's a polarization,

0:17:57.840,0:17:59.056
and at the moment,

0:17:59.080,0:18:01.080
those who are fearful[br]are making more noise

0:18:01.104,0:18:02.616
than those who are proud."

0:18:02.640,0:18:06.616
And so my answer to your question[br]is that we will sponsor and encourage

0:18:06.640,0:18:08.416
and give confidence to leadership

0:18:08.440,0:18:10.216
when we mobilize ourselves.

0:18:10.240,0:18:13.536
And I think that when you are[br]in a position of looking for leadership,

0:18:13.560,0:18:14.896
you have to look inside

0:18:14.920,0:18:16.616
and mobilize in your own community

0:18:16.640,0:18:19.856
to try to create conditions[br]for a different kind of settlement.

0:18:19.880,0:18:22.096
BG: Thank you, David.[br]Thanks for coming to TED.

0:18:22.120,0:18:25.520
(Applause)